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Biotechnology. Exam #3 W 7/9. Human resource production and use. Worldwide Grain Production per Person. http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Biotechnology
Exam #3 W 7/9
Human resource production and use
Worldwide Grain Production per Person
http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm
~60 percent of the world grain harvest is consumed as food, ~36 percent as feed, and ~3 percent as fuel. While the use of grain for food and feed grows by roughly 1 percent per year, that used for fuel is growing by over 20 percent per year.
http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm
Land use in USA, 1997
Hunter-Gatherer
Agricultural
Industrial
Artificial Selection
(breeding)
Modern cows were bred from earlier bovine species.
from Teosinte MaizeBy artificial selection that began ~10,000 years ago.
Different foodsfrom one species of plant. Created byartificial selection.
Wild member of Brassica oleracea: small side buds
Brussels sprouts: extremely large side buds
Artificial selection
Nu
mb
er o
f In
div
idu
als
Size of buds (cm)
0 1 2 3
1. Select individuals that have the largestside buds and breed them.
2. Of the offspring, select individuals that have the largest sidebuds and breed them.
3. Of the offspring,select individuals that have the largest sidebuds and breed them.
4. After severalgenerations, bud sizeincreases dramatically.
Hunter-Gatherer
Agricultural
Industrial
Genetic Engineering: Direct manipulation of DNA
from DNA:the Information
DNA
RNA
protein
cytoplasm
nucleus
to proteins:the Actors
We can now insert new genes or modify existing genes of organisms
CB 20.2
Mil
lion
s of
Hec
tare
s
Texas =70 ha
Global area planted with GM crops
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html
% o
f T
otal
US
Acr
esCommon GM Crops in the U.S.
http://blog.wired.com/
wiredscience/2007/09/
monsanto-is-hap.html
Why Change a Plant’s DNA?
• Can change plant so that it has new or different characteristics– Produce needed protein
– Insect resistance (Bt toxin)
– Herbicide resistance (Round-up)
– Drought or other stress resistance
Herbicide Tolerance; Insect Resistance; Viral Resistance
Types of Genetically Modified Crops
% o
f T
otal
US
Acr
esCommon GM Crops in the U.S.
http://blog.wired.com/
wiredscience/2007/09/
monsanto-is-hap.html
Texas =70 ha
Is Genetically Modifying Plants a Good Idea?
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html
Is Changing an Organism’s DNA a Good or Bad Idea?
• Genes flow within species and between species.
• Are GM foods safe for the environment?
• Are herbicide or insect resistant plants safe to eat?
• Are GM foods profitable for:– Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Pollution in Gulf of Mexico from run-off in the Mississippi river
Pollen is easily transferred from plant to plant, and to related species.
GM crops illegal
GM crops found in Oaxaca and other MX states
Genetic information moves.
GM crops illegal
GM crops found in Oaxaca and other MX states
Genetic information moves, and is self-replicating.
Is Changing an Organism’s DNA a Good or Bad Idea?
• Genes flow within species and between species.
• Are GM foods safe for the environment?
• Are herbicide or insect resistant plants safe to eat?
• Are GM foods profitable for:– Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
N. Am. Forest
An inter-connected ecosystem
Danger of GM crops to other organisms
Danger of GM crops to other organisms
Danger of GM crops to other organisms
Danger of GM crops to other organisms
Danger of GM crops to other organisms
Many Questions, but Few Answers?
• Genes flow within species and between species.
• Are GM foods safe for the environment?
• Are herbicide or insect resistant plants safe to eat?
• Are GM foods profitable for:– Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?
% o
f T
otal
US
Acr
esCommon Genetically Modified Crops
Starlink corn
Many Questions, but Few Answers?
• Genes flow within species and between species.
• Are GM foods safe for the environment?
• Are herbicide or insect resistant plants safe to eat?
• Are GM foods profitable for:– Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?
Where does the information about genetically modified foods
come from?
Many Questions, but Few Answers?
• Genes flow within species and between species.
• Are GM foods safe for the environment?
• Are herbicide or insect resistant plants safe to eat?
• Are GM foods profitable for:– Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?
Patents give 17 year monopoly for inventor
Examples of current patents:
•Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties
•Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva for use as anti-inflammatory
•GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding human DNA for detecting risk af various diseases
•Harvard patented cancer susceptible mouse
•Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree
Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder, its twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is used, they say, for snake bites, malaria, hysteria, high blood pressure, pain relief, skin diseases and a host of other ailments.
Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree
Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder, its twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is used, they say, for snake bites, malaria, hysteria, high blood pressure, pain relief, skin diseases and a host of other ailments.
Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree
One was rejected due to previous use in indigenous Indian culture
Concerns of developing nations vs. industrialized countries
Bioprospecting
Lack of research on third world problems.(tuberculosis, malaria, cholera, dysentery…Not profitable.
Where does the information about genetically modified foods
come from?
Mil
lion
s of
Hec
tare
s
Texas =70 ha
Global area planted with GM crops
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html
Biotechnology
Exam #3 W 7/9
