Biomolecules are organic molecules built and used inside of cells

A. TrueB. False

Which of the following is not a biomolecule?A. Carbohydrate moleculesB. Lipid moleculesC. Protein moleculesD. Water molecules[Default][MC Any][MC All]

Biomolecules

• Biomolecules are used for these main purposes:– To store chemical _____________– To build cell structures– To perform cellular activities– To store genetic information

Carbohydrates• Main elements are :• Found in abundance in _____________

and vegetables• Monomers:

– Called ________________________– Ratio of elements:

• For every carbon atom, add 1 water molecule

• What is the monosaccharide formula if there are 5 carbon atoms? ___________

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6esFOqj_IaY

Monosaccharides

• The function of monosaccharides is to ______________ for a short term

• Monosaccharides are broken down in cellular ________________ into carbon dioxide and water

• The energy released from the broken bonds is used to form molecules of ______ (the energy currency of the cell)

• Examples of monosaccharides are ___________, fructose, dextrose, and galactose

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

• When two monosaccharides bond together through dehydration ___________________ a ___saccharide is formed

• Di = ___• These molecules are used as short term energy storage as well• Must be __________________ into individual monosaccharides to be used

in cellular respiration• Examples: sucrose, lactose, maltose

Polysaccharides (complex carbs)

• Polysaccharide = a few hundred to thousand _____________________ joined together

• Two main groups based on function:1. Energy storage (bonds easily broken)

• _____________– how plants store glucose• _____________ – how animals store glucose

2. Structural function (strong bonds)• ________________ – makes up plant cell walls• ______________ – makes up arthropod exoskeletons

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides

• What’s different about starch and glycogen compared with cellulose and chitin?

• When blood sugar level is too high:

– Cells ____________ glucose molecules from blood

– Dehydration synthesis reactions bond glucose molecules together to form ______________

• Stored in liver and muscle cells for later use

• When blood sugar level is too high:

– __________________ break down glycogen into individual glucose molecules

– Cells ___________ glucose molecules into the blood stream

• Maintaining the right amount of blood sugar is an example of what characteristic of life?

Which of the following is used for long term energy storage?

A. 1st moleculeB. 2nd moleculeC. 3rd moleculeD. 4th molecule

[Default][MC Any][MC All]

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[MC Types]

Lipids

• Elements: C, H, and O, but with much less ______ than in carbohydrates

• Monomers: ___________ ________ chains– Nonpolar

• Don’t dissolve in water• hydrophobic

• Other molecules:• _________________• _________________ (only in

phospholipids)

Lipid Examples

• __________________ :– 3 chains of fatty acids

bonded to one glycerol– Functions: long-term

energy storage and insulation

– Fat = animal triglycerides• More saturated• Solid at room temp.

– Oils = plant triglycerides• Less saturated• Liquid at room temp

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Butter vs. Margarine

Lipid examples• __________________:

– Two fatty acid chains bonded to a glycerol, bonded to a phosphate head

– Head is _____________• Attracted to water

– Tails are _____________• Repel water

– Function: forms cell and organelle membranes

• “phospholipid bilayer” forms when put in aqueous solution

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Phospholipase

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Lipid examples

• Waxes– One fatty acid chain joined to

a long chain of glycerol molecules

– Waterproof and protective outer coverings such as leaves, skin

• Lipid Steroids– Regulation molecules– Ex) cholesterol and steroid

hormones such as testosterone and estrogen

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Protein

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Proteins• Monomers = _______________• There are ______ different amino acids (AAs)

– All have this general structure, with the ______group representing the molecule that makes each AA unique

AAs have:

• C,H,O, and ____

• An ______ group

• A carboxylic ______ group

• A unique ____ group

Proteins

• Polymers = __________________ chains– AA + AA + AA + etc.. = polypeptide– ____________ - the bond formed

between two amino acids as a result of dehydration synthesis

– A polypeptide is folded into a protein

• Sequence of AA determines the _______________ of the protein (folded polypeptide)

• The shape of the protein determines its ___________________ in the cell

– Every protein has a different job or function in your cells

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Protein Functions• _________________

– muscles contract to move materials through out your body and contract to allow you to move

• Examples) actin and myosin are proteins involved in muscle contraction

• _____________________– Found in skin, eyes, hair, cartilage, cell organelles

• Example) melanin is a protein that determines skin and hair color

• _________________________– Transports materials across a cell and between different cells

• ex) _______________ is a protein that transports oxygen throughout body

• Help fight _______________– Antibodies are proteins that attach to invading bacteria and viruses

• Regulate the rate of chemical reactions– ______________ are proteins that increase the rate of chemical

reactions

Nucleic Acids!

Nucleic Acids• Monomers =

_______________• Elements: C,H,O,__,

and ____• Nucleotides are

composed of1. A ________ molecule2. A ____________ molecule3. A ____________ base

molecule

Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids are polymers made of repeating nucleotides

• The two types of nucleic acids are– ________(deoxyribonucleic acid)

• Stores genetic info

– ________(ribonucleic acid)• Converts genetic information into proteins

• The function of nucleic acids are to store and transmit genetic information

DNA RNA

Nucleic Acids

• There are 4 different types of bases that can make up each nucleotide– DNA nucleotide bases = _______________– RNA nucleotide bases= ________________

• The ____________ of the nitrogen bases in the nucleotides makes individual genetically unique

Sequence