Study Guide for the 2017-2018 Biology Final: (Please note not all topics found on the study guide may appear on the final exam.)

Be able to define and explain the following topics:

Unit 1: Introduction to BiologyTheory Hypothesis Inference PredictionObservationsClaim Evidence ReasoningMacromolecules Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis CarbohydratesMonosaccharides Disaccharides Lipids Phospholipids Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Fatty Acids Nucleic AcidsProteins Amino Acids

Unit 2: Structure and FunctionNucleotides Transcription TranslationProtein Synthesis GenesDNA Adenine Guanine CytosineThymine UracilChargaff’s rules RNA mRNA

rRNAtRNAIntronsExonsRNA polymerase Codon Enzymes SubstratesActivation Site Factors that regulate enzyme activity (Temperature etc…) Chemical ReactionsReactants ProductsExothermic reactions Endothermic reactionsActivation Energy Catalyst HomeostasisOsmosis Diffusion Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic Crohn's Disease Engineering Project: Small Intestine Design

Unit 3: Characteristics of Life and The Cell All 8 Characteristics of Life All 3 Ideas From the Cell Postulate Theory Spontaneous Generation Louis Pasteur Organelles (Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria, etc…) Mitosis InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseCytokinesis Cell Cycle

Practice Questions: Multiple Choice Select the best answer:

1. In the nucleus of a cell, the DNA is usually visible as a. A dense region called the nucleolus b. Condensed material called chromatin c. The nuclear envelope d. Condensed bodies called chloroplasts

2. Chloroplasts are found in the cells of a. All eukaryotes b. Most prokaryotes c. Plants onlyd. Plants, bacteria and fungi

3. During transcription, an RNA molecule is formeda. That is double-stranded. b. That is complementary to both strands of DNA.

c. Inside the nucleus. d. That is complementary to neither strand of DNA. 4. RNA contains the sugar a. deoxyribose c. riboseb. glucose d. lactose5.Genes contain instructions for assembling….

a. purines c. proteinsb. nucleosomes d. pyrimidines

6. What does DNA stand for? a. Deoxyribose nucleotide acid c. Deoxyribonucleic acid b. Deoxynuclear acid d. Deoxynucleic acid

7.Protein is made up of a. Amino acids c. Fatty acids

b. Monosaccharides d. Nucleotides

8.For the following determine the appropriate amino acid by using the codon chart DNA: _ T _

mRNA: U_ GAA:

a. Phenylalanine c. Leucine b. Isoleucine d. Threonine

9. An example of diffusion would be…a. Food dye dispersing at different rates in hot and cold water b. Soaking dehydrated fruit in water, so that became hydrated. c. An egg placed in salt and water, so that it appeared translucent (see through). d. B and C 10. What condition would cause the cell to burst?

a. Hypotonic b. Hypertonic c. Isotonic d. None of the above11. What condition would cause the cell to shrivel?

a. Hypotonic b. Hypertonic c. Isotonic d. None of the above12.One can conclude that homeostasis is the tendency to a. alter the body’s regular functions. b. return the body to its original state. c. adapt the body to change.d. evolve so that the body is stronger.13. What lowers activation energy? a. Concentration b. Temperature c. Catalyst d. pH values 14.Enzymes are _____ that are used as catalyst in _____ reactions. a.proteins, chemical b.catalyst, biochemical c.proteins, biochemical d. catalyst, chemical15.The factors that can affect the rate of an enzyme facilitated reaction in addition to substrate concentration are….a. Temperature, pH, Chemistry b. Temperature, Ionic Conditions, pH c. Energy, pH, Biochemical composition d. Temperature, Energy, pH 16.An iron nail rusting is an example of a. Catalyst b. The amount of activation energy required for a chemical reactionc.Chemical reaction d. Osmosis 17.Which of the following statements about enzymes is NOT true? a. Enzymes work best at specified pH. b. All enzymes work inside cells. c. Enzymes are proteins. d. Enzymes are organic catalysts. 18.In a chemical reaction, a reactant binds to an enzyme at a region known as the…

a. Catalyst b. Product c. Substrate d. Active site 19. Which of the following statements about enzymes is NOT true?

a. Enzymes work best at a specified pH b. All enzymes work inside cells. c. Enzymes are proteins d. Enzymes are organic catalysts. 20. A disaccharide is a ….

a. Carbohydrate b. Lipid C.nucleic acid d. Protein 21. The nucleic acid responsible for bringing individual amino acids to the ribosome is

a. tRNA b.DNA c.rRNA d.mRNA

22. According to Chargaff's rule only one of the following is true…. a. G=T b. A=C

c. G=C d. T=U 23. What bonds holds together the nitrogenous bases of DNA?

a. Hydrogen b. Ionic c. Covalent d.Pi24. Where does transcription occur?

a. In the mitochondria b. In the cytoplasm c.In the nucleus d. In the chloroplast 25. What does RNA polymerase do?

a. Separates DNA strands, creates a complementary strand of RNA b. Separates RNA strands, creates a complementary strand of DNA c. Separates RNA strands, creates a new strand of RNA d. Separates DNA strands, creates a new strand of DNA

26. The role of a master plan in building is similar to the role of which molecule? a. DNA b. mRNA

c.rRNA d. tRNA 27. What do codons of mRNA correspond to:

a. An uncharged tRNA molecule b. One amino acid in polypeptide c. DNA triplet d. RNA triplet

28. What does a molecule of tRNA to?a. A codon on the mRNA strand b. An anticodon on the mRNA strand c. Complementary triplet on the mRNA strand d. Complementary strand on the mRNA strand

29. When does the process of translation terminate? a. When the polypeptide is too long. b. At the AUG codon c. When the stop codon is reached d. Stop codon reached and completed polypeptide released

30. If a DNA strand reads ATCGGC, the complementary DNA would read:a. TAGCCGb. ATGCCG c. TACGGC d. ATGCCG

31.DNA is made of repeating monomers or subunits called: a. Mononucleo b. Nucleotides c. Amino acids d. Lipids

32.In RNA, what base always pairs with Adenine?a. Cytosine b. Thymine

c. Uracil d. Guanine 33. Translation occurs in the ….

a. Nucleus b. Great outdoors c.Endoplasmic Reticulum d.cytoplasm 34. If a strand of DNA reads ATCGGC, the mRNA molecule would read

a. UAGGGGb. TUGGCCc. UAGCCGd. UACGGC

35. What is apoptosis? a. Cell division b. Nutrients are hijacked and taken to the cancerous cell.

c. Cell grows uncontrollably. d. Cell commits cell suicide.

Using the following data charts and calculations draw some conclusions to answer the following questions: 36. Based on the above data, what are some of the differences between normal cells and cancer cells?

a. Normal cells have a higher mitotic index, than cancer cells. b. Cancer cells have a higher mitotic index, than normal cells. c. The mitotic index is higher in normal stomach cells than normal ovary cells. d. The mitotic index is lower in cancerous stomach cells than cancerous lung cells.

37. What cells appear to undergo mitosis more frequently? a. Stomach b.Ovary c. Lungs d.They all undergo mitosis at the same rate.

38. Based on your observations above what cancer would be the most aggressive form of cancer (assuming mitotic index is an indicator of how lethal cancer is)?

a. Stomach Cancer b.Lung Cancer c.Ovarian Cancer d.All would be equally aggressive. 39.Which of the following describe cytokinesis?

a. Division into two daughter cells is completed.

b. The chromosomes are at the poles, the nuclear envelope is reforming, and the cytoplasm is dividing.

c. The chromosomes have separated and are moving towards opposite poles.d. The chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate.

40. What is an oncogene? a. Transforms a cancer into a normal cell. b. Transforms a normal cell into a cancer cell.

c. A gene that control mitosis. d. A gene that controls apoptosis. 41.Which phase of mitosis is metaphase?

a. Division into two daughter cells is completed. b. The chromosomes are at the poles, the nuclear envelope is reforming, and the

cytoplasm is dividing. c. The chromosomes have separated and are moving towards opposite poles.d. The chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate.

42.Which of the following statements are included in the 8 characteristics of life?i.Living things grow and developii.Living things maintain homeostasisiii. Living things evolve

a. Only ib. Only iic. i and iid. i,ii, and iii.

43.Which group of organisms are eukaryotes?a) bacteria, fungus, and plantsb) animals, fungus, and bacteriac) plants, animals, and fungusd) plants, animals, and bacteria44.Unlike animal cells, plant cells have ___________ and _____________.

a. Chloroplast, cell wallsb. Mitochondria, chloroplastsc. Large central vacuole, mitochondriad. Nucleus, ribosomes

45. Diffusion is the movement of particles from…a. An area of low concentration to an area. b. An area of high concentration to an area of low concentration c. An area of equilibrium to an area of high concentration. d. All of the above.

46. The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called…a. Osmotic pressure b.Osmosis

c.Facilitated diffusion d.Active transport 47. Which of the following statements are included in the cell theory? i. All living organisms are made of cells ii. Cells are produced from existing cells iii. Cells are the smallest units of life

a) Only i

b) Only iic) i and iiid) i, ii, and iii

48. The cell takes in food through the process of:a. Exocytosis b.Endocytosis c.Diffusion d.Both a and b

79.Which group of organisms are eukaryotes?a) bacteria, fungus, and plantsb) animals, fungus, and bacteriac) plants, animals, and fungusd) plants, animals, and bacteria

49.You are told that the cells on a microscope slides could be plants, bacterial or animal. You look through the microscope and see a cell wall. You conclude correctly that the cells…

a. Are plant cells. b. Are animal cells. c. Are bacterial cells. d. Could be either plant or bacterial cells.

50.Which of the following organelles modifies, sorts and packages proteins and other materials from the E.R. for storage in the cell or for secretion outside of the cell?

a. Nucleus b.Vacuole c.Golgi Apparatus d. Lysosome

Short Answer:

What are the essential things a scientific graph needs to include?

What is a theory? Provide an example of a theory.

What is a hypothesis? Provide an example of a hypothesis.

What is an inference? Provide an example of an inference.

What is a prediction? Provide an example of a prediction.

Draw and label a graph showing an Endothermic Reaction.

Draw and label a graph showing an Exothermic Reaction.

Draw and label the process of transcription to translation to protein synthesis.

Draw and label the process of pinocytosis vs phagocytosis.

Draw and label the parts of the cell membrane.