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Table of ContentsForeword
Preface
Acknowledgement
1. Introduction and background 1
2. Biomass and volume tables 1
2.1 Part I 2
2.2 Part II 2
2.3 Part III 2
2.4 Part IV 2
3. Literature review 2
4. References 5
Part - I 7
Biomass Table 1: Acacia auriculiformis 9
Biomass Table 2: Acacia catechu (Khair) 10
Biomass Table 3: Alnus nepalensis (Utis) 11
Biomass Table 4: Casearia graveolens (Barkula) 13
Biomass Table 5: Cassia siamea 14
Biomass Table 6: Dalbergia sissoo (Sissoo) 15
Biomass Table 7: Engelhardia spicata (Mauwa) 16
Biomass Table 8: Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Masala) 17
Biomass Table 9: Eugenia operculata 18
Biomass Table 10: Eurya acuminata (Jhingane) 19
Biomass Table 11: Ficus lacor (Kavro) 20
Biomass Table 12: Ficus neriifolia (Dudhilo) 21
Biomass Table 13: Ficus semicordata (Khanayo) 22
Biomass Table 13: Fraxinus floribunda (Lankuri) 23
Biomass Table 15: Litsea monopetala (Kutmero) 24
Biomass Table 16: Lyonia ovalifolia (Angeri) 25
Biomass Table 17: Maesa macrophylla (Bhogate) 26
Biomass Table 18: Melastoma melabathricum (Angeri, Chulesi) 27
Biomass Table 19: Myrica esculenta (Kafal) 28
Biomass Table 20: Myrsine capitellata (Setikath) 29
Biomass Table 21: Phyllanthus emblica (Amala) 30
Biomass Table 22: Pinus patula 31
Biomass Table 23: Pinus roxburghii (Salla) 33
Biomass Table 24: Pinus wallichiana (Gobre Salla) 35
Biomass Table 25: Pyrus pashia (Mayal) 37
Biomass Table 26: Quercus floribunda (Seto Khasru) 38
Biomass Table 27: Quercus lanuginosa (Banjh) 40
Biomass Table 28: Quercus leucotrichophora (Banjh) 41
Biomass Table 29: Rhododendron arboreum (Lali Gurans) 42
Biomass Table 30: Rhus wallichii (Bhalayo) 43
Biomass Table 31: Shorea robusta (Tarai Sal, Agrath) 44
Biomass Table 32: Viburnum coriaceum (Ghode Khari) 45
Biomass Table 33: Wendlandia coriacea (Tilka) 46
Biomass Table 34: Daphne species 47
Part - II 48
Biomass Table 35: Castanopsis indica (Dhale Katus) 50
Biomass Table 36: Castanopsis tribuloides (Musure Katus) 51
Biomass Table 37: Mixed Species: Eurya acuminata (Jhingane), Myrsine capitellata(Bakle pate), Myrsine semiserrata (Kalikath/Kaligedi), Tinju and others 52
Biomass Table 38: Mixed Species: Lyonia ovalifolia (Angeri), Engelhardia spicata(Mauwa), Sapium (Khirro), Rhus succedanea (Bhalayo), Rhus javanica(Bhakimlo), Emblica officinalis (Amala) 53
Biomass Table 39: Mixed Species: Syzygium cumini (Jamun), Myrica esculenta(Kafal), Setikath, Machilus spp (Kaulo), Ficus nemoralis (Dudhilo),
Michelia kisopa (Champ), Lithocarpus spicata (Arkhaulo) and others 54
Biomass Table 40: Quercus glauca (Phalant) 55
Biomass Table 41: Schima wallichii (Chilaune) 56
Part - III 58
Volume Table 1: Castanopsis indica (Dhale Katus) 60
Volume Table 2: Castanopsis tribuloides (Musure Katus) 61
Volume Table 3: Dalbergia sissoo (Sissoo) 62
Volume Table 4: Eucalyptus Camaldulensis (Masala) 63
Volume Table 5: Quercus glauca (Phalant) 64
Volume Table 6: Schima wallichii (Chilaune) 65
Part - IV 66
Acacia auriculiformis 68
Acacia catechu 69
Alnus nepalensis 70
Cassia siamea 71
Castanopsis indica 72
Castanopsis tribuloides 73
Dalbergia sissoo 74
Daphne species 75
Eucalyptus camaldulensis 76
Eurya acuminata 77
Ficus lacor 78
Ficus neriifolia 79
Ficus semicordata 80
Fraxinus floribunda 81
Litsea monopetala 82
Myrica esculenta 83
Phyllanthus emblica 84
Pinus patula 85
Pinus roxburghii 86
Pinus wallichiana 87
Pyrus pashia 88
Quercus floribunda 89
Quercus leucotrichophora 90
Rhododendron arboreum 91
Quercus glauca 92
Schima wallichii 93
Shorea robusta 94
Syzygium cumini 95
1
1. Introduction and backgroundNepal's forests are essential for the well being of rural communities who depend on
them for supplies of fuelwood, fodder, poles, timber and many other products. They
also provide essential raw materials for national development and help to maintain a
sound environment.
In the Master Plan for Forestry Sector, HMG(N) has stated that the sectoral policy of
developing rural communities as institutions is essential for the fulfilment of
people’s day-to-day requirements for forest products and for the promotion of rural
development at the local level. This development is needed to improve living
standards. It is funded and managed as an outcome of improved forest-management
activity conducted by communities under the Community Forestry Programme (CFP).
To facilitate implementation of the CFP, forests are handed over to rural communities
legally formulated into groups called forest user groups (FUGs). More than 9784 FUGs
have been formed. To assist the process, the Forest Act 1993 and the Forest
Regulations 1995 recognise that an FUG is the manager of a community forest and is
responsible for conserving, managing and sustainably utilising that forest. These
locally formed institutions are authorised to award and punish members as part of
their growth in institutional capacity.
Over time, increasing numbers of FUGs have required more products from their forests.
This has resulted in FUGs demanding techniques of forest management that will increase
the productivity of their forests and develop a natural environment with sustainable
growth and stable productivity. In order to meet this demand, an important activity is
to extend to FUGs forest-management techniques and silvicultural findings for natural
and introduced trees species that have been verified through long-term research. This
will help to reduce the problems FUGs have in managing their community forests.
The major forests types where FUGs are active are Shorea robusta (sal forest) Schima
castanopsis (katus–chilaune forest) and Pinus roxburghii (chir pine forest).
For better management of FUGs’ forests, it is essential to quantify (estimate)
growing stock (biomass). Quantification of biomass is needed for forest products that
have been identified as essential by FUGs. This quantification can be made by using
biomass and volume tables. It is important to note that the tables give neither growth
figures for a tree nor management options for a species.
2. Biomass and volume tablesThe biomass and volume tables in this publication will help District Forest Office
staff to facilitate FUG members in estimating biomass. To use the biomass tables
properly, the diameter of the tree at breast height (DBH at 1.3m) needs to be
measured. Then, using these tables, the available biomass of various components in a
given area of forest can be estimated. This will be useful for FUG forest-management
planning where yield regulation (demand and supply) is made on an area basis. Biomass
is in green weight and in Kilogram. Similarly the volume is presented in cubic meter.
Data for the formulation of a biomass table are generated from the forest. This
publication presents 41 biomass tables. The data for these tables have been collected
from managed and unmanaged forests. At present in Nepal, there are only a few forests
2
that are managed properly. However, it is possible that more forests might be managed
properly in the future.
2.1 Part ICommunity forests are variable in species composition and in maturity of management.
Some are newly handed over and others have been managed for some time. Community
forests will be in both managed and unmanaged but conserved situations.
Tables in this part are made from data collected from forests that are natural and
community managed. These tables would be most suited for estimating biomass in a
community-managed situation. If these tables were applied to forests that have been
managed by forestry technicians, underestimation would take place. There are 34 tables
in part I.
2.2 Part II
These tables have been generated from data collected from managed forests. Data were
collected from sites where the Forest Research Division (FRD) of the Department of
Forest Research and Survey (DFRS) carried out natural forest silviculture and
management research for 16 years.
In general, the traditional approach has been to produce timber from a stand and this
was true for the above research; management practices were aimed at maximising timber
volume from a tree. A managed forest, therefore, will usually have trees with the best
form required to produce the desired product. These trees will have greater biomass in
comparison to trees in an unmanaged situation. These tables should be applied to
managed forests only. Application of these tables to community forests may
overestimate biomass content.
To suit other sporadically occurring species, three tables of mixed types are
presented (Mixed 1, 2 and 3). Although sporadic or minor in occurrence, they are often
important species for the livelihoods of forest users. The species in each category
are shown in the appropriate table.
These tables are suited to associate species existing in the main forest type. Each
grouping is based on similarity in growth characteristics, stem and crown form, and
wood density. The mixed species tables can be used to estimate biomass for other
species whose form, growing nature and wood density are similar to species listed in
the mixed species table. Mixed species tables are specifically suitable to species
listed in each table.
2.3 Part IIIIn this part, there are volume tables of six major species of the middle hills.
2.4 Part IVThis part has a concise descriptions of the species. Description are available for
most of the important species whose biomass or volume tables are available. There are
species description for 28 species.
3. Literature review
3
These biomass and volume tables have been assembled from the work of various
researchers. They can be used for estimation of biomass and timber volume in community
forest management. It is important to note that these tables have not been field-
tested. They are not yet perfect and can be improved as more information (data)
becomes available from the field. However, these tables were adapted into a uniform
and simple format for better field level application. Readers might come across
sections that need to be updated. Please feel free to forward to TISC any suggestions
for improvement to the tables and any recommendations for the development of
additional tables.
Both published and unpublished research has been cited in this compilation. Published
information is from Chaturvedi and Singh (1982), Hawkins (1987), Negi (1983) and
Tamrakar (1999). Unpublished information is from Anon (1996), Forestry Services, and
Thompson, Mohans and Tamrakar (1988). For detailed information please refer to table
1.
4
Table 1: List of species and researchers producing the tables
Tablenumber
Botanical name Local name Author
Biomass 1 Acacia auriculiformis Anonymous
Biomass 2 Acacia catechu Khair Anonymous
Biomass 3 Alnus nepalensis Utis Thompson et al.
Biomass 4 Casearia graveolens Barkula Thompson et al.
Biomass 5 Cassia siamea Hawkins, T.
Biomass 6 Dalbergia sissoo Sissoo Hawkins, T.
Biomass 7 Engelhardia spicata Mauwa Thompson et al.
Biomass 8 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Masala Hawkins, T.
Biomass 9 Eugenia operculata Thompson et al.
Biomass 10 Eurya acuminata Jhingane Thompson et al.
Biomass 11 Ficus lacor Kavro Anonymous
Biomass 12 Ficus neriifolia Dudhilo Anonymous
Biomass 13 Ficus semicordata Khanayo Anonymous
Biomass 14 Fraxinus floribunda Lankuri Thompson et al.
Biomass 15 Litsea monopetala Kutmero Anonymous
Biomass 16 Lyonia ovalifolia Angeri Thompson et al.
Biomass 17 Maesa macrophylla Bhogate Thompson et al.
Biomass 18 Melastoma melabathricum Angeri Thompson et al.
Biomass 19 Myrica esculenta Kafal Thompson et al.
Biomass 20 Myrsine capitellata Setikath Thompson et al.
Biomass 21 Phyllanthus emblica Amala Thompson et al.
Biomass 22 Pinus patula Thompson et al.
Biomass 23 Pinus roxburghii Salla Chaturvedi and
Singh
Biomass 24 Pinus wallichiana Gobre Salla Thompson et al.
Biomass 25 Pyrus pashia Mayal Thompson et al.
Biomass 26 Quercus floribunda Seto Khasru Negi, K.S.
Biomass 27 Quercus lanuginosa Banjh Thompson et al.
Biomass 28 Quercus leucotrichophora Banjh Anonymous
Biomass 29 Rhododendron arboreum Lali Gurans Thompson et al.
Biomass 30 Rhus wallichii Bhalayo Thompson et al.
Biomass 31 Shorea robusta Tarai Sal Thompson et al.
Biomass 32 Viburnum coriaceum Ghode Khari Thompson et al.
Biomass 33 Wendlandia coriacea Tilka Thompson et al.
Biomass 34 Daphne bholua and D. papyracea (Lokta) Forestry Services
Biomass 35 Castanopsis indica Dhale Katus Tamrakar, P R
Biomass 36 Castanopsis tribuloides Musure Katus Tamrakar, P R
Biomass 37 Mixed Species: Eurya acuminata,Myrsine capitellata, Myrsinesemiserrata, Tinju and others
Jhingane, Bakle pate,
Kalikath/Kaligedi and
others
Tamrakar, P R
Biomass 38 Mixed Species: Lyonia ovalifolia,Engelhardia spicata, Sapium, Rhussuccedanea, Rhus javanica, Emblicaofficinalis
Angeri, Mauwa, Khirro,
Bhalayo, Bhakimlo, Amala
Tamrakar, P R
Biomass 39 Mixed Species: Syzygium cumini,Myrica esculenta, Machilus spp.,Ficus nemoralis, Michelia kisopa,Lithocarpus spicata and others
Jamun, Kafal, Setikath,
Kaulo, Dudhilo, Champ,
Arkhaulo and others
Tamrakar, P R
Biomass 40 Quercus glauca Phalant Tamrakar, P R
Biomass 41 Schima wallichii Chilaune Tamrakar, P R
Volume 1 Castanopsis indica Dhale Katus Tamrakar, P R
Volume 2 Castanopsis tribuloides Musure Katus Tamrakar, P R
Volume 3 Dalbergia sissoo Sissoo Hawkins, T
Volume 4 Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Masala Hawkins, T
Volume 5 Quercus glauca Phalant Tamrakar, P R
Volume 6 Schima wallichii Chilaune Tamrakar, P R
5
4. ReferencesAnonymous 1996, Biomass tables of ten preferred species in the Hills of Nepal.
Community and Private Forest Division, Babarmahal, Kathmandu.
Chaturvedi, O.P. and Singh, J.S. (1982) Total biomass and biomass production of Pinus
roxburghii trees in all-aged natural forests. Canadian Journal of Forestry
Research, 12.
Hawkins, T. (1987) Biomass and Volume Tables for Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia
sissoo and Cassia siamea in the Central Bhabar-Tarai of Nepal. OFI Occasional
Paper, No. 33. Oxford: Oxford Forestry Institute, UK.
Negi, K.S. (1983) Estimation of biomass and nutrient storage in a Himalayan moist
temperate forest. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research, 13.
Tamrakar, P.R. (1999) Biomass Tables for Katus–Chilaune Forest Type. Research Leaflet
No. 8, Department of Forest Research and Survey, Kathmandu.
Thompson, I.S., Mohans, V.P. and Tamrakar, P.R. (1988) Biomass Tables for 17 Species
of the Mid-Hills of Nepal. Nepal UK, Forest Research Project, Kathmandu.
(Unpublished).
6
Part - I
9
Biomass Table 1: Acacia auriculiformis
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total4 - 1.1 4.8 5.8
5 - 1.9 7.9 9.9
6 - 3.2 12.0 15.2
7 - 4.9 17.1 22.0
8 - 7.1 23.2 30.2
9 - 9.8 30.3 40.1
10 - 13.1 38.5 51.6
11 - 17.0 47.9 64.9
12 - 21.6 58.4 80.0
13 - 27.0 70.0 97.0
14 - 33.1 82.9 116.0
15 - 40.0 97.1 137.0
16 - 47.7 112.4 160.2
17 - 56.4 129.1 185.5
18 - 66.0 147.1 213.1
19 - 76.6 166.4 243.0
20 - 88.2 187.0 275.2
Branch Stem Stem plus branchIntercept (a) -3.759 -1.599 -1.606
Slope (b) 2.75 2.28 2.40
Regression Model Ln W = a +b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
10
Biomass Table 2: Acacia catechu (Khair)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total
4 - 0.4 2.6 3.0
5 - 0.8 6.6 7.4
6 - 1.6 11.3 12.9
7 - 2.8 17.0 19.8
8 - 4.5 23.5 28.0
9 - 6.8 30.9 37.7
10 - 9.9 39.1 49.0
11 - 13.9 48.2 62.2
12 - 19.0 58.2 77.2
13 - 25.3 69.0 94.3
14 - 32.9 80.8 113.7
15 - 42.0 93.4 135.4
16 - 52.9 106.8 159.7
17 - 65.6 121.1 186.8
18 - 80.5 136.3 216.8
19 - 97.5 152.4 249.9
20 - 117.1 169.3 286.4
Branch Stem
Intercept (a) -5.902 -4.300
Slope (b) 3.56 0.434
Regression Model Ln W = a +b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
11
Biomass Table 3: Alnus nepalensis (Utis)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4
3 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.3
4 0.5 0.7 1.4 2.5
5 0.7 1.3 2.3 4.3
6 0.9 2.1 3.6 6.6
7 1.2 3.2 5.0 9.5
8 1.5 4.6 6.8 12.9
9 1.8 6.3 8.9 17.0
10 2.1 8.3 11.2 21.7
11 2.5 10.7 13.8 27.0
12 2.8 13.4 16.7 33.0
13 3.2 16.6 19.9 39.7
14 3.6 20.1 23.4 47.1
15 4.0 24.0 27.2 55.3
16 4.4 28.4 31.3 64.2
17 4.9 33.2 35.7 73.8
18 5.3 38.5 40.5 84.3
19 5.8 44.3 45.5 95.5
20 6.2 50.6 50.8 107.6
21 6.7 57.3 56.4 120.4
22 7.2 64.6 62.4 134.1
23 7.7 72.4 68.6 148.7
24 8.2 80.8 75.2 164.1
25 8.7 89.7 82.1 180.4
26 9.3 99.1 89.3 197.7
27 9.8 109.2 96.8 215.8
28 10.4 119.8 104.6 234.8
29 10.9 131.1 112.8 254.8
30 11.5 142.9 121.2 275.7
31 12.1 155.4 130.0 297.5
32 12.7 168.5 139.2 320.3
33 13.3 182.2 148.6 344.1
34 13.9 196.6 158.4 368.9
35 14.5 211.7 168.5 394.7
36 15.2 227.4 178.9 421.5
37 15.8 243.9 189.7 449.3
38 16.4 261.0 200.8 478.2
39 17.1 278.8 212.2 508.1
40 17.8 297.3 223.9 539.0
41 18.4 316.6 236.0 571.1
42 19.1 336.6 248.4 604.1
43 19.8 357.3 261.2 638.3
44 20.5 378.8 274.3 673.6
45 21.2 401.0 287.7 709.9
46 21.9 424.0 301.4 747.4
47 22.6 447.8 315.5 786.0
48 23.4 472.4 330.0 825.7
49 24.1 497.7 344.7 866.6
50 24.9 523.9 359.9 908.6
51 25.6 550.9 375.3 951.8
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.702 -3.678 -2.348
Slope (b) 1.487 2.510 2.102
R square 0.695 0.835 0.978
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
12
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
13
Biomass Table 4: Casearia graveolens (Barkula)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total
2 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.9
3 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.7
4 0.2 0.7 1.7 2.6
5 0.3 0.9 2.4 3.6
6 0.3 1.2 3.1 4.6
7 0.3 1.4 3.9 5.6
8 0.4 1.7 4.8 6.7
9 0.4 1.9 5.7 7.8
10 0.4 2.2 6.7 9.0
11 0.5 2.5 7.7 10.1
12 0.5 2.8 8.8 11.4
13 0.5 3.1 9.9 12.6
14 0.6 3.4 11.0 13.8
15 0.6 3.7 12.1 15.1
16 0.6 4.0 13.3 16.4
17 0.6 4.3 14.5 17.8
18 0.7 4.6 15.8 19.1
19 0.7 4.9 17.1 20.5
20 0.7 5.2 18.4 21.8
21 0.7 5.5 19.7 23.2
22 0.8 5.8 21.1 24.6
23 0.8 6.2 22.5 26.1
24 0.8 6.5 23.9 27.5
25 0.8 6.8 25.3 29.0
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.60 -2.24 -1.627
Slope (b) 0.76 1.30 1.5202
R square 0.97 0.99 0.99
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
14
Biomass Table 5: Cassia siamea
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total
1 - - - -
2 - 0.43 - 0.43
3 - 1.14 - 1.14
4 - 2.35 - 2.35
5 - 4.21 - 4.21
6 - 6.82 - 6.82
7 - 10.33 - 10.33
8 - 14.85 - 14.85
9 - 20.50 - 20.50
10 - 27.39 - 27.39
11 - 36.65 - 36.65
12 - 45.40 - 45.40
13 - 56.74 - 56.74
14 - 69.80 - 69.80
Stem
Intercept (a) -3.5036
Slope (b) 2.8978
R square 0.96
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
15
Biomass Table 6: Dalbergia sissoo (Sissoo)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 - 0.1 0.3 0.5
2 - 0.4 1.2 1.6
3 - 0.8 2.9 3.7
4 - 1.4 5.4 6.9
5 - 2.3 9.1 11.3
6 - 3.3 13.9 17.2
7 - 4.5 20.0 24.5
8 - 5.9 27.6 33.5
9 - 7.6 36.7 44.2
10 - 9.4 47.4 56.8
11 - 11.5 59.8 71.3
12 - 13.9 74.0 87.9
13 - 16.5 90.1 106.6
14 - 19.3 108.2 127.5
15 - 22.3 128.4 150.7
16 - 25.7 150.6 176.3
17 - 29.2 175.1 204.3
18 - 33.0 201.9 234.9
19 - 37.1 231.0 268.1
20 - 41.5 262.5 304.0
21 - 46.1 296.5 342.6
Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.9619 -2.1590
Slope (b) 2.2139 2.5590
R square 0.94 0.99
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
16
Biomass Table 7: Engelhardia spicata (Mauwa)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total
2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.5
3 0.4 0.3 0.7 1.4
4 0.7 0.7 1.3 2.7
5 1.0 1.3 2.2 4.5
6 1.3 2.2 3.2 6.7
7 1.7 3.2 4.4 9.3
8 2.1 4.5 5.8 12.4
9 2.6 6.0 7.4 16.0
10 3.1 7.8 9.2 20.1
11 3.6 9.9 11.1 24.7
12 4.2 12.3 13.3 29.7
13 4.8 14.9 15.6 35.3
14 5.4 17.9 18.1 41.3
15 6.0 21.2 20.7 47.9
16 6.7 24.8 23.6 55.0
17 7.4 28.7 26.6 62.7
18 8.1 33.0 29.8 70.8
19 8.8 37.6 33.2 79.5
20 9.6 42.5 36.7 88.8
21 10.3 47.8 40.4 98.6
22 11.1 53.5 44.3 109.0
23 12.0 59.6 48.4 119.9
24 12.8 66.0 52.6 131.4
25 13.7 72.8 57.0 143.5
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.414 -3.369 -2.142
Slope (b) 1.562 2.355 1.928
R square 0.966 0.943 0.987
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
17
Biomass Table 8: Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Masala)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.6
2 0.3 0.2 1.7 2.3
3 0.6 0.5 4.0 5.2
4 1.1 1.0 7.6 9.6
5 1.7 1.6 12.6 15.9
6 2.5 2.4 19.1 24.0
7 3.5 3.3 27.4 34.2
8 4.6 4.5 37.5 46.6
9 5.8 5.9 49.6 61.4
10 7.3 7.6 63.8 78.7
11 8.9 9.5 80.2 98.6
12 10.7 11.6 98.9 121.2
13 12.7 14.1 119.9 146.7
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.2265 -3.7296 -1.7536
Slope (b) 2.2163 2.4482 2.5130
R square 0.82 0.79 0.99
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
18
Biomass Table 9: Eugenia operculata
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total
2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4
3 0.2 0.3 0.8 1.3
4 0.4 0.6 1.6 2.6
5 0.6 1.2 2.8 4.6
6 0.8 2.1 4.2 7.1
7 1.2 3.3 6.0 10.4
8 1.5 4.8 8.0 14.3
9 1.9 6.7 10.4 19.0
10 2.3 9.0 13.2 24.5
11 2.8 11.7 16.3 30.8
12 3.3 15.0 19.7 38.0
13 3.9 18.7 23.4 46.0
14 4.5 23.0 27.5 55.0
15 5.2 27.8 32.0 65.0
16 5.8 33.3 36.7 75.9
17 6.6 39.3 41.9 87.8
18 7.3 46.0 47.4 100.8
19 8.1 53.4 53.2 114.8
20 9.0 61.5 59.4 129.9
21 9.9 70.3 66.0 146.2
22 10.8 79.9 72.9 163.6
23 11.7 90.2 80.2 182.1
24 12.7 101.3 87.8 201.9
25 13.8 113.3 95.8 222.9
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.523 -4.033 -2.198
Slope (b) 1.871 2.676 2.094
R square 0.856 0.906 0.950
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
19
Biomass Table 10: Eurya acuminata (Jhingane)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total
2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.8
3 0.4 0.6 0.9 1.9
4 0.7 1.0 1.7 3.4
5 1.0 1.6 2.7 5.3
6 1.4 2.4 3.8 7.6
7 1.8 3.3 5.1 10.2
8 2.2 4.2 6.7 13.1
9 2.6 5.3 8.3 16.3
10 3.1 6.6 10.2 19.8
11 3.6 7.9 12.2 23.6
12 4.1 9.3 14.4 27.8
13 4.6 10.9 16.7 32.2
14 5.1 12.6 19.1 36.9
15 5.7 14.3 21.8 41.8
16 6.3 16.2 24.5 47.1
17 6.9 18.2 27.5 52.6
18 7.5 20.3 30.5 58.3
19 8.2 22.5 33.7 64.4
20 8.8 24.8 37.1 70.7
21 9.5 27.2 40.6 77.2
22 10.2 29.7 44.2 84.1
23 10.9 32.3 48.0 91.1
24 11.6 35.0 51.9 98.4
25 12.3 37.8 55.9 106.0
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.297 -2.377 -1.743
Slope (b) 1.463 1.849 1.797
R square 0.830 0.912 0.981
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
20
Biomass Table 11: Ficus lacor (Kavro)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2
2 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
3 0.9 0.2 1.3 2.4
4 1.5 0.4 2.7 4.7
5 2.2 0.9 4.8 7.9
6 3.0 1.7 7.5 12.2
7 3.9 2.9 11.0 17.8
8 4.9 4.5 15.3 24.7
9 6.0 6.7 20.5 33.3
10 7.2 9.6 26.7 43.5
11 8.5 13.3 33.8 55.6
12 9.8 17.9 42.0 69.7
13 11.3 23.4 51.3 86.0
14 12.8 30.2 61.7 104.6
15 14.4 38.1 73.3 125.8
16 16.0 47.5 86.0 149.5
17 17.8 58.3 100.1 176.3
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.01 -5.86 -2.46
Slope (b) 1.70 3.40 2.49
Regression Model Ln W = a +b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
21
Biomass Table 12: Ficus neriifolia (Dudhilo)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.8
2 0.3 0.6 1.3 2.1
3 0.4 0.8 2.6 3.8
4 0.6 1.1 4.2 5.9
5 0.8 1.3 6.2 8.3
6 1.0 1.5 8.6 11.1
7 1.2 1.7 11.3 14.2
8 1.4 2.0 14.2 17.6
9 1.6 2.2 17.5 21.3
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.30 -1.22 -0.986
Slope (b) 1.25 0.904 1.75
Regression Model Ln W = a +b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
22
Biomass Table 13: Ficus semicordata (Khanayo)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.4
2 0.4 0.1 1.1 1.6
3 0.9 0.3 2.4 3.6
4 1.5 0.8 4.2 6.6
5 2.3 1.6 6.6 10.5
6 3.2 2.8 9.6 15.5
7 4.2 4.4 13.1 21.7
8 5.4 6.6 17.1 29.1
9 6.7 9.5 21.6 37.8
10 8.1 13.1 26.7 47.8
11 9.6 17.4 32.4 59.4
12 11.2 22.7 38.6 72.5
13 13.0 28.9 45.3 87.2
14 14.8 36.2 52.6 103.6
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.19 -4.67 -1.37
Slope (b) 1.81 3.03 2.01
R square 0.75 0.78 0.94
Regression Model Ln W = a +b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
23
Biomass Table 13: Fraxinus floribunda (Lankuri)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total
2 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.4
3 0.2 0.2 0.8 1.2
4 0.4 0.5 1.7 2.6
5 0.7 1.1 2.8 4.6
6 1.0 2.1 4.2 7.4
7 1.4 3.7 6.0 11.0
8 1.8 5.8 8.1 15.7
9 2.3 8.7 10.5 21.4
10 2.8 12.5 13.2 28.5
11 3.4 17.2 16.3 36.8
12 4.0 23.1 19.7 46.8
13 4.7 30.2 23.4 58.3
14 5.4 38.8 27.5 71.6
15 6.2 48.8 31.9 86.9
16 7.0 60.6 36.6 104.2
17 7.9 74.2 41.7 123.7
18 8.8 89.7 47.2 145.6
19 9.7 107.3 53.0 170.0
20 10.8 127.2 59.1 197.1
21 11.8 149.5 65.6 226.9
22 12.9 174.4 72.4 259.7
23 14.1 202.0 79.6 295.7
24 15.3 232.5 87.1 334.9
25 16.6 266.0 95.0 377.5
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.289 -5.052 -2.130
Slope (b) 1.885 3.231 2.082
R square 0.908 0.831 0.971
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
24
Biomass Table 15: Litsea monopetala (Kutmero)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.3
2 0.3 0.1 0.8 1.2
3 0.6 0.3 1.9 2.8
4 0.9 0.7 3.6 5.2
5 1.3 1.1 6.0 8.4
6 1.7 1.6 9.1 12.4
7 2.2 2.3 12.8 17.3
8 2.7 3.0 17.4 23.1
9 3.2 3.9 22.7 29.8
10 3.8 5.0 28.8 37.5
11 4.4 6.2 35.7 46.2
12 5.0 7.5 43.4 55.9
13 5.6 8.9 52.1 66.6
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.25 -3.61 -1.88
Slope (b) 1.52 2.22 2.26
R square 76.2 83.6 94.0
Regression Model Ln W = a +b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
25
Biomass Table 16: Lyonia ovalifolia (Angeri)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.5
2 0.2 0.7 0.4 1.3
3 0.4 1.1 0.8 2.3
4 0.5 1.4 1.4 3.3
5 0.6 1.8 2.1 4.5
6 0.8 2.1 3.1 6.0
7 0.9 2.5 4.2 7.6
8 1.1 2.9 5.6 9.6
9 1.2 3.3 7.1 11.6
10 1.4 3.7 8.8 13.9
11 1.6 4.1 10.8 16.5
12 1.7 4.5 13.0 19.2
13 1.9 4.9 15.4 22.2
14 2.1 5.3 18.0 25.4
15 2.3 5.7 20.8 28.8
16 2.5 6.1 23.9 32.5
17 2.7 6.5 27.2 36.4
18 2.8 7.0 30.8 40.6
19 3.0 7.4 36.1 43.5
20 3.2 8.1 39.2 47.3
21 3.4 8.5 42.7 51.2
22 3.6 8.8 46.5 55.3
23 3.8 9.4 50.1 59.5
24 4.0 9.9 54.0 63.9
25 4.2 11.5 56.7 68.2
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.52646 -1.37076 -2.83343
Slope (b) 1.429867 1.351643 2.009853
R square 0.99 0.93 0.99
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
26
Biomass Table 17: Maesa macrophylla (Bhogate)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total
2 0.2 0.9 0.4 1.5
3 0.5 1.8 0.8 3.1
4 0.8 2.8 1.4 5.0
5 1.1 4.0 2.2 7.3
6 1.5 5.3 3.0 9.8
7 1.9 6.7 4.0 12.5
8 2.3 8.1 5.1 15.5
9 2.8 9.6 6.2 18.7
10 3.3 11.2 7.5 22.0
11 3.8 12.9 8.8 25.5
12 4.4 14.6 10.2 29.2
13 5.0 16.4 11.7 33.1
14 5.5 18.3 13.3 37.1
15 6.2 20.2 15.0 41.3
16 6.8 22.1 16.7 45.7
17 7.5 24.1 18.6 50.1
18 8.1 26.2 20.4 54.7
19 8.8 28.2 22.4 59.5
20 9.5 30.4 24.4 64.4
21 10.3 32.6 26.5 69.4
22 11.0 34.8 28.7 74.5
23 11.8 37.0 30.9 79.7
24 12.6 39.3 33.2 85.1
25 13.4 41.6 35.6 90.6
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.416 -0.806 -1.769
Slope (b) 1.474 1.382 1.650
R square 0.650 0.807 0.766
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
27
Biomass Table 18: Melastoma melabathricum (Angeri, Chulesi)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total
2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6
3 0.1 0.5 0.7 1.4
4 0.2 1.0 1.2 2.4
5 0.3 1.6 1.8 3.7
6 0.4 2.3 2.4 5.1
7 0.5 3.1 3.1 6.7
8 0.6 4.1 3.8 8.4
9 0.7 5.1 4.5 10.4
10 0.8 6.3 5.4 12.5
11 0.9 7.6 6.2 14.7
12 1.0 8.9 7.1 17.1
13 1.2 10.4 8.0 19.6
14 1.3 12.0 9.0 22.3
15 1.4 13.7 10.0 25.1
16 1.6 15.5 11.0 28.1
17 1.7 17.4 12.1 31.2
18 1.8 19.4 13.2 34.4
19 2.0 21.5 14.3 37.7
20 2.1 23.6 15.5 41.2
21 2.3 25.9 16.6 44.8
22 2.4 28.3 17.9 48.6
23 2.6 30.8 19.1 52.4
24 2.7 33.3 20.4 56.4
25 2.9 36.0 21.6 60.5
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) 3.01 5.12 3.67
Slope (b) 7.96 .61 1.05
R square 0.99 0.96 0.98
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
28
Biomass Table 19: Myrica esculenta (Kafal)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total
2 0.1 0.3 0.6 1.0
3 0.2 0.6 1.4 2.2
4 0.4 1.1 2.4 3.8
5 0.6 1.6 3.5 5.8
6 0.8 2.3 4.8 8.0
7 1.1 3.1 6.3 10.5
8 1.4 3.9 7.9 13.2
9 1.7 4.9 9.7 16.2
10 2.0 5.9 11.5 19.4
11 2.3 7.0 13.5 22.8
12 2.7 8.2 15.6 26.4
13 3.0 9.4 17.8 30.3
14 3.4 10.8 20.2 34.3
15 3.8 12.2 22.6 38.5
16 4.2 13.6 25.1 42.9
17 4.7 15.2 27.7 47.5
18 5.1 16.8 30.5 52.3
19 5.6 18.4 33.3 57.3
20 6.0 20.2 36.2 62.4
21 6.5 22.0 39.2 67.7
22 7.0 23.8 42.3 73.1
23 7.5 25.8 45.4 78.7
24 8.1 27.7 48.7 84.5
25 8.6 29.8 52.0 90.4
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.5346 - -
Slope (b) 1.4034 - -
R square 0.848 - -
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
29
Biomass Table 20: Myrsine capitellata (Setikath)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total
2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.6
3 0.3 0.5 0.9 1.7
4 0.5 1.1 1.8 3.4
5 0.8 2.0 2.9 5.7
6 1.2 3.3 4.3 8.8
7 1.7 4.9 5.9 12.6
8 2.3 6.9 7.8 17.1
9 3.0 9.4 9.9 22.3
10 3.8 12.3 12.3 28.4
11 4.6 15.7 14.9 35.3
12 5.6 19.6 17.8 42.9
13 6.6 24.0 20.9 51.5
14 7.7 28.9 24.2 60.9
15 8.9 34.4 27.8 71.1
16 10.2 40.4 31.6 82.3
17 11.6 47.1 35.7 94.3
18 13.1 54.3 40.0 107.3
19 14.6 62.1 44.5 121.3
20 16.3 70.6 49.3 136.1
21 18.0 79.7 54.3 152.0
22 19.8 89.4 59.5 168.8
23 21.7 99.9 65.0 186.6
24 23.8 111.0 70.7 205.4
25 25.9 122.8 76.6 225.3
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.286 -3.047 -1.859
Slope (b) 2.031 2.426 1.932
R square 0.957 0.932 0.979
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
30
Biomass Table 21: Phyllanthus emblica (Amala)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total
2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5
3 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.3
4 0.3 0.8 1.4 2.5
5 0.4 1.3 2.3 4.0
6 0.6 1.9 3.3 5.8
7 0.7 2.7 4.5 8.0
8 0.9 3.6 5.9 10.4
9 1.1 4.6 7.5 13.2
10 1.3 5.8 9.2 16.3
11 1.4 7.1 11.1 19.7
12 1.6 8.5 13.2 23.4
13 1.9 10.1 15.4 27.4
14 2.1 11.7 17.9 31.7
15 2.3 13.5 20.4 36.2
16 2.5 15.5 23.2 41.1
17 2.7 17.5 26.1 46.3
18 3.0 19.7 29.1 51.8
19 3.2 22.0 32.3 57.6
20 3.5 24.5 53.7 81.6
21 3.7 27.1 39.2 70.0
22 4.0 29.8 42.9 76.6
23 4.3 32.6 46.7 83.6
24 4.5 35.6 50.7 90.8
25 4.8 38.7 54.8 98.3
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.009 -2.850 -2.046
Slope (b) 1.416 2.001 1.883
R square 0.907 0.900 0.968
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
31
Biomass Table 22: Pinus patula
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total2 0.8 0.4 0.3 1.5
3 1.6 1.0 0.9 3.4
4 2.4 2.0 1.6 6.0
5 3.4 3.4 2.6 9.3
6 4.4 5.1 3.8 13.2
7 5.5 7.2 5.1 17.8
8 6.6 9.6 6.7 22.9
9 7.8 12.4 8.5 28.7
10 9.0 15.6 10.5 35.1
11 10.3 19.1 12.6 42.0
12 11.6 23.1 15.0 49.6
13 12.9 27.3 17.5 57.8
14 14.3 32.0 20.2 66.5
15 15.7 37.1 23.1 75.9
16 17.1 42.5 26.2 85.8
17 18.6 48.3 29.5 96.4
18 20.1 54.5 32.9 107.5
19 21.6 61.1 36.5 119.2
20 23.2 68.0 40.3 131.5
21 24.8 75.4 44.3 144.4
22 26.4 83.1 48.4 157.8
23 28.0 91.2 52.7 171.9
24 29.6 99.7 57.2 186.5
25 31.3 108.6 61.8 201.7
26 66.6 117.9 33.0 217.5
27 71.6 127.5 34.7 233.8
28 76.8 137.6 36.4 250.8
29 82.1 148.0 38.2 268.3
30 87.6 158.9 39.9 286.4
31 93.2 170.1 41.7 305.0
32 99.0 181.7 43.5 324.3
33 105.0 193.7 45.4 344.1
34 111.1 206.2 47.2 364.5
35 117.4 219.0 49.1 385.5
36 123.9 232.2 50.9 407.0
37 130.5 245.8 52.8 429.1
38 137.3 259.8 54.7 451.8
39 144.3 274.1 56.7 475.1
40 151.4 288.9 58.6 498.9
41 158.6 304.1 60.6 523.3
42 166.1 319.7 62.5 548.3
43 173.6 335.7 64.5 573.8
44 181.4 352.1 66.5 600.0
45 189.3 368.9 68.5 626.7
46 197.3 386.0 70.6 653.9
47 205.5 403.6 72.6 681.8
48 213.9 421.6 74.7 710.2
49 222.4 440.0 76.7 739.2
50 231.1 458.8 78.8 768.7
51 239.9 478.0 80.9 798.8
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.98883 -2.25456 -1.29787
Slope (b) 1.857716 2.152228 1.507033
R square 0.97 0.99 0.93
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
32
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
33
Biomass Table 23: Pinus roxburghii (Salla)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
3 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.5
4 0.2 0.0 0.8 1.1
5 0.3 0.1 1.6 2.0
6 0.5 0.2 2.7 3.3
7 0.6 0.2 4.1 5.0
8 0.8 0.4 6.0 7.2
9 1.0 0.5 8.3 9.8
10 1.3 0.7 11.1 13.0
11 1.5 0.9 14.4 16.8
12 1.8 1.1 18.2 21.1
13 2.1 1.4 22.6 26.1
14 2.5 1.7 27.6 31.7
15 2.8 2.0 33.2 38.1
16 3.2 2.4 39.5 45.1
17 3.6 2.8 46.5 52.9
18 4.0 3.3 54.2 61.5
19 4.5 3.8 62.6 70.9
20 4.9 4.4 71.7 81.1
21 5.4 5.0 81.7 92.1
22 5.9 5.7 92.5 104.1
23 6.4 6.4 104.1 116.9
24 7.0 7.2 116.5 130.7
25 7.5 8.1 129.8 145.4
26 8.1 8.9 144.0 161.1
27 8.7 9.9 159.2 177.8
28 9.4 10.9 175.3 195.5
29 10.0 12.0 192.3 214.3
30 10.7 13.1 210.3 234.1
31 11.4 14.3 229.4 255.0
32 12.1 15.6 249.4 277.1
33 12.8 16.9 270.5 300.2
34 13.5 18.3 292.7 324.5
35 14.3 19.8 315.9 350.0
36 15.1 21.4 340.2 376.7
37 15.9 23.0 365.7 404.6
38 16.7 24.7 392.3 433.7
39 17.6 26.4 420.1 464.1
40 18.4 28.3 449.0 495.7
41 19.3 30.2 479.1 528.7
42 20.2 32.2 510.5 562.9
43 21.1 34.3 543.1 598.5
44 22.1 36.4 576.9 635.4
45 23.0 38.7 612.0 673.7
46 24.0 41.0 648.4 713.4
47 25.0 43.4 686.0 754.5
48 26.0 45.9 725.0 797.0
49 27.1 48.5 765.3 840.9
50 28.1 51.2 807.0 886.3
51 29.2 53.9 850.1 933.2
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -4.30199 -6.59408 -3.98515
Slope (b) 1.959546 2.69398 2.74356
R square 0.99 0.99 0.99
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
34
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
35
Biomass Table 24: Pinus wallichiana (Gobre Salla)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total2 0.5 0.6 0.5 1.6
3 1.0 1.2 1.1 3.3
4 1.4 2.0 2.0 5.4
5 2.0 2.8 3.0 7.8
6 2.5 3.7 4.3 10.6
7 3.1 4.7 5.7 13.6
8 3.7 5.8 7.4 16.8
9 4.3 6.9 9.1 20.3
10 4.9 8.0 11.1 24.0
11 5.6 9.3 13.2 28.0
12 6.2 10.5 15.4 32.1
13 6.9 11.8 17.8 36.5
14 7.6 13.2 20.3 41.0
15 8.2 14.6 23.0 45.8
16 8.9 16.0 25.8 50.7
17 9.7 17.5 28.7 55.8
18 10.4 19.0 31.8 61.2
19 11.1 20.5 35.0 66.6
20 11.8 22.1 38.4 72.3
21 12.6 23.7 41.8 78.1
22 13.3 25.3 45.4 84.1
23 14.1 27.0 49.1 90.2
24 14.9 28.7 53.0 96.5
25 15.7 30.4 56.9 103.0
26 16.4 32.2 61.0 109.6
27 17.2 34.0 65.2 116.4
28 18.0 35.8 69.5 123.3
29 18.8 37.6 73.9 130.4
30 19.6 39.5 78.5 137.6
31 20.5 41.4 83.1 145.0
32 21.3 43.3 87.9 152.5
33 22.1 45.2 92.8 160.1
34 22.9 47.2 97.8 167.9
35 23.8 49.2 102.9 175.8
36 24.6 51.2 108.1 183.9
37 25.5 53.2 113.4 192.1
38 26.3 55.3 118.8 200.5
39 27.2 57.4 124.3 208.9
40 28.1 59.5 130.0 217.5
41 28.9 61.6 135.7 226.3
42 29.8 63.8 141.6 235.1
43 30.7 65.9 147.5 244.1
44 31.6 68.1 153.6 253.3
45 32.5 70.3 159.7 262.5
46 33.4 72.6 166.0 271.9
47 34.3 74.8 172.3 281.4
48 35.2 77.1 178.8 291.0
49 36.1 79.4 185.4 300.8
50 37.0 81.7 192.0 310.7
51 37.9 84.0 198.8 320.7
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.4115 -1.36927 -1.81568
Slope (b) 1.290245 1.483074 1.815914
R square 0.99 0.99 0.99
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
36
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
37
Biomass Table 25: Pyrus pashia (Mayal)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total
2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6
3 0.2 0.6 0.9 1.6
4 0.3 1.3 1.6 3.2
5 0.5 2.4 2.5 5.4
6 0.7 3.8 3.6 8.1
7 0.9 5.7 4.8 11.4
8 1.2 7.9 6.2 15.4
9 1.5 10.6 7.8 20.0
10 1.8 13.8 9.6 25.2
11 2.2 17.5 11.5 31.1
12 2.5 21.6 13.6 37.7
13 2.9 26.3 15.8 45.0
14 3.3 31.5 18.2 53.0
15 3.8 37.3 20.7 61.8
16 4.3 43.6 23.3 71.2
17 4.7 50.5 26.1 81.4
18 5.3 58.0 29.1 92.3
19 5.8 66.1 32.1 104.1
20 6.4 74.8 35.4 116.5
21 6.9 84.2 38.7 129.8
22 7.5 94.1 42.2 143.9
23 8.2 104.7 45.8 158.7
24 8.8 116.0 49.6 174.4
25 9.5 127.9 53.5 190.9
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.440 -2.755 -1.863
Slope (b) 1.748 2.349 1.814
R square 0.887 0.937 0.953
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
38
Biomass Table 26: Quercus floribunda (Seto Khasru)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total2 14.0 18.7 31.1 42.2
3 18.3 26.5 54.7 64.3
4 21.8 33.4 79.3 94.9
5 24.8 39.6 104.7 104.6
6 27.6 45.5 130.8 123.4
7 30.1 51.0 157.3 141.7
8 32.4 56.2 184.3 159.5
9 34.6 61.2 211.6 176.9
10 36.6 66.1 239.4 194.0
11 38.6 70.8 267.4 210.7
12 40.4 75.3 295.7 227.2
13 42.2 79.8 324.2 243.4
14 43.9 84.1 353.0 259.4
15 45.6 88.3 382.1 275.2
16 47.2 92.4 411.3 290.8
17 48.8 96.5 440.8 306.2
18 50.3 100.4 470.4 321.5
19 51.7 104.3 500.2 336.6
20 53.2 108.2 530.2 351.6
21 54.6 111.9 560.4 366.5
22 55.9 115.7 590.7 381.2
23 57.3 119.3 621.1 395.8
24 58.6 122.9 651.7 410.3
25 59.9 126.5 682.5 424.7
26 61.1 130.0 713.4 439.0
27 62.4 133.5 744.4 453.1
28 63.6 136.9 775.5 467.2
29 64.8 140.3 806.7 481.2
30 65.9 143.6 838.1 495.2
31 67.1 147.0 869.6 509.0
32 68.2 150.2 901.2 522.8
33 69.3 153.5 932.9 536.5
34 70.4 156.7 964.7 550.1
35 71.5 159.9 996.6 563.6
36 72.6 163.1 1028.5 577.1
37 73.6 166.2 1060.6 590.5
38 74.7 169.3 1092.8 603.9
39 75.7 172.4 1125.1 617.1
40 76.7 175.4 1157.5 630.4
41 77.7 178.5 1189.9 643.5
42 78.7 181.5 1222.5 656.6
43 79.7 184.5 1255.1 669.7
44 80.6 187.4 1287.8 682.7
45 81.6 190.4 1320.6 695.7
46 82.5 193.3 1353.4 708.6
47 83.5 196.2 1386.4 721.4
48 84.4 199.1 1419.4 734.2
49 85.3 201.9 1452.5 747.0
50 86.2 204.8 1485.6 759.7
51 87.1 207.6 1518.8 772.4
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) 2.326333 2.509542 2.762831
Slope (b) 0.547374 0.722447 1.166462
R square 0.999175 0.999176 0.999176
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
39
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
40
Biomass Table 27: Quercus lanuginosa (Banjh)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total
2 0.2 0.4 0.9 1.6
3 0.4 0.8 1.5 2.7
4 0.5 1.2 2.1 3.8
5 0.7 1.6 2.7 5.0
6 0.8 2.1 3.3 6.2
7 0.9 2.5 3.9 7.4
8 1.1 3.0 4.5 8.6
9 1.2 3.6 5.1 9.9
10 1.3 4.1 5.7 11.1
11 1.5 4.6 6.3 12.4
12 1.6 5.2 6.9 13.6
13 1.7 5.7 7.5 14.9
14 1.8 6.3 8.1 16.2
15 2.0 6.9 8.7 17.5
16 2.1 7.5 9.3 18.8
17 2.2 8.1 9.9 20.1
18 2.3 8.7 10.5 21.5
19 2.5 9.3 11.0 22.8
20 2.6 9.9 11.6 24.1
21 2.7 10.5 12.2 25.5
22 2.8 11.2 12.8 26.8
23 3.0 11.8 18.4 33.2
24 3.1 12.5 14.0 29.5
25 3.2 13.1 14.6 30.9
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.921 -1.628 -0.532
Slope (b) 0.937 1.235 0.988
R square 0.649 0.529 0.786
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
41
Biomass Table 28: Quercus leucotrichophora (Banjh)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2
2 0.2 0.2 0.6 1.0
3 0.3 0.4 1.7 2.4
4 0.6 0.8 3.3 4.7
5 0.8 1.3 5.7 7.8
6 1.2 2.0 8.7 11.9
7 1.5 2.9 12.6 16.9
8 1.9 3.9 17.2 23.0
9 2.3 5.0 22.8 30.2
10 2.8 6.4 29.3 38.5
11 3.3 7.9 36.7 47.9
12 3.9 9.6 45.1 58.6
13 4.5 11.6 54.5 70.5
14 5.1 13.7 64.9 83.7
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.17 -3.51 -2.12
Slope (b) 1.76 2.26 2.37
R square 73.7 82.0 95.3
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
42
Biomass Table 29: Rhododendron arboreum (Lali Gurans)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total
2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.8
3 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.9
4 0.6 0.9 1.8 3.2
5 0.8 1.4 2.7 4.9
6 1.1 2.0 3.7 6.8
7 1.4 2.8 4.8 8.9
8 1.7 3.7 6.0 11.3
9 2.0 4.7 7.3 14.0
10 2.3 5.8 8.8 16.8
11 2.6 7.0 10.3 19.9
12 2.9 8.4 11.9 23.2
13 3.3 9.8 13.6 26.7
14 3.6 11.4 15.4 30.4
15 4.0 13.1 17.2 34.3
16 4.4 14.9 19.1 38.4
17 4.7 16.8 21.2 42.7
18 5.1 18.8 23.2 47.1
19 5.5 20.9 25.4 51.8
20 5.9 23.1 27.6 56.7
21 6.3 25.4 29.9 61.7
22 6.7 27.9 32.3 66.9
23 7.2 30.4 34.7 72.3
24 7.6 33.1 37.2 77.9
25 8.0 35.8 39.8 83.6
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.533 - -
Slope (b) 1.393 - -
R square 0.698 - -
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
43
Biomass Table 30: Rhus wallichii (Bhalayo)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total
2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.7
3 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.6
4 0.5 0.9 1.6 3.0
5 0.7 1.5 2.5 4.7
6 0.9 2.2 3.7 6.8
7 1.1 3.0 5.1 9.2
8 1.3 4.0 6.7 12.0
9 1.5 5.0 8.5 15.1
10 1.7 6.3 10.5 18.5
11 1.9 7.6 12.7 22.3
12 2.2 9.1 15.1 26.4
13 2.4 10.7 17.7 30.9
14 2.7 12.4 20.5 35.6
15 2.9 14.3 23.5 40.7
16 3.2 16.3 26.7 46.1
17 3.4 18.4 30.1 51.9
18 3.7 20.6 33.6 57.9
19 3.9 23.0 37.4 64.3
20 4.2 25.5 41.3 70.9
21 4.5 28.1 45.4 77.9
22 4.7 30.8 49.7 85.2
23 5.0 33.6 54.2 92.8
24 5.3 36.6 58.8 100.8
25 5.6 39.7 63.7 109.0
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.332 -2.592 -1.954
Slope (b) 1.251 1.949 1.899
R square 0.861 0.934 0.956
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
44
Biomass Table 31: Shorea robusta (Tarai Sal, Agrath)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total
3 0.40 0.39 1.30 2.09
4 0.78 0.87 2.75 4.40
5 1.31 1.61 4.93 7.85
6 2.00 2.64 7.94 12.58
7 2.86 4.03 11.87 18.76
8 3.91 5.79 16.82 26.52
9 5.14 7.99 22.88 36.01
10 6.56 10.65 30.13 47.34
11 8.19 13.81 38.64 60.64
12 10.03 17.51 48.50 76.04
13 12.08 21.78 59.77 93.63
14 14.35 26.65 72.53 113.53
15 16.85 32.17 86.85 135.87
16 19.57 38.36 102.80 160.73
17 22.54 45.26 120.43 188.23
18 25.74 52.88 139.82 218.44
19 29.19 61.29 161.03 251.51
20 32.89 70.49 184.11 287.49
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.473 -3.913 -2.608
Slope (b) 2.325 2.727 2.996
R square 0.965 0.990 0.982
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
45
Biomass Table 32: Viburnum coriaceum (Ghode Khari)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total
2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6
3 0.3 0.7 0.6 1.6
4 0.5 1.4 1.1 3.0
5 0.8 2.5 1.6 4.9
6 1.2 3.9 2.2 7.3
7 1.6 5.7 2.9 10.2
8 2.1 7.8 3.6 13.6
9 2.6 10.4 4.5 17.5
10 3.3 13.3 5.3 21.9
11 3.9 16.6 6.3 26.8
12 4.7 20.3 7.3 32.3
13 5.4 24.5 8.3 38.2
14 6.3 29.1 9.4 44.8
15 7.2 34.1 10.6 51.8
16 8.2 39.5 11.8 59.5
17 9.2 45.4 13.0 67.6
18 10.3 51.8 14.3 76.4
19 11.4 58.6 15.7 85.7
20 12.6 65.9 17.1 95.6
21 13.8 73.7 18.5 106.0
22 15.1 81.9 20.0 117.0
23 16.5 90.7 21.5 128.6
24 17.9 99.9 23.1 140.8
25 19.3 109.6 24.7 153.6
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -3.117 -2.759 -2.005
Slope (b) 1.880 2.227 1.619
R square 0.855 0.609 0.895
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH Log Correction Factor: 2
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
46
Biomass Table 33: Wendlandia coriacea (Tilka)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total
2 0.2 0.3 0.7 1.2
3 0.4 0.6 1.3 2.3
4 0.6 1.0 2.0 3.6
5 0.8 1.4 2.9 5.0
6 0.9 1.8 3.7 6.4
7 1.1 2.2 4.7 8.0
8 1.3 2.7 5.6 9.7
9 1.5 3.2 6.6 11.4
10 1.7 3.7 7.7 13.1
11 1.9 4.3 8.8 15.0
12 2.1 4.8 9.9 16.9
13 2.3 5.4 11.1 18.8
14 2.5 6.0 12.3 20.8
15 2.7 6.6 13.5 22.8
16 2.9 7.2 14.8 24.9
17 3.1 7.8 16.0 27.0
18 3.3 8.5 17.3 29.2
19 3.5 9.2 18.7 31.4
20 3.8 9.8 20.0 33.6
21 4.0 10.5 21.4 35.9
22 4.2 11.2 22.8 38.2
23 4.4 11.9 24.2 40.5
24 4.6 12.7 25.7 42.9
25 4.8 13.4 27.1 45.3
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -2.25318 -2.08243 -1.28028
Slope (b) 1.198318 1.463424 1.431782
R square 0.996303 0.998405 0.999326
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
47
Biomass Table 34: Daphne species
SN Top Height in Meter Wet bark in gm/plant Air dry bark in gm/plant
1. 1.01 - 1.25 14.30 7.15
2. 1.26 - 1.50 25.65 12.82
3. 1.51 - 1.75 41.39 20.69
4. 1.76 - 2.00 61.85 30.92
5. 2.01 - 2.25 87.21 43.60
6. 2.26 - 2.50 117.51 58.75
7. 2.51 - 2.75 152.68 76.34
8. 2.76 - 3.00 192.54 96.27
9. 3.01 - 3.25 236.81 118.40
10. 3.26 - 3.50 285.16 142.58
11. 3.51 - 3.75 337.50 168.60
12. 3.76 - 4.00 392.50 196.25
13. 4.01 - 4.25 450.62 225.31
14. 4.26 - 4.50 511.09 255.54
15. 4.51 - 4.75 573.43 286.71
16. 4.76 - 5.00 633.17 316.58
Part - II
50
Biomass Table 35: Castanopsis indica (Dhale Katus)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.2 0.1 - 0.3
2 0.7 0.5 - 1.3
3 1.3 0.9 - 3.2
4 2.1 1.0 2.9 6.1
5 3.1 1.8 5.2 10.1
6 4.2 2.9 8.4 15.5
7 5.3 4.4 12.6 22.3
8 6.6 6.2 17.8 30.7
9 8.1 8.4 24.3 40.8
10 9.6 11.1 32.0 52.6
11 11.2 14.2 41.0 66.4
12 12.9 17.8 51.5 82.2
13 14.7 21.9 63.5 100.1
14 16.6 26.6 77.0 120.2
15 18.6 31.8 92.2 142.6
16 20.7 37.6 109.2 167.4
17 22.8 44.0 127.9 194.7
18 25.0 51.1 148.5 224.6
19 27.4 58.8 171.0 257.2
20 29.7 67.2 195.6 292.5
21 32.2 76.2 222.1 330.6
22 34.8 86.0 250.9 371.7
23 37.4 96.6 281.8 415.7
24 40.1 107.9 314.9 462.8
25 42.8 119.9 350.3 513.1
26 45.7 132.8 388.1 566.7
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.51 -3.58 -2.55
Slope (b) 1.63 2.60 2.61
R square 0.79 0.98 0.99
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
51
Biomass Table 36: Castanopsis tribuloides (Musure Katus)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.2 0.9 - 1.1
2 0.6 2.6 - 3.2
3 1.5 5.1 - 6.6
4 2.6 2.9 5.4 10.9
5 4.1 4.1 7.9 16.1
6 5.8 5.4 11.0 22.2
7 7.9 6.8 14.4 29.1
8 10.4 8.3 18.2 36.9
9 13.1 9.9 22.4 45.4
10 16.2 11.6 26.9 54.7
11 19.6 13.4 31.8 64.8
12 23.3 15.3 37.9 76.5
13 27.4 17.2 42.7 87.3
14 31.8 19.3 48.7 99.8
15 36.5 21.4 54.9 112.8
16 41.5 23.5 61.5 126.5
17 46.8 25.8 68.5 141.1
18 52.5 28.1 75.7 156.3
19 56.5 30.5 83.3 170.3
20 61.6 32.9 91.0 186.0
21 66.5 35.3 99.0 201.0
22 71.3 37.7 107.0 216.0
23 76.1 40.1 114.0 230.0
24 81.0 42.5 122.0 245.0
25 85.8 44.9 130.0 260.0
26 90.7 47.3 137.0 275.0
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.08 -1.82 -0.71
Slope (b) 1.51 2.0 1.72
R square 0.98 0.97 0.97
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
52
Biomass Table 37: Mixed Species: Eurya acuminata (Jhingane), Myrsinecapitellata (Bakle pate), Myrsine semiserrata (Kalikath/Kaligedi), Tinju and
others
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.4 0.1 - 0.5
2 1.1 2.3 - 3.4
3 1.9 5.2 - 7.1
4 2.9 2.7 5.9 11.5
5 4.1 4.1 9.2 17.4
6 5.3 5.6 13.3 24.2
7 6.7 7.5 18.2 32.4
8 8.2 9.5 23.8 41.5
9 9.4 11.8 30.1 51.3
10 11.4 14.2 37.3 62.9
11 13.1 16.9 45.1 75.1
12 14.9 19.8 53.8 88.5
13 16.8 22.9 63.2 102.9
14 18.7 26.2 73.4 118.3
15 20.7 29.6 84.3 134.6
16 22.8 33.3 96.0 152.1
17 24.9 37.2 108.5 170.6
18 27.1 41.2 121.7 190.0
19 29.4 45.5 135.7 210.6
20 31.7 49.9 150.0 231.6
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.51 -0.98 -1.02
Slope (b) 1.8 1.48 2.01
R square 0.96 0.98 0.93
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
53
Biomass Table 38: Mixed Species: Lyonia ovalifolia (Angeri), Engelhardiaspicata (Mauwa), Sapium (Khirro), Rhus succedanea (Bhalayo), Rhus javanica
(Bhakimlo), Emblica officinalis (Amala)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.2 0.7 - 0.9
2 0.5 1.8 - 2.3
3 0.9 3.0 - 3.9
4 1.5 4.4 - 5.9
5 2.1 5.8 - 7.9
6 2.7 7.4 - 10.1
7 3.4 9.0 - 12.4
8 4.2 10.7 - 14.9
9 5.1 12.4 - 17.5
10 6.0 14.2 - 20.2
11 6.9 16.1 - 23.0
12 7.9 18.0 - 25.9
13 9.0 20.0 - 29.0
14 10.1 22.0 - 32.1
15 11.2 24.1 - 35.3
16 12.4 26.1 - 38.5
17 13.6 28.3 - 41.9
18 14.8 30.4 - 45.2
19 16.1 32.6 - 48.7
20 17.4 34.9 - 52.3
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.77 -0.32 Not applicable
Slope (b) 1.54 1.29 Not applicable
R square 0.99 0.99 Not applicable
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
54
Biomass Table 39: Mixed Species: Syzygium cumini (Jamun), Myricaesculenta (Kafal), Setikath, Machilus spp (Kaulo), Ficus nemoralis (Dudhilo),
Michelia kisopa (Champ), Lithocarpus spicata (Arkhaulo) and others
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.3 1.4 - 1.7
2 0.8 3.6 - 4.4
3 1.4 6.6 - 8.0
4 2.3 3.8 6.1 12.2
5 3.3 5.2 8.6 17.1
6 4.4 6.7 11.3 22.4
7 5.6 8.3 14.2 28.1
8 6.9 10.0 17.4 34.3
9 8.4 11.7 20.8 40.9
10 9.9 13.6 24.4 47.9
11 11.5 15.5 28.2 55.2
12 13.3 17.5 32.2 63.0
13 15.1 19.5 36.3 70.9
14 17.0 21.6 40.6 79.2
15 18.9 23.8 45.1 87.8
16 21.0 26.0 49.7 96.7
17 23.1 28.3 54.5 105.9
18 25.4 30.6 59.4 115.4
19 27.6 33.0 64.4 125.0
20 30.0 35.4 69.6 135.0
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.38 -0.57 -0.28
Slope (b) 1.59 1.38 1.51
R square 0.88 0.96 0.93
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
55
Biomass Table 40: Quercus glauca (Phalant)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.3 1.0 - 1.3
2 0.9 3.2 - 4.1
3 1.8 6.6 - 8.4
4 2.8 2.4 4.5 9.7
5 4.1 3.8 6.4 14.3
6 5.5 5.4 9.4 20.3
7 7.0 7.3 12.5 26.8
8 8.7 9.5 15.9 34.1
9 10.5 11.9 19.7 42.1
10 12.5 14.7 23.9 51.1
11 14.6 17.7 28.5 60.8
12 16.8 21.0 33.4 71.2
13 19.1 24.5 38.7 82.3
14 21.5 28.3 44.3 94.1
15 24.1 32.4 50.3 106.8
16 26.8 36.8 57 120.2
17 29.5 41.5 63 134.3
18 32.4 46.4 70 149.1
19 35.3 51.6 78 164.5
20 38.4 57.0 85 180.7
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.21 -1.83 -1.04
Slope (b) 1.62 1.96 1.83
R square 0.97 0.98 0.97
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
56
Biomass Table 41: Schima wallichii (Chilaune)
DBH (cm) Foliage Branch Stem Total1 0.1 0.2 - 0.3
2 0.6 0.9 - 1.5
3 1.2 2.4 - 3.6
4 2.1 1.4 3.6 7.1
5 3.2 2.3 6.3 11.8
6 4.6 3.5 9.9 18.0
7 6.2 5.0 14.6 25.8
8 8.0 6.8 20.5 35.3
9 10.1 8.9 27.6 46.6
10 12.3 11.4 36.0 59.7
11 14.8 14.2 45.8 74.8
12 17.5 17.4 57.0 91.9
13 20.4 20.9 69.7 111.0
14 23.5 24.8 84.1 132.4
15 26.9 29.1 100.0 156.0
16 30.4 33.8 117.7 181.9
17 34.2 38.8 137.2 210.2
18 38.2 44.3 158.5 241.0
19 42.4 50.2 181.6 274.2
20 46.8 56.5 206.7 310.0
21 51.4 63.3 233.8 348.5
22 56.2 70.4 262.9 389.5
23 61.2 78.1 294.1 433.4
24 66.4 86.1 327.4 479.9
25 71.8 94.6 362.9 529.3
26 77.5 103.6 400.6 581.7
Foliage Branch StemIntercept (a) -1.92 -2.88 -2.22
Slope (b) 1.92 2.31 2.52
R square 0.98 0.98 0.98
Regression Model Ln W = a+b Ln DBH
W Green weight of tree components (biomass) in kilogram
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
57
Part - III
60
Volume Table 1: Castanopsis indica (Dhale Katus)
DBH (cm) Volume in Cubic Meters1 -
2 -
3 -
4 0.002
5 0.003
6 0.005
7 0.009
8 0.012
9 0.017
10 0.024
11 0.031
12 0.040
13 0.050
14 0.061
15 0.075
16 0.090
17 0.107
18 0.125
19 0.146
20 0.169
21 0.200
22 0.200
23 0.300
24 0.300
25 0.300
26 0.400
VolumeIntercept (a) -10.31
Slope (b) 2.85
R square 0.96
Regression Model Ln Volume = a+b Ln DBH
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
61
Volume Table 2: Castanopsis tribuloides (Musure Katus)
DBH (cm) Volume in Cubic Meters1 -
2 -
3 -
4 0.005
5 0.008
6 0.013
7 0.018
8 0.024
9 0.031
10 0.039
11 0.048
12 0.059
13 0.070
14 0.082
15 0.096
16 0.111
17 0.127
18 0.144
19 0.163
20 0.200
21 0.200
22 0.200
23 0.200
24 0.300
25 0.300
26 0.300
VolumeIntercept (a) -9.48
Slope (b) 2.29
R square 0.98
Regression Model Ln Volume = a+b Ln DBH
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
62
Volume Table 3: Dalbergia sissoo (Sissoo)
DBH (cm) Overbark Volume in cubic meters Underbark Volume in cubic Meters1 0.0004 0.0003
2 0.0014 0.0010
3 0.0031 0.0023
4 0.0056 0.0042
5 0.0091 0.0068
6 0.0136 0.0102
7 0.0191 0.0144
8 0.0258 0.0194
9 0.0337 0.0253
10 0.0429 0.0322
11 0.0534 0.0400
12 0.0652 0.0488
13 0.0784 0.0587
14 0.0931 0.0697
15 0.1092 0.0817
16 0.1269 0.0949
17 0.1462 0.1093
18 0.1670 0.1249
19 0.1895 0.1417
20 0.2137 0.1597
21 0.2396 0.1790
Overbark Volume Underbark VolumeIntercept (a) -8.7927 -9.0705
Slope (b) 2.4002 2.3957
R square 0.99 0.99
Regression Model Ln Volume = a+b Ln DBH
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
63
Volume Table 4: Eucalyptus Camaldulensis (Masala)
DBH (cm) Overbark Volume in cubic meters Underbark Volume in cubic Meters1 0.0004 0.0003
2 0.0016 0.0011
3 0.0036 0.0026
4 0.0068 0.0050
5 0.0112 0.0083
6 0.0169 0.0128
7 0.0242 0.0185
8 0.0330 0.0256
9 0.0436 0.0341
10 0.0559 0.0441
11 0.0700 0.0557
12 0.0862 0.0690
13 0.1044 0.0841
14 0.1247 0.1010
15 0.1472 0.1200
16 0.1719 0.1409
17 0.1990 0.1639
Overbark Volume Underbark VolumeIntercept (a) -8.7329 -9.1708
Slope (b) 2.4871 2.5723
R square 0.99 0.99
Regression Model Ln Volume = a+b Ln DBH
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
64
Volume Table 5: Quercus glauca (Phalant)
DBH (cm) Volume in Cubic Meters1 -
2 -
3 -
4 0.003
5 0.006
6 0.010
7 0.015
8 0.022
9 0.030
10 0.040
11 0.051
12 0.065
13 0.081
14 0.099
15 0.119
16 0.142
17 0.168
18 0.196
19 0.227
20 0.261
VolumeIntercept (a) -9.49
Slope (b) 2.72
R square 0.98
Regression Model Ln Volume = a+b Ln DBH
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
65
Volume Table 6: Schima wallichii (Chilaune)
DBH (cm) Volume in Cubic Meters1 -
2 -
3 -
4 0.005
5 0.008
6 0.014
7 0.021
8 0.030
9 0.042
10 0.056
11 0.072
12 0.091
13 0.114
14 0.139
15 0.168
16 0.200
17 0.236
18 0.275
19 0.319
20 0.367
21 0.419
22 0.475
23 0.536
24 0.602
25 0.673
26 0.749
VolumeIntercept (a) -9.15
Slope (b) 2.7
R square 0.96
Regression Model Ln Volume = a+b Ln DBH
DBH Overbark diameter at breast height (measured at 1.3 meter above
ground) in centimetre
a and b Coefficients of the model
Part - IV
68
Acacia auriculiformis
Family: Leguminosae
Nepali name:
Geographical distribution: New Guinea, N Australia
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Exotic
Altitude in Nepal (registered): Exotic (up to 1000m)
Zones: Exotic
Plant type: Small to medium-sized evergreen light-demanding tree, 9-11m, rarely up to 15m
Uses: Fuelwood
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: A dry pod which opens
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 40,000-57,000 seeds/kg
Collection season: May- Jun
Harvesting: Collect the pods just before they begin to open. The pods are lopped
Extraction of seeds: Spread in the sun for 5-10 days to release the seed.
Seed type: Orthodox
Best storage: Standard storage method
Pre-treatment of seed: Standard watersoaking method/scarification for small seedlot
Optimal germination %: More than 60%, Germination starts in 15-21 days and completeswithin 30-35 days (4).
Sowing time: First two weeks of April in the Tarai, first two weeks of march elsewhere (1)
Sowing method & transplanting: Sow directly into polypots (2 per pot) with a standard 3:1soil:sand mixture. Cover with mulch. Alternatively sow seed on beds or trays and coverwith mulch; After 304 days, remove daily all seeds from which the radicle has emerged5-10mm and resow into polypots with radicle downwards. Inoculation of mixture withRhizobium is necessary.
Nursery techniques: Space the pots with 5-10cm gaps between rows across the bed; Prune theroots at the same time and repeat every 10-14 days until planting
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 12-14 weeks/Tarai 14-16 weekselsewhere. Mature size: 20-30 cm, root-collar diameter 2-3 mm
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences: Wider range of deep or shallow acid or alkaline soils. Can grow on very dry,poor and stony sites; fire-tender; drought tolerant but susceptible to severe drought.
69
Acacia catechu
Family: Leguminosae
Nepali name: Khayer
Geographical distribution: Tropical Himalaya, India, Burma, Thailand, S China
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 200 - 1400m
Zones: Tropical
Plant type: Medium sized light-demanding tree
Uses: Fuelwood, fodder and farm timber
Time from flowering to mature fruits: 9-10 months
Fruit type and maturity: A dry pod which opens
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 30,000-40,000 seeds/kg, 3-6 seeds/pod, 0.5-2kg of seedper tree.
Collection season: Nov-March according to locality
Harvesting: Collect the pods just before they begin to open. The pods are lopped
Extraction of seeds: Dry in the sun 5-10 days then beat with sticks to complete opening, (1)
Seed type: Orthodox
Best storage: Standard storage method
Pre-treatment of seed: Standard watersoaking method/scarification for small seed lot
Optimal germination %: 70 - 90 %
Sowing time: Mar-Apr
Sowing method & transplanting: Sow directly into polypots (2 per pot) with a standard 3:1soil:sand mixture. Cover with mulch. Alternatively sow seed on beds or trays and coverwith mulch; After 304 days, remove daily all seeds from which the radicle has emerged5-10mm and resow into polypots with radicle downwards. Inoculation of mixture withRhizobium is necessary.
Nursery techniques: Space the pots with 5-10cm gaps between rows across the bed; Prune theroots at the same time and repeat every 10-14 days until planting
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 12-14 weeks/Tarai, 14-16 weekselsewhere. Mature size: 20-30cm, root-collar 2-3mm (India Mature size: 50-60cmheight)
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences: Prefers well-drained, coarse, gravely alluvial soils, and souls with PH valuesbetween 7.4 and 8.9. Can withstand flooding, and frost tolerant from sapling stage.Drought resistant, strong light demander. Wide range of soils, gravels.
70
Alnus nepalensis
Family: Betulaceae
Nepali name: Utis
Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Gharwal to Bhutan), Assam, Tibet, Burma, Indo-China, W China
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 500 - 2600m (mostly above 900m)
Zones: Sub-alpine, Temperate, Sub-tropical, Tropical
Plant type: A large deciduous tree, 30m on good sites
Uses: Fuelwood, timber, fodder and soil stabilisation
Time from flowering to mature fruits: Flower appear in Sep.-Nov.
Fruit type and maturity: A small woody cone, Brown when ripe
Fruit production & Seed quantity: One tree > 1 kg of fruits; 1 kg of seed per 8 kg of fruits;400,000-2,300,000 seeds/kg
Collection season: Nov - Mar
Harvesting: Cut fruit-bearing twigs, (not whole branches!) when cones are brown, just beforethe open
Extraction of seeds: Dry the cones in the sun and shake
Seed type: Orthodox
Best storage: Standard storage method
Pre-treatment of seed: None
Optimal germination %: 60 - 70 %
Sowing time: Mar-Below 1200m.; Aug - Above 1200m.
Sowing method & transplanting: Nursery bed: 20 g/m2. Shade and protect from heavy rainor sow in trays under cover. When the seedling 2-3 cm tall or 2-4 primary leaves(3months) prick out into containers.
Nursery techniques: Root pruning is important
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 16 weeks/below 1200m; 44weeks/above 1200m (India 60 weeks). Mature size: 25-35
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences: Prefers moist per meable sites and shady aspects at low altitudes. Naturalcoloniser grows well in full light, does not need high fertility. Seedlings of low altitudeprovenances can be susceptible to frost.
71
Cassia siamea
Family: Leguminosae
Nepali name:
Geographical distribution: Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Cambodia, S Burma, S India, widelycultivated
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Exotic
Altitude in Nepal (registered): Exotic (low altitude)
Zones: Exotic, tarai/bhabar
Plant type: tree
Uses: Fuelwood, forage for animal bedding and compost
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: A long pod which opens
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 30,000-40,000 seeds/kg
Collection season: Dec - Apr
Harvesting: Collect the pods when they have turned brown, just before they open
Extraction of seeds: Dry in the sun, and then beat with sticks to complete opening
Seed type: Orthodox
Best storage: Standard storage method
Pre-treatment of seed: Standard watersoaking method, but only 30 seconds in hot water;scarity a small portion of each seed at the end opposite the hylum.
Optimal germination %: 70 - 90 %
Sowing time: Mar-Apr
Sowing method & transplanting: Polypot: Standard method.
Nursery techniques: Root-prune for the first time 4-6 weeks after sowing. Space the pots
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 10-12 weeks/Tarai; 12-14 weeks innertarai/Bhabar. Mature size: 25 cm height (India 30-35cm), root collar 2.5-3.5mm.
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences: Prefers well-drained fertile soils, grows over later It does not thrive onswampy sites. Young plants are liable to be damaged by browsing.
72
Castanopsis indica
Family: Fagaceae
Nepali name: Dhale katus, banj katus
Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Kumaun to NEFA), Khasia, Burma, W China, Indo-China
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): /Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 910 - 2900
Zones: Sub-tropical, Tropical
Plant type: Moderate large evergreen tree
Uses: Construction, fodder firewood and edible nuts ,
Time from flowering to mature fruits: Flower appear in September
Fruit type and maturity: A spiny capsule which opens 1-3 nuts per fruit
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 1,300 nuts/kg
Collection season: Oct - Nov.
Harvesting: Cut the fruits from the tree just before they open, or gather them from the ground,provided they are fresh
Extraction of seeds: Break open by hand, remove the spiny coat
Seed type: Recalcitrant
Best storage: Recalcitrant storage method
Pre-treatment of seed: Moist cold stratification
Optimal germination %
Sowing time: Feb-Mar if stratified in a pot overwinter, otherwise Oct.-Nov.
Sowing method & transplanting: Polypot: 1seed/large pot (4 x 7 inch), place the seed on itsside, not vertically!. Soil:Sand plus 25% compost, cover with 5 cm soil and mulch.Nursery bed: Cover the bed with wire mesh. After germination, prick into containers assoon as the plumule emerges space the pots.
Nursery techniques: Root-pruning from start of monsoon, and repeat frequently
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 60-64 weeks(sown in the spring)/below 1800m; 112-114 weeks/above 1800m . 9 months. (2)
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences: Prefers high rainfall areas, frost hardy.
73
Castanopsis tribuloides
Family: Fagaceae
Nepali name: Musure katus
Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Kumaun to NEFA), Khasia, Burma, SW China(Yunnan), Indo-China
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 450 - 2300m
Zones: Temperate, Sub-tropical, Tropical
Plant type: Moderate size evergreen Tree
Uses: Construction, fodder firewood and edible nuts
Time from flowering to mature fruits: Flower appear in July/Aug.
Fruit type and maturity: A spiny capsule which opens 1-3 nuts per fruit
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 400 nuts/kg
Collection season: Oct - Nov (1,3,11)
Harvesting: Cut the fruits, or knock down with bamboo sticks from the tree just before the openor gather from the ground, provided they are fresh.
Extraction of seeds: Break open by hand, remove the spiny coat
Seed type: Recalcitrant
Best storage: Recalcitrant storage method. Can be stored up to two months if kept moist
Pre-treatment of seed: Moist cold stratification
Optimal germination %: 80 % when fresh
Sowing time: Feb-Mar if stratified in a pit over winter .Oct.-Nov.
Sowing method & transplanting: Polypot: 1seed/large pot (4 x 7 inch), place the seed on itsside, not vertically!. Soil:Sand plus 25% compost, cover with 5 cm soil and mulch.Nursery bed: Cover with wire mesh. After germination, prick into containers as soon asthe plumnle emerges space the pots.
Nursery techniques: Root-pruning from start of monsoon, and repeat frequently.
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 60-64 weeks(sown in the spring)/below 1800m; 112-114 weeks/above 1800m.
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences: Tolerant of a wide variety of soils and annual rainfall. Seedlings are frosttender.
74
Dalbergia sissoo
Family: Leguminosae
Nepali name: Sissoo
Geographical distribution: Tropical Himalaya (Kashmir to Sikkim), Assam, Bengal, widelycultivated
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 200-1400m
Zones: Tropical
Plant type: Medium to large deciduous light demanding tree, 30m
Uses: Construction, knife handles, railway sleepers, furniture, fodder, fuelwood, medicine,decorative plywood, pulp
Time from flowering to mature fruits: Yellow flowers appear March-May
Fruit type and maturity: A pod which does not open. Colour change during 8-9 months: palegreen to yellow green to brown.
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 13,500-18,000 pods/kg, 1kg seeds/1.25kg pods, 33,000-55,000 seeds (cleaned pod segments) seeds/kg, 1-4 seeds/pod, 1600-3000 seeds/I litreof pod segments.
Collection season: Dec-Mar, Generally abundant every year
Harvesting: Collect clusters of pods by climbing in the trees as early as possible. Pods shakennaturally of the trees are usually infested.
Extraction of seeds: Remove pods from twigs, dry in the sun and break into segmentscontaining one seed each. Winnow segments before storage.
Seed type: Orthodox
Best storage: Standard storage method. Store segments
Pre-treatment of seed: Soak the segments for 24-48 hours in temperated water before sowingand sow immediately or not required.
Optimal germination %: 95% from fresh seed
Sowing time: April below 1000m; March above 1000m
Sowing method & transplanting: Nursery bed: Sow in lines, cover with soil and mulch, removemulch after 1 week ( Stump production). Polypot: Standard method.
Nursery techniques: Thinning within the lines until distance of 10-15 cm and top-prune the tallest individualsfor stump production. Shade the first week, root-prune after 8-10 weeks.
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 60-64 weeks for stumps or 12-16weeks below 1000 cm (polypot seedlings).
Vegetative propagation: Root suckers, root sections, air-layering with varying degrees ofsuccess, stem cuttings (15cm long).
Site preferences: Prefers alluvial soils, coarse or fine. Does not tolerate heavy clays or shallowsoils less than 60 cm deep and water logged soil. Young seedling sensitive to frost andintense competition from grass.
75
Daphne species
Family: Theaceae Nepali name: Lokta, Baruwa
Geographical distribution: From Uttar Pradesh in India, through Nepal (Mid-Hills), southernTibet, northern Assam and Bengal and Bhutan to south west China
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 1800 – 3600 m, (bholua up to 3000 and papyracea up to2500 m in dry western hills.
Zones: Temperate, Sub-tropical
Plant type: Evergreen shrub; tall 5 to 6 m (maximum)
Uses: Hand made paper
Time from flowering to mature fruits
Fruit type and maturity: D. bholua: Black or purple when ripe; D. papyracea : Orangeinitially, deep red when ripe
Fruit production and seed quantity:
Collection season: April to May
Harvesting
Extraction of seeds: The fruit should be collected before the pericarp is fully ripen, the seed issoft and readily eaten by birds. The flesh is easily removed as the seed is ripen.
Seed type: Orthodox, viability very short (few days)
Best storage: Bad storage therefore shown as soon as possible after collection.
Pre-treatment of seed: None
Optimal germination %: About 40-50%
Sowing time: May
Sowing method and transplanting: Open nursery bed or trays, should be pricked out intopolypots as soon as first true leaves emerge. Polypot filled with soil from the seedcollection area.
Nursery techniques: Root prune and space the pots in the spring before planting
Time in nursery and out planting time: Production time: start of monsoon after on year inthe nursery
Vegetative propagation
Site preferences: Semi hard woods succeed, however, may take 18 months to initiate roots;slower growing than seedlings; requires two to three years in the nursery beforeplanting out; survival percent is low, as much as 40%.
76
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Family: Myrtaceae
Nepali name: Masala
Geographical distribution: Australia
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Exotic
Altitude in Nepal (registered): Exotic (below 1600m)
Zones: Exotic
Plant type: large evergreen tree 25 to 50m high
Uses: Fuelwood and poles timber
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: A small dry woody capsule which brown at maturity
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 600,000-770,000 seeds/kg
Collection season: Apr - May, Aug - Sep (2,12)
Harvesting: Pick or knock from the tree cut fruit bearing branches when the capsules turnbrown and
Extraction of seeds: Leave the capsule in the sun until they open. Remove the seed by shaking.Separate large fruit parts by sieving.
Seed type: Orthodox
Best storage: Standard storage method
Pre-treatment of seed: None
Optimal germination %: 80%
Sowing time: Tarai: May; Inner tarai/bhabar: April
Sowing method & transplanting: Trays 10g/m2 either under the roof or a soil shed or undershade. Soil: Sieved moist sand/thin sand to cover and mulch. Pricking out after 2-3weeks. Prick into polypots. When the plants have two pairs of primary leaves. Usestandard mixture. Shade the first week.
Nursery techniques: Root pruning after one month in pots and repeat frequently every 2-3weeks. Space the pots with 5cm gaps a month after pricking out.
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 8-10 in the tarai; 10-12 in the innertarai (India 28 weeks). Mature size: 25-30cm (India 35-40cm) height, root collar
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences:
77
Eurya acuminata
Family: Theaceae
Nepali name: Jhingane, tingare.
Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Kumaun to NEFA), India, Sri Lanka, east to ?SWChina, Malaysia
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 1300 - 2700
Zones: Temperate, Sub-tropical
Plant type: Small tree
Uses: Fodder, compost, timber, fuelwood
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: Berry; Blue when ripe (3), Black when ripe (2)
Fruit production & Seed quantity
Collection season: Nov-Feb (3); May-June (2)
Harvesting:
Extraction of seeds: The pulp should be removed
Seed type:
Best storage:
Pre-treatment of seed:
Optimal germination %
Sowing time: Immediately after collection
Sowing method & transplanting: Sow on beds; the seedlings are pricked out into polypotswhen the pairs of leaves appear (2)
Nursery techniques: I
Time in nursery & outplanting time:
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences: Will grow on comparatively poor soils, frost resistant, drought resistant.
78
Ficus lacor
Family: Moraceae
Nepali name: Kabro, Kavro
Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), India, Burma, Indo-China
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 500 - 500 Tarai - 1600m (2)
Zones
Plant type: Small deciduous or nearly evergreen tree
Uses: Fodder , fuelwood
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: One type of fig usually red or purple when ripe
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 2,500,000-3,500,000 seeds/kg
Collection season: Mar - May
Harvesting: Knock the fig down when colour red-purple. Check that only seed-bearing trees areharvested!
Extraction of seeds: Squeeze the fleshy contents of the figs into a bucket of water. Mix well andallow the seeds to settle at the bottom. Throw away the water and repeat until the seedsare clean
Seed type: Orthodox
Best storage: Standard storage method
Pre-treatment of seed: None
Optimal germination %: 15% in laboratory
Sowing time: Aug below 700m; early Aug above 700m
Sowing method & transplanting: Trays or Nursery bed: Standard method, 10 g/m2. Keep thetrays (soil:sand - 1:1) under the waterproof roof of a shed. They should have holes at thebottom. Seedlings pricked out when at least 3-5 primary leaves, 4-5 weeks aftergermination. Shade immediately
Nursery techniques: Root pruning should be started and repeated every 2-3 weeks untilplanting
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 16-44 weeks. Mature size: 20-25cmheight
Vegetative propagation: Large cuttings (2 m) are the traditional method used by farmers.Hardwood cuttings inserting in Feb.
Site preferences: Tolerant of light frost, but damaged by browsing or fire. One of the firstspecies to naturally regenerate on disturbed and eroded sites. Grows on wide range ofsoils, however good growth is obtained on moderately deep soils with an adequatemixture supply.
79
Ficus neriifolia
Family: Moraceae
Nepali name: Dudhilo
Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Nepal to NEFA), E. Tibet, Khasia, Burma, SW China(Yunnan)
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): /Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 900-2200m
Zones: Sub-tropical
Plant type: Small deciduous tree
Uses: Fodder
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: Two fig types, on different trees; usually red-purple when ripe
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 1,500,000-3,000,000 seeds/kg
Collection season: Jun - Aug
Harvesting: Knock the fig down when colour red-purple. Check that only seed-bearing trees areharvested!
Extraction of seeds: Squeeze the fleshy contents of the figs into a bucket of water. Mix well andallow the seeds to settle at the bottom. Throw away the water and repeat until the seedsare clean
Seed type: Orthodox
Best storage: Standard storage method
Pre-treatment of seed: None
Optimal germination %: 41% in lab
Sowing time: Early Aug - Below 1500m; Mar - Apr - Above 1500m
Sowing method & transplanting: Trays or nursery bed: Standard method, 5 g/m2. Keep thetrays (soil:sand - 1:1) under the waterproof roof of a shed. The tray should have holes atthe bottom. Seedlings pricked out when at least 3-5 primary leaves, 4-5 weeks aftergermination. Shade immediately
Nursery techniques: Root-pruning should be started and repeated every 2-3 weeks untilplanting
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 16-44 weeks. Mature size: 20-25cmheight
Vegetative propagation: Hardwood cuttings; large cuttings (1.5-2m long)
Site preferences: Air layering, nemoralis is more frost tolerant than other figs, capable ofgrowing on a wide range of sites. It can tolerate soils of high PH.
80
Ficus semicordata
Family: Moraceae
Nepali name: Khanyu, Khasru khanyu, Rai Khanyu
Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Nepal to NEFA), India, Burma, S China, Indo-China,Malaya
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 200 - 1700m Terai-2000m (3)
Zones: Sub-tropical
Plant type: Tree, small to moderate sized tree, 10-12 m
Uses: Fodder
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: Two fig types, on different trees; usually red-brown when ripe.
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 1,000,000-3,500,000 seeds/kg
Collection season: Jul - Oct
Harvesting: Knock the fig down when colour red-purple. Check that only seed-bearing trees areharvested!
Extraction of seeds: Squeeze the fleshy contents of the figs into a bucket of water. Mix well andallow the seeds to settle at the bottom. Throw away the water and repeat until the seedsare clean.
Seed type: Orthodox
Best storage: Standard storage method
Pre-treatment of seed: None
Optimal germination %: 14% in lab
Sowing time: Late Feb to early March. Feb - Below 700m; Early Aug - Above 700 m
Sowing method & transplanting: Trays or Nursery bed: Standard method, 12 g/m2. Keep thetrays (soil:sand - 1:1) under the waterproof roof of a shed. The trays should have holesat the bottom. Seedlings pricked out when at least 3-5 primary leaves, 4-5 weeks aftergermination. Shade immediately.
Nursery techniques: Root-pruning should be started and repeated every 2-3 weeks untilplanting
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 16-44 weeks. Mature size: 20-25cmheight
Vegetative propagation: Air layering is possible
Site preferences: 2 varieties: var. semicordata - Khasru khanyu (200-2000m) & var. montana -Rai khanyu (1400-2000m, better fodder). Light demander and coloniser with sometolerance to frost, most types of soil including low fertility. Grows particularly well onwell drained looms with good mixture.
81
Fraxinus floribunda
Family: Oleaceae
Nepali name: Lankuri
Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Punjab to Bhutan), Assam, east to W China
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): /Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 1200 - 2000 m 1200-2700m (1)
Zones: Temperate? Sub tropical
Plant type: A large tree
Uses: Poles, fuelwood, fodder, and timber
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: Samara, seeds cannot be extracted
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 60,000 samaras/kg
Collection season: Sep - Jan - depending on locality
Harvesting: To avoid dormancy, cut of bunches of green samaras when they just begin to turnbrown.
Extraction of seeds: Remove stems only. Keep green samaras in the shade and do not allow todry out.
Seed type: Orthodox (1)
Best storage: Green samaras should only be stored a few months. Brown samaras can be storedby standard storage method
Pre-treatment of seed: Keep green samaras moist and sow immediately. Brown seed needs aseason of warmth followed by cold while moist to overcome dormancy
Optimal germination %: 75 %
Sowing time: Sep-Oct - Green seed
Sowing method & transplanting: Nursery bed: 200g/m2 and cover with soil. Prick intopolypots after germination but before primary leaves
Nursery techniques: Root prune when roots penetrate the pots
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 36-40 weeks/below 1500m; 88-92weeks/above 1500m. Mature size: 20-30cm height.
Vegetative propagation: Cuttings (11)
Site preferences: Best on deep, moist soils but will tolerate difficult sites. Seedlings frostsensitive, and needs full light.
82
Litsea monopetala
Family: Lauraceae
Nepali name: Kutmiro
Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Kumaun to Sikkim), E Pakistan, Burma, SW China(Yunnan)
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): /Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 910 - 2000m, Terai-1500m (1)
Zones: Tropical
Plant type: A medium sized tree
Uses: Fodder, fuelwood
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: Black fleshy berry
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 5,300 seeds/kg
Collection season: Late May - early Aug.
Harvesting: Fruits should be collected just as they are turning black
Extraction of seeds: Soak in water, and rub flesh seed coat. Do not allow to dry out
Seed type: Recalcitrant
Best storage: Keep moist, and sow within few days. Cannot be stored
Pre-treatment of seed: Remove fleshy seed coat
Optimal germination %: More than 60 %
Sowing time: May-Aug
Sowing method & transplanting: Polypot: Standard method. Sow in a raised bed and protectwith wire-mesh. Prick out into polypots when 2-4 primary leaves. Nursery bed: Shaded.Use a good potting mixture containing 25 % compost.
Nursery techniques: Start to root-prune when roots begin to emerge from the pots. Removethe surplus seedling when 2-4 primary leaves.
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 44-56 weeks. Mature size: 20-35cmheight, root collar 3.5mm
Vegetative propagation: Cuttings from mature trees
Site preferences: Best on loamy soil but can grow on poorer soils and southern slopes. Tolerantto light frost.
83
Myrica esculenta
Family: Myricaceae
Nepali name: Kaphal, kabasi.
Geographical distribution: Himalya (Kashmir to Bhutan), India, Burma, east to W&C China,S to Malaysia
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 1200 - 2300m. 1000-2300(3)
Zones: Temperate, Sub-tropical
Plant type: A small evergreen tree
Uses: Medicine, fruits
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: Drupe, about 1cm long, ellipsoid, at first with brownish hairs,eventually covered with fleshy red tubercles
Fruit production & Seed quantity: About 8000/seeds/kg
Collection season: Apr-Jul
Harvesting:
Extraction of seeds: The pulp should be removed
Seed type: Orthodox, viability about 6 months
Best storage: Standard storage?
Pre-treatment of seed:
Optimal germination %: 55-75%
Sowing time: April - July, immediately after collection
Sowing method & transplanting: Sow in trays or beds, prick out into polypots after about 3months.
Nursery techniques:
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 48 weeks & 15cm
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences:
84
Phyllanthus emblica
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Nepali name: Amala
Geographical distribution: India, Himalaya (Kumaun to Bhutan), Assam, N Burma, S India,Indo-China, Malaysia
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 150 - 1400m
Zones: Sub-tropical, Tropical
Plant type: A small light demander tree
Uses: Medicine, tanning, agricultural implements, inferior building, cheap furniture, fuelwood
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity:
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 34,000-89,000 seeds/kg; 4-6 seeds per stone
Collection season: Aug-Feb, most commonly between Sep. and Jan.
Harvesting
Extraction of seeds: Expose the stones to the sun until they crack & allow the seed to escape
Seed type: Orthodox, viability short
Best storage:
Pre-treatment of seed:
Optimal germination %: 25-30% (2)
Sowing time: Sep-Oct
Sowing method & transplanting: Sow in trays or beds, prick out into polypots when 7-10cmhigh (2).
Nursery techniques:
Time in nursery & outplanting time:
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences: Used on dry & degrade sides.
85
Pinus patula
Family: Pinaceae
Nepali name: Patle salla
Geographical distribution: E Mexico
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Exotic
Altitude in Nepal (registered): Exotic (in Nepal best 1500-2500m)
Zones: Exotic
Plant type: A large tree, up to 50m height as an exotic
Uses: Timber, firewood, annual bedding
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: Medium sized woody persistent cone that opens
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 100,000 - 150,000 seeds/kg
Collection season: Dec - Apr. crops very variable. Depends on climate
Harvesting: Climb the trees and pick the brown cones by hand
Extraction of seeds: Spread the cones on a tarpaulin in the sun to dry completely, knocktogether to extract the seeds. Put the seeds in a cloth bag and rub gently to removewings on the seed.
Seed type: Orthodox
Best storage: Standard storage method
Pre-treatment of seed: None or Soaking in water for 2 days
Optimal germination %: 70 - 90 % (1); 35 - 40%. (2)
Sowing time: Aug-Sep - Below 1500m; Mar-Apr - Above 1500m
Sowing method & transplanting: Polypot: Standard method - if no rodents. Nursery bed: 50g/m2, Standard tray sowing method, and cover with wire mesh. At least 10 %mycorrhizal soil. Prick out before the first primary needles develop. Watering and useof shade should be carefully watched.
Nursery techniques: Start to root-prune when roots emerge from the pots and repeat every 3-6weeks as required
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 40-44 weeks below 1500m; 60-64weeks/above 1500 m; 20-30cm high.
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences: Grows well on dry warm southern slopes. Frost tolerant except as a nurseryseedling, fire sensitive. Heavy clay mixture will reduce growth. Sensitive to deficiency.
86
Pinus roxburghii
Family: Pinaceae
Nepali name: Khote salla, rani salla, aulo salla
Geographical distribution: Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan)
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 500 - 2700m
Zones: Sub-tropical, Tropical
Plant type: A large light demander tree; is more than 50m high.
Uses: Timber, firewood, animal bedding, resin.
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: Large woody persistent cone that opens.
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 8,000-12,300 seeds/kg; 200-800 cm more cones/tree in goodseed year. 50 or more seeds per cone; 450g of seed per 100 cones.
Collection season: Jan - Mar - earliest in the east. Crops very irregular. Good crops every 5-7years. Do not lop whole branches.
Harvesting: Climb the trees and cut the brown cone-bearing twigs and allow to fall ontotarpaulin
Extraction of seeds: Spread the cones on a tarpaulin in the sun to dry completely, knocktogether to extract the seeds. Put the seeds in a cloth bag and rub gently to removewings on the seed.
Seed type: Orthodox
Best storage: Standard storage method
Pre-treatment of seed: None/ Soaking in water for 2 days/Soaking in water for 24 hours thereaftermixed with fresh dung and germination will take place after 8-10 days.
Optimal germination %: 70 - 90 %
Sowing time: Feb-Mar - Below 1000m; Aug-Sep - Above 1000m
Sowing method & transplanting: Polypot: Standard method - if no rodents. Soil: Standard mixturewith at least 10 % mycorrhizal soil. Nursery bed: 300 g/m2, Standard tray sowing method, andcover with wire mesh. Watering and use of shade should be carefully watched.
Nursery techniques: Root-prune when roots emerge from the pots and repeat every 3-6 weeks asrequired
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 16-20 weeks below 1000m; 40-44weeks/above 1000m.
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences: Favours warm, dry, well drained and light textured soils; however it can growon poor soils. Heavy clay mixture will reduce growth and give poor quality seedlings.Good coloniser of bare southern faces. Frost and fire hardy.
87
Pinus wallichiana
Family: Pinaceae
Nepali name: Gobre salla, rani salla, aulo salla
Geographical distribution: Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Nepal)
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 1800 - 3300m; 1800-3600m (1,3)
Plant type: A large light demander tree
Uses: Timber, firewood, animal bedding , resin
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: Long soft deciduous cone that opens
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 115,000 -30,000 seeds/kg; 100 or more cones per tree
Collection season: Oct - Nov. Usually adequate crops each year
Harvesting: Climb the trees and pick the cones by hand when they have turned brown
Extraction of seeds: Spread the cones on a tarpaulin in the sun to dry completely, knocktogether to extract the seeds. Put the seeds in a cloth bag and rub gently to removewings on the seed.
Seed type: Orthodox
Best storage: Standard storage method
Pre-treatment of seed: None/Soaking in water for 24 hours thereafter mixed with fresh dungand germination will take place after 8-10 days
Optimal germination %: 40-70%
Sowing time: Mar-Apr - Below 2000m; Aug-Sep - Above 2000m
Sowing method & transplanting: Polypot: Standard method - if no rodents. Nursery bed:250 g/m2, Standard tray sowing method, and cover with wire mesh. At least 10 %mycorrhizal soil. Watering and use of shade should be carefully watched.
Nursery techniques: Root-prune when roots emerge from the pots, and repeat every 3-6 weeksas required.
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 60-64 weeks/below 1500m; 88-92weeks/1500-2000m; 108-112 weeks/above 2000 m. Mature size: 15-20 cm height.
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences: Prefers well drained porous soils. Heavy clay mixture will reduce growth andgive poor quality seedlings. Frost hardy, resistant to fire, buds and new foliage browsedby goats and buffaloes.
88
Pyrus pashia
Family: Rosaceae
Nepali name: Mayal, mel
Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), Assam, Burma, W China
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 750-2600m
Zones: Temperate
Plant type: Small to medium deciduous tree, 15m
Uses: Walking sticks, combs & other small articles, leaf fodder, fuelwood, fruits, live hedges
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: Pome, five celled, globose,1.3-1.5cm or 2-4cm, edible, dark brownturning black when mature
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 70,000-110,000 seeds/kg
Collection season: Nov-Jan
Harvesting:
Extraction of seeds: Extract when fruits turn blackish & begin to rot
Seed type: Orthodox, viability short
Best storage:
Pre-treatment of seed:
Optimal germination %: 75% when fresh
Sowing time: Jan-Feb, immediately after collection
Sowing method & transplanting:
Nursery techniques:
Time in nursery & outplanting time:
Vegetative propagation: Hardwood cuttings, root suckers
Site preferences: Variety of soils, including shallow rocky soils, not stiff badly drained.
89
Quercus floribunda
Family: Fagaceae
Nepali name: Belekharmendo, thinke (Jumla)
Geographical distribution: E Afghanistan, Himalaya (Chitral to Nepal)
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 2100 - 2700m
Zones: Temperate
Plant type: A large tree; 30m or more in height
Uses: Construction, agricultural implements, leaf fodder
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: Acorn
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 500-600 seeds/kg
Collection season: Aug-Oct
Harvesting:
Extraction of seeds:
Seed type: Recalcitrant
Best storage: Recalcitrant storage
Pre-treatment of seed
Optimal germination %
Sowing time: Aug - Aug immediately after collection, Feb-March, if stored
Sowing method & transplanting:
Nursery techniques:
Time in nursery & outplanting time:
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences: Growth becomes stunted on shallow gravely soils, best on well drained clayloam; frost-hardy; does not tolerate drought.
90
Quercus leucotrichophora
Family: Fagaceae
Nepali name: Banjh, Sano banjh
Geographical distribution: W Pakistan (Himalaya (Kumaun to Nepal), Sri Lanka, ?Burma
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 1500 - 2400m; 1650-2400m (1,3)
Zones: Temperate, Sub-tropical
Plant type: A medium sized evergreen tree, usually about 15m in height
Uses: Timber, firewood, fodder, Resin has medicinal uses
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: Fleshy nut with scaly cup, (acorn)
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 500-800 acorns/kg
Collection season: Nov - Mar - usually every second year is a good seed-year
Harvesting: Shake branches with ripe acorns onto tarpaulin. Fresh ripe acorns can be collectedfrom the ground
Extraction of seeds: Remove cups by hand
Seed type: Recalcitrant
Best storage: Recalcitrant storage method, few months
Pre-treatment of seed:
Optimal germination %: 95 % if fresh and moist
Sowing time: Feb-Mar
Sowing method & transplanting: Nursery bed: Sow in a bed in lines 5cm apart with 3cmbetween seeds along the lines. The point of the acorn facing upwards and transplant topots when first leaves appear. Polypot: 1 seed/on its side in a pot, cover with 5mm soil.The beds, pots should be mulched, shaded and applied with wire mesh to protect fromrodents. 20-25% compost is needed in the Nursery techniques. Root-pruning from startof monsoon, and repeat frequently; early in the spring, space 5-10cm gap between rows.
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 60-64 weeks/low alt; 112-116 weekshigher alt. (above 1800-2000m) Mature size: 20cm
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences: Does not thrive well on dry sites, sensitive to fire and browsing, seedlingsshade tolerant for 2-3 years. It needs moderately fertile soils, growing well on claysderived from shales and clay looms.
91
Rhododendron arboreum
Family: Ericaceae
Nepali name: Lali gurans
Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 1500 - 3600m
Zones: Sub-alpine, Temperate, Sub-tropical
Plant type: Tree, 15m
Uses: Fuelwood, wooden vessels & utensils, khukuri handles
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: Capsule
Fruit production & Seed quantity: About 12,000,000 seeds/kg
Collection season: Aug-Mar
Harvesting:
Extraction of seeds: Extract seed by drying the capsules in the sun
Seed type:
Best storage:
Pre-treatment of seed
Optimal germination %: More than 80% from fresh seed (2)
Sowing time: May-June
Sowing method & transplanting: Sow in beds or boxes, prick into polypots when two leaveshave appeared
Nursery techniques:
Time in nursery & outplanting time: 48-60 weeks
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences: Grows on a wide range of soils, not confined to acid soils
92
Quercus glauca
Family: Fagaceae
Nepali name: Sano phalant
Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Kashmir to NEFA), Khasia, Naga Hills, Burma, China,Indo-China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 450 - 3100m
Zones: Temperate
Plant type: A large evergreen tree
Uses: Timber, firewood, fodder, charcoal
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: Fleshy nut with scaly cup, (acorn)
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 500-840 acorns/kg
Collection season: Oct - Dec.
Harvesting: Shake branches with ripe acorns onto tarpaulin, ripe acorns can be collected fromthe ground when they are fresh
Extraction of seeds: Remove cups by hand
Seed type: Recalcitrant
Best storage: Recalcitrant storage method, few months
Pre-treatment of seed:
Optimal germination %: 60 - 80 %
Sowing time: Feb-Mar, if stored otherwise immediately after collection.
Sowing method & transplanting: Nursery bed: sow in a bed in lines 5cm apart, with 3cmbetween seeds along the lines the point of the acorn facing upwards and transplant topots when first leaves appear. Polypot: 1 seed/on its side in a pot, cover with 5mm soil.The beds, pots should be mulched, shaded and applied with wire mesh to protect fromrodents. 20-25% compost is needed in the Nursery techniques. Root-pruning from startof monsoon, and repeat frequently. Early in the spring space the pots with 5-10cm gapsbetween rows.
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 60-64 weeks/low alt; 112-116weeks/higher alt. (above 1800-2000m) Mature size: 20cm.
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences: Seedlings sensitive to frost, prefers moist situation such as north aspects andthe sides of the ravines and grows well on deep clay looms; seedlings liable to browsing.
93
Schima wallichii
Family: Theaceae
Nepali name: Chilaune
Geographical distribution: Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), Assam, S Tibet, east to W China
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): /Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 200 - 2100m, 900-2000m (3)
Zones: Sub-tropical
Plant type: Large evergreen tree upto 30m tall with a dense crown
Uses: Timber, fodder, bedding, medicine
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: Capsule, almost spherical, woody about 1.5cm across, splitting intofive valves to release winged seed
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 160,000-350,000 seeds/kg
Collection season: Jan-Apr.
Harvesting:
Extraction of seeds: Dry fruits in the sun for a few days until they open, shake and theshgently.
Seed type: Orthodox, viability for few months.
Best storage: Standard storage
Pre-treatment of seed: None
Optimal germination %: About 40%
Sowing time: Mar-Apr
Sowing method & transplanting: Nursery bed or trays Prick out into polypots when first trueleaves or at about 2-4 cm appear after about 10 weeks. Use 2:1:1 soil, sand, compost.
Nursery techniques: Root prune and space the pots in the spring before planting.
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 60 weeks; 30-45cm
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences: Wide variety of soil types, preferring north slopes in dry areas, seedling aremoderately shade tolerant and can be frost tender.
94
Shorea robusta
Family: Dipterocarpacea
Nepali name: Sal, agrath, Sakhuwa
Geographical distribution: Subtropical Himalaya (Garwhal to Assam), India
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 150 - 1500m
Ecological Zones: Tropical, Sub-tropical
Plant type: Large deciduous (for a short time) light-demanding tree, 30 - 40 m in the tarai, 20-25m elsewhere.
Uses: Construction, doors & window frames, planking, carts, leaf fodder, poles, railway sleepers,fencing post, tool handles, plywood, fuelwood, tanning (bark), leaf plates, resin.
Time from flowering to mature fruits : Flower appear Mar-Apr.
Fruit type and maturity: Ovoid, about 8mm in diameter, with 5 wings - 3 long & 2 short, thelonger up to 7.5cm long, calyx with segments; from pale green when ripe and the wingsdry and brown.
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 450-1,000 fruits/kg, 516-531seeds/kg
Collection season: Jun
Harvesting: Shake fruit bearing branches lightly and collect the seed from the ground
Extraction of seeds:
Seed type: Recalcitrant, viability goes down after few days
Best storage: Recalcitrant storage
Pre-treatment of seed: Not required
Optimal germination %: 75-96%
Sowing time: Jun-Jul within a week after collection
Sowing method & transplanting: Sow directly into polypots (2 per pot). Use a mix of 2:1:1soil, sand, compost
Nursery techniques: Frequent root pruning is necessary as it develops a strong tap root
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 48-56 weeks & when 25-35 cm with4mm rid
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences: Wide variety of soils, not on very sandy, gravely soils & in waterlogged stiffareas. Tolerates light frost. Tolerant of drought and fire, sensitive to browsing. It growsquite well on soil containing.
95
Syzygium cumini
Family: Myrtaceae
Nepali name: Jamun, ban jamun, phanir
Geographical distribution: Subtropical Himalaya, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Australia
W/C/E in Nepal (registered): Y/Y/Y
Altitude in Nepal (registered): 300 - 1200, terai-1600m (3)
Ecological Zones: Tropical, Sub-tropical
Plant type: Large evergreen tree, dense irregular crown, short trunk
Uses: Agricultural implements, fence posts, boats, bridges, packing cases, boxes, fuelwood,tanning, fruits, leaf fodder, construction, carts & solid wheels
Pollination Type:
Time from flowering to mature fruits:
Fruit type and maturity: Drupe, oblong or subglobose, 12-30mm long, edible, when maturepurple to black with pink juicy pulp
Fruit production & Seed quantity: 1,000-1,300 seeds/kg
Collection season: Jun-Aug
Harvesting:
Extraction of seeds: Heap fruits in the shade to rot & wash pulp off to separate out the stones.
Seed type: Recalcitrant, viability 3 months
Best storage:
Pre-treatment of seed: Not required
Optimal germination %: 50% when fresh
Sowing time: Aug-Sep, immediately after collection
Sowing method & transplanting: Sow into polypots, 2/pot, or should be sown in nurserybeds for stump production
Nursery techniques:
Time in nursery & outplanting time: Production time: 48 weeks for seedlings, 104 weeks forstumps
Vegetative propagation:
Site preferences: Prefers clay loam soils but will grow on well-drained soils, shallow rocky, ofvarying texture from clayey to loamy, not on dry sandy or stiffer gravely; shade tolerantparticularly when young.