Biomolecules and Its Uses

7/24/2019 Biomolecules and Its Uses

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BIOMOLECULES AND ITS

USES

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT:-

PREPARED BY

MASTER ADITYA SWARNAKAR

ROLL NO. .., CLASS-XII

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, SECTOR-6,

ROURKELA

GUIDED BY M, SALBEG PANDA,


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LABORATORY CERTI!ICATE

Certified that this is the bonafide record of the work done by Master

AdityaSwarnakarbearing Roll No of class XIIin the academic

session 2015-16 in the Chemistry laboratory of Kendriya Vidyalaya,

Sector-6, Rourkela.

The Project has been done in the intellectal and ins!iring

en"ironment of #r. $albeg Panda.

Signature of Student

Signature of External Signature of Internal


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to Kendriya Vidyalaya, Sector-6, Rourkela for giving me

an opportunity to prove my skills. In the process of preparing the project I

have made use of theoretical knoledge that I have gained in my class.

I ish my gratitude and sincere thanks to our principal for his

encouragement and for all the facilities that he provided for this project

ork. I sincerely appreciate his magnanimity !y taking of into his folds forhich I shall remain inde!ted to him.

I oe my sincere thanks to my "hemistry teacher #r. Sal!eg $anda

ithout hose intervention this project ould not have !een the same. %is

constant motivation and positive complement have added to the successive

completion of the project.

&astly, I e'press my sincere thanks to my family and friends ho have

e'tended helping hands in completing the project.

Signature of Student

Signature of Teacher Signature of External

BIOMOLECULES AND ITS USES


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Although there is vast diversity of living organisms. The chemical compositon and

metabolic reactions of the organisms appear to be similar. The composition of living

tissues and non-living matter also appear to be similar in qualitative analysis. Closer

analysis reveals that the relative abundance of carbon hydrogen and oxygen is higher

in living system.

All forms of life are composed of biomolecules only. !iomolecules are organic

molecules especially macromolecules li"e carbohydrates proteins in living organisms.

All living forms bacteria algae plant and animals are made of similar macromolecules

that are responsible for life. All the carbon compounds #e get from living tissues can be

called biomolecules.

DE!INITION:-

A "#$%$&'()&'is any moleculethat is present in livingorganisms including

large macromoleculessuch as proteins carbohydrates lipids and nucleic acids as #ell

as small moleculessuch as primary metabolites secondary metabolites and natural

products. A more general name for this class of material is biological materials.

!iomolecules are usually endogenousbut may also be exogenous. $or example

pharmaceutical drugsmay be natural productsor semisynthetic%biopharmaceuticals& or

they may be totally synthetic.

DI!!ERENT TYPES O! BIOMOLECULES'

!iomolecules are of different types and can be classified as
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromoleculehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_moleculehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metaboliteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_producthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_producthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogeny_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exogenyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drughttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_producthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semisynthesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopharmaceuticalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_synthesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromoleculehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acidhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_moleculehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metaboliteshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_producthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_producthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_materialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogeny_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exogenyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drughttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_producthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semisynthesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopharmaceuticalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_synthesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule


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(. !ased on availability or source.

). !ased on their role or purpose in body.

*. !ased on their chemistry.

B*+' $ **#&*"#/0:+ifferent types of biomolecules are available in different set of

organisms. ,ot all the bio-molecules of plants are available in animals and vice-verse.

ence based on the availability they can be divided as those available in

(. plants

). animals

*. icrobes.

Example' /ignin chitin are biomolecules present only in plants in plant cell #all. 0hile

the same cell #all in bacteria is made of gluco-polysacharrides gluco-peptides arepresent in bacterial cell #all. 0hile animals do not have a cell #all. ence there is

difference of existence of biomolecules.

!esides these plants have al"aloids glycosides tannins resins gums etc. #hich are

specific to them.

In animals biomolecules li"e epinephrine dopamine li"e substances are so specific.

B*+' $ 1)1$+':$urther these bio-molecules have different role and purpose in

body. So their existence in this manner is solely dependent on the purpose.

Ex' emoglobin is a protein molecule formed in combination #ith iron %heme&. It is

meant for oxygen supply in the body. It is available only in animals and humans. !ut not

available and also not needed for plants and microbes.

Though there are many biomolecules based on their role in body. !ased on their role in

the body. There are 1 types of bio-molecules as.

(. $ood sources.

). !ody elements

*. 2rimary metabolites

1. Secondary metabolites.


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$ood sources' These are the substances #hich act as food materials. They give energy

and nutrients to all the living beings on the earth.

Examples include' Carbohydrates proteins fats vitamins.

Constitutional %$orm !ody& ' These are the molecules #hich ma"e up the body

structure. They also tend to control the body physiology.

Examples include' +,A 3,A steroids cholesterol etc. +,A forms the genes and also

m3,A 3,A from the body proteins. Steroids are part of many hormones.

2rimary metabolites' These are the substances #hich act as intermediates in the body

metabolism and other reactions. They are formed from one or other bio-molecules li"e

food based or constitutional based.

Ex' 4+2-5lucuronic acid "eto-glutaric acid etc.

Secondary metabolites' These are mostly end metabolic substances. They are mostly

excreted from the body.

Ex' 4rea uric acid "etones etc.

!iomolecules are the natural substance present from birth to death of living being. They

are synthesi6ed in the body by use of different elements from nature. Substances li"e

carbon-dioxide ammonium #ater and other inorganic elements from soil contribute to

the chemical formation of these molecules.


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Classes of !iomolecules

There are four ma7or classes of biomolecules'

Carbohydrates

/ipids

2roteins

,ucleic acids

C*"$20*/'+

Carbohydrates are good source of energy. Carbohydrates %polysaccharides& are

long chains of sugars. onosaccharides are simple sugars that are composed of *-8

carbon atoms. They have a free aldehyde or "etone group #hich acts as reducing

agents and are "no#n as reducing sugars. +isaccharides are made of t#o

monosaccharides. The bonds shared bet#een t#o monosaccharides is the glycosidic

bonds. onosaccharides and disaccharides are s#eet crystalline and #ater soluble

substances. 2olysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides. They are uns#eet and

complex carbohydrates. They are insoluble in #ater and are not in crystalline form.

Carbohydrates are another important biomolecule. These are polymers called

polysaccharides #hich are made up of chains of simple sugars connected via

glycosidic bonds. These monosaccharides consist of a five to six carbon ring that

contains carbon hydrogen and oxygen - typically in a (')'( ratio respectively. Common

monosaccharides are glucose fructose and ribose. 0hen lin"ed together

monosaccharides can form disaccharides oligosaccharides and polysaccharides' the

nomenclature is dependent on the number of monosaccharides lin"ed together.

Common dissacharides t#o monosaccharides 7oined together are sucrose maltose


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and lactose. Important polysaccharides lin"s of many monosaccharides are cellulose

starch and chitin.

Cellulose is a polysaccharide made up of beta (-1 lin"ages bet#een repeat

glucose monomers. It is the most abundant source of sugar in nature and is a ma7or

part of the paper industry. Starch is also a polysaccharide made up of glucose

monomers9 ho#ever they are connected via an alpha (-1 lin"age instead of beta.

Starches particularly amylase are important in many industries including the paper

cosmetic and food. Chitin is a derivation of cellulose possessing anacetamide group

instead of an :; on one of its carbons. Acetimide group is deacetylated the polymer

chain is then calledchitosan. !oth of these cellulose derivatives are a ma7or source of

research for the biomedical and food industries. They have been sho#n to assist #ith

blood clotting have antimicrobial properties and dietary applications. A lot of

engineering and research is focusing on the degree of deacetylation that provides the

most effective result for specific applications.

Example' glucose fructose sucrose maltose starch cellulose etc. There are four

ma7or classes of biomolecules'

L#1#+

/ipids are composed of long hydrocarbon chains. /ipid molecules hold a large

amount of energy and are energy storage molecules. /ipids are generally esters of fatty


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acids and are building bloc"s of biological membranes. ost of the lipids have a polar

head and non-polar tail. $atty acids can be unsaturated and saturated fatty acids.

/ipids present in biological membranes are of three classes based on the type of

hydrophilic head present'

5lycolipids are lipids #hose head contains oligosaccharides #ith (-(< saccharide

residues.

2hospholipids contain a positively charged head #hich are lin"ed to the

negatively charged phosphate groups.

Sterols #hose head contain a steroid ring. Example steroid.

/ipids are biomolecules that are made up of glycerol derivatives bonded #ith

fatty acid chains. 5lycerol is a simple polyolthat has a formula of C*


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P$/'#+

2roteins are heteropolymers of stings of amino acids. Amino acids are 7oined

together by the peptide bond #hich is formed in bet#een the carboxyl group and amino

group of successive amino acids. 2roteins are formed from )= different amino acids

depending on the number of amino acids and the sequence of amino acids.

2roteins are polymers that are made up of amino acid chains lin"ed #ith

peptide bonds. They have four distinct levels of structure' primary secondary tertiary

and quaternary. 2rimary structure refers to the amino acid bac"bone sequence.

Secondary structure focuses on minor conformations that develop as a result of the

hydrogen bonding bet#een the amino acid chain. If most of the protein contains

intermolecular hydrogen bonds it is said to be fibrillar and the ma7ority of its secondary

structure #ill be beta sheets. o#ever if the ma7ority of the orientation contains

intramolecular hydrogen bonds then the protein is referred to as globular and mostly

consists of alpha helixes. There are also conformations that consist of a mix of alphahelices and beta sheets as #ell as a beta helixes #ith an alpha sheets.

The tertiary structure of proteins deal #ith their folding process and ho# the

overall molecule is arranged. $inally a quaternary structure is a group of tertiary

proteins coming together and binding. 0ith all of these levels proteins have a #ide

variety of places in #hich they can be manipulated and ad7usted. Techniques are used


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to affect the amino acid sequence of the protein %site directed mutagenesis& the folding

and conformation of the protein or the folding of a single tertiary protein #ithin a

quaternary protein matrix. 2roteins that are the main focus of manipulation are typically

en6ymes. These are proteins that act as catalysts for biochemical reactions. !y

manipulating these catalysts the reaction rates products and effects can be controlled.

En6ymes and proteins are important to the biological field and research that there are

specific subsets of engineering focusing only on proteins and en6ymes. See protein

engineering.

There are four levels of protein structure'

2rimary structure of 2rotein - ere protein exist as long chain of amino acids

arranged in a particular sequence. They are non-functional proteins.

Secondary structure of protein - The long chain of proteins are folded and

arranged in a helix shape #here the amino acids interact by the formation of

hydrogen bonds. This structure is called the pleated sheet. Example' sil" fibres.

Tertiary structure of protein - /ong polypeptide chains become more stabili6es by

folding and coiling by the formation of ionic or hydrophobic bonds or disulphide

bridges this results in the tertiary structure of protein.

>uaternary structure of protein - 0hen a protein is an assembly of more than

one polypeptide or subunits of its o#n this is said to be the quaternary structure

of protein. Example' aemoglobin insulin.


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N)(&'#( A(#+

,ucleic acids are organic compounds #ith heterocyclic rings. ,ucleic acids are

made of polymer of nucleotides. ,ucleotides consists of nitrogenous base a pentose

sugar and a phosphate group. A nucleoside is made of nitrogenous base attached to a

pentose sugar. The nitrogenous bases are adenine guanine thyamine cytosine and

uracil. 2olymeri6ed nucleotides form +,A and 3,A #hich are genetic

,ucleic acids are macromolecules that consist of +,A and 3,A #hich are

biopolymers consisting of chains of biomolecules. These t#o molecules are the genetic

code and template that ma"e life possible. anipulation of these molecules and

structures causes ma7or changes in function and expression of other macromolecules.

,ucleosides are glycosylamines containing a nucleobase bound to either ribose or

deoxyribose sugar via a beta-glycosidic lin"age. The sequence of the bases determine

the genetic code. ,ucleotides are nucleosides that are phosphorylated by specific

"inases via aphosphodiester bond.?*@ ,ucleotides are the repeating structural units ofnucleic acids. The nucleotides are made of a nitrogenous base a pentose %ribose for

3,A or deoxyribose for +,A& and three phosphate groups. See Site-directed

mutagenesis recombinant +,A and E/ISAs.


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$unctions of !iomolecules

Carbohydrates provide the body #ith source of fuel and energy it aids in proper

functioning of our brain heart and nervous digestive and immune system. +eficiency of

carbohydrates in the diet causes fatigue poor mental function.

Each protein in the body has specific functions some proteins provide structural

support help in body movement and also defense against germs and infections.

2roteins can be antibodies hormonal en6ymes and contractile proteins.

/ipids the primary purpose of lipids in body is energy storage. Structural

membranes are composed of lipids #hich forms a barrier and controls flo# of material in

and out of the cell. /ipid hormones li"e sterols help in mediating communication

bet#een cells.

,ucleic Acids are the +,A and 3,A they carry genetic information in the cell. They

also help in synthesis of proteins through the process of translation and transcription.


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Structure of !iomolecules

Structure of biomolecule is intricate folded three-dimensional structure that is

formed by protein 3,A and +,A. The structure of these molecules are in differentforms primary secondary tertiary and quaternary structure. The scaffold for this is

provided by the hydrogen bonds #ithin the molecule.

2rimary structure of a biomolecule is the exact specification of its atomic

composition and and the chemical bonds connecting the atoms.

Secondary structure of the biomolecule is the three-dimensional form of

biopolymers secondary structure is defined by the hydrogen bonds of the biomolecules

Tertiary structure of the biomolecule is the three-dimensional structuredefined by its

atomic coordinates by the formation of hydrogen ionic or sulphide bonds

>uaternary structure is the arrangement of multiple folds of complex in a mutli-subunit

complex

C2**(/'#+/#(+ $3 B#$%$&'()&'+:

(& ost of them are organic compounds.

)& They have specific shapes and dimensions.

*& $unctional group determines their chemical properties.

1& any of them arc asymmetric.


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)& Carbohydrates' It is very important for source of energy for any physical body

function.

*& 2roteins' These are very important from body maintenance point of vie#helps in

tissue cell formation.

1& /ipids' These are very important from energy source as #ell as human nutrition point

of vie#.

LIST O! BIOMOLECULES:

In a simple #or"sheet explaining characters role and availability.

!iomolecule Class Characters 2resence

G&)($+' Carbohydrates. S#eet in taste provides

energy to body

Animals plants

S)($+'

4+)5*

S#eet in taste provides

energy to body

Animals 2lants

S/*(2 !rea"s do#n to sugars Animals plants

C'&&)&$+' !rea"s do#n to sugars

eaten by animals

2lants

DNA ,ucleic Acid 3egulates !ody

composition 2hysiology

Animals 2lants

RNA ,ucleic Acid 2rotein synthesis

physiology

Animals 2lants

A%#$ *(#+ 2roteins To ma"e up proteins and

body building

Animals plants

E70%'+ 2roteins As catalysts to aid

reactions

Animals plants

H$%$'+ Amides lipids amines Act as messengers to

regulate physiology

Animals plants

G)%+ Carbohydrates in nature 2lants

G&0($+#'+ ade of carbohydrate D

5lycoside moiety

etabolites but are used

in medicine

2lants

T*#+ etabolites 0aste matter for plants

but used by humans

2lants

C2$&'+/'$& /ipids $orms cell membrane Animals

E++'/#*& $#&+ ydrocarbons %volatile oil

#hich are gases at high

temperature.

As metabolites. To attract

insects for pollination.

umans use as

perfumes.

2lants

V#/*%#+

A,B,C,D,E 8 K

itamins To aid in body physiology Animals 2lants

!iomolecule Class Characters 2resence

G&)($+' Carbohydrates. S#eet in taste provides

energy to body

Animals plants
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S)($+'

4+)5*

S#eet in taste provides

energy to body

Animals 2lants

S/*(2 !rea"s do#n to sugars Animals plants

C'&&)&$+' !rea"s do#n to sugars

eaten by animals

2lants

DNA ,ucleic Acid 3egulates !odycomposition 2hysiology

Animals 2lants

RNA ,ucleic Acid 2rotein synthesis

physiology

Animals 2lants

A%#$ *(#+ 2roteins To ma"e up proteins and

body building

Animals plants

E70%'+ 2roteins As catalysts to aid

reactions

Animals plants

H$%$'+ Amides lipids amines Act as messengers to

regulate physiology

Animals plants

G)%+ Carbohydrates in nature 2lants

G&0($+#'+ ade of carbohydrate D5lycoside moiety

etabolites but are usedin medicine

2lants

T*#+ etabolites 0aste matter for plants

but used by humans

2lants

C2$&'+/'$& /ipids $orms cell membrane Animals

E++'/#*& $#&+ ydrocarbons %volatile oil

#hich are gases at high

temperature.

As metabolites. To attract

insects for pollination.

umans use as

perfumes.

2lants

V#/*%#+

A,B,C,D,E 8 K

itamins To aid in body physiology Animals 2lants

This is not the end of the list but a brief categori6ation of biomolecules.

!ut of all those available only 1 important biomolecules are studied #idely.

These 1 ma7or biomolecules include

(. Carbohydrates.

). 2roteins %amino-acids&*. $ats

1. ,ucleic acids %+,A 3,A nucleotides&.

These are studied so because of their role in health and diseases.

IMPORTANCE O! BIOMOLECULES:
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!iomolecules are used for different purposes li"e food medicine cosmetics etc.

by humans. !elo# are fe# uses of them

(. Carbohydrates proteins fats are used as food stuffs in various forms.

). olatile oils or essential oils are used for perfumes.

*. Compounds li"e al"aloids glycosides tannins are used in medicine.

1. Tannins are also used to tan %toughen& the leather in industry.

These biomolecules are vital to the living beings. !ut they can be harmful and

toxic if misused or over stagnated in the body.

R'&*/#$+2#1 /$ $/2' "#$&$5#(*& +(#'('+:-

Schematic relationship bet#een biochemistry genetics and molecular biology

3esearchers in molecular biology use specific techniques native to molecular

biology but increasingly combine these #ith techniques and ideas from genetics

andbiochemistry. There is not a defined line bet#een these disciplines. The figure to the

right is a schematic that depicts one possible vie# of the relationship bet#een the fields

B#$%$&'()&* E5#''#5

!iomolecular engineering deals #ith the manipulation of many "ey biomolecules.

These include but are not limited to proteins carbohydrates nucleic acids and lipids.

These molecules are the basic building bloc"s of life and by controlling creating and

manipulating their form and function there are many ne# avenues and advantages


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available to society. Since every biomolecule is different there are a number of

techniques used to manipulate each one respectively.

It is the application of engineering principles and practices to the purposeful

manipulation of molecules of biological origin. !iomolecular engineers integrate

"no#ledge of biological processes #ith the core "no#ledge of chemical engineering in

order to focus on molecular level solutions to issues and problems in the life sciences

related to the environment agriculture energy industry food production biotechnology

and medicine. !iomolecular engineers purposefully manipulate carbohydrates proteins

nucleic acids and lipids #ithin the frame#or" of the relation bet#een their structure %see'

nucleic acid structure carbohydrate chemistry protein structure& function %see' protein

function& and properties and in relation to applicability to such areas as environmental

remediation crop and live stoc" production biofuel cells and biomolecular diagnostics.

$undamental attention is given to the thermodynamics and "inetics of molecular

recognition in en6ymes antibodies +,A hybridi6ation bio-con7ugationFbio-

immobili6ation and bioseparations. Attention is also given to the rudiments of

engineered biomolecules in cell signaling cell gro#th "inetics biochemical path#ay

engineering and bioreactor engineering. !iomolecular engineers are leading the ma7or

shift to#ards understanding and controlling the molecular mechanisms that define lifeas #e "no# it.

B#$%$&'()&* '5#''#5 # #)+/0

!iomolecular engineering is an extensive discipline #ith applications in many

different industries and fields. As such it is difficult to pinpoint a general perspective on

the !iomolecular engineering profession. The biotechnology industry ho#ever provides

an adequate representation. The biotechnology industry or biotech industry

encompasses all firms that use biotechnology to produce goods or services or to

perform biotechnology research and development. In this #ay it encompasses many of

the industrial applications of the biomolecular engineering discipline. !y examination of


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the biotech industry it can be gathered that the principal leader of the industry is the

4nited States follo#ed by $rance and Spain. It is also true that the focus of the

biotechnology industry and the application of biomolecular engineering is primarily

clinical and medical. 2eople are #illing to pay for good health so most of the money

directed to#ards the biotech industry stays in health-related ventures.

M)&/#-+/*/' %$' $3 "#$%$&'()&'+

ulti-state modeling of biomolecules refers to a series of techniques used to

represent and compute the behaviour ofbiological molecules or complexes that can

adopt a large number of possible functional states.

!iological signaling systems often rely on complexes of biologicalmacromolecules that can undergo several functionally significant modifications that are

mutually compatible. Thus they can exist in a very large number of functionally different

states. odeling such multi-state systems poses t#o problems' The problem of ho# to

describe and specify a multi-state system %the Gspecification problemG& and the problem

of ho# to use a computer to simulate the progress of the system over time %the

Gcomputation problemG&.

E)(*/#$ * 1$5*%+

The discipline of biomolecular engineering has become ever more prevalent #ith

the better understanding and advancement of current sciences and technologies. In

previous years biomolecular engineering #as not a #ell-"no#n career path but the

gro#th in popularity of this sub7ect has resulted in ne# programs offered to

undergraduate and graduate students.

,e#ly developed and offered undergraduate programs often coupled to the

chemical engineering program allo# students to achieve degree. !iomolecular

engineering curricula Gmust provide thorough grounding in the basic sciences including

chemistry physics and biology #ith some content at an advanced level engineering

application of these basic sciences to design analysis and control of chemical


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physical andFor biological processes.G Common curricula consist of ma7or engineering

courses including transport thermodynamics separations and "inetics #ith additions

of life sciences courses including biology and biochemistry and including speciali6ed

biomolecular courses focusing on cell biology nano- and biotechnology biopolymers

etc.

!)/)'

!io-inspired technologies of the future can help explain biomolecular

engineering. /oo"ing at the ooreHs la# G2redictionG in the future quantum and biology-

based processors are GbigG technologies. 0ith the use of biomolecular engineering the

#ay our processors #or" can be manipulated in order to function in the same sense a

biological cell #or". !iomolecular engineering has the potential to become one of the

most important scientific disciplines because of its advancements in the analyses of

gene expression patterns as #ell as the purposeful manipulation of many important

biomolecules to improve functionality. 3esearch in this field may lead to ne# drug

discoveries improved therapies and advancement in ne# bioprocess technology. 0ith

the increasing "no#ledge of biomolecules the rate of finding ne# high-value molecules

including but not limited to antibodies en6ymes vaccines and therapeutic peptides #ill

continue to accelerate. !iomolecular engineering #ill produce ne# designs for

therapeutic drugs and high-value biomolecules for treatment or prevention of cancers

genetic diseases and other types of metabolic diseases. Also there is anticipation of

industrial en6ymes that are engineered to have desirable properties for process

improvement as #ell the manufacturing of high-value biomolecular products at a much

lo#er production cost. 4sing recombinant technology ne# antibiotics that are active

against resistant strains #ill also be produced.

Documents

Biomolecules and Its Uses