BiologyTopic 1 Noteshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juxLuo-sH6M&safe=active

Living organisms are both similar to and different from each other.

They also differ from the nonliving parts of the environment.

Characteristics of life

1. Living things are organized _________________. All are made of _______ or more___________, which are the ___ ________ ________ of structure and______________. They maintain their cellular ______________ throughout life.

STRUCTURESone

basicunit

s

cells

Functionorganization

2. Living things use _________to maintain _______and to ___________ and__________. These activities require that the cells carry out various chemical reactions. The ____________ of all the ____ ____ reactions that occur in an ___________ is called___________________.

energygrowlife

develop

combinationchemical

organismmetabolism

3. Living things maintain a fairly ______ __________ __________ even when their _____________ environment changes_______________. The maintenance of this _________ stability is known as ______________. To maintain homeostasis, organisms must ______________ and _____ ____ to both their __________ and _____________environments.

stableinternal environme

ntexternaldramatically internalhomeostasis

respond adaptinternal

external

4. Living things pass ______________ information to new ________________ of the same type in the _________________ of_____________ .

hereditaryorganisms process

Reproduction

Only living things share the __________________ of life. Nonliving things have no _____________ cells and no ____________ activity; they do not maintain________________ , nor do they_____________ .

Characteristics function

metabolichomeostasis

reproduce

Diversity among living things

Although living things share the ________________ of life, there are ________________ among the many kinds of____________.

characteristics difference

s organisms

Throughout history, people have tried to bring ________ to all the _________________ of life on Earth by______ ___, or_________ , them. Several classification systems have been popular at different times. Currently, biologists classify organisms into kingdoms, which are large groups of related organisms. K____________, P_____________,

C_______________, O______________, F_________________, G_____________, S_______________

ordervarieties

grouping classifying

ingdom hylumlass rderamily enuspecies

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M51AKJqx-7s&safe=active

Similarities among living things

Although living things have many_________________, they are also alike in ________________ ways. The first _______________ is that they ___________ the ______________of life. They are made of____________, _______________ , _______________ _____________ , and carry out __________________ activities. They also share similar________ _________, _______________ _____________ , and________________ .

differencesimportant

similarity share

cells reproducemaintain homeostasismetabolic

life processeschemical composition

organization

characteristics

Organisms may differ in the way they carry out these processes. Some of these life processes include:

•obtaining nutrients from the ______________ and _______________ them down for transport•______________________________ organism•breaking ______________________________________ ____________________ in them through the process known as cell ________________.

environmentbreaking

transporting materials throughout

nutrients into smaller units to release the chemical energy stored

respiration

•combining simple _______________ into ________________ substances during the process known as ________________.•increasing the size or _____________ of cells through the process of ________________.•removing ___________ products from the _____________ through the process known as ______________.•responding to _______________ and _____________stimuli.•_________________ more of their own ____________.

substancescomplex

synthesisnumber

growthwaste

organismexcretion

internalexternal

reproducingspecies

Chemical composition

All living things are made of _________ main elements_________, _______________, _______________, and ____________-as well as many other elements in ____________ amounts. The elements combine to form____________________.Organic molecules contain BOTH _____________ and _______________.

four

carbonhydrogen oxygen

nitrogensmaller

molecules

carbon hydrogen

DNA, protein, fats, and carbohydrates-such as _______________ (C6H1206) and ____________________-are organic molecules.__________________ molecules do not contain both carbon and hydrogen, but can contain any other ____________________ of elements. Inorganic molecules include salts and minerals, ___________________________________________________________________ , the most abundant substance in any organism.

most acids and bases, oxygen, carbon and water

combination

Inorganic

Glucosestarch

Organization

The basic structural and functional unit of living things is the cell.Simple organisms may consist of just ________cell; complex organisms may consist of _____________of cells. Most cells contain __________________ structures called_____________, which have specific __________ maintenance ____________________.

one

billionsspecialized

organelleslife

functions

O___________c___________ t_______________ o______________ _______________ ______________

rganelles

ellsissuesrgans

organ systemsorganisms

Review questions pg 18 #’s 1-10

Cells: The Basic Structure of life:

Cell organelle FunctionPlant , animal, both

NucleusControls cell’s metabolism and stores genetic information (DNA in chromosomes).

Both

VacuolesStorage sacs within the cytoplasm. They made contain food, water or waste.

Both

RibosomesUsed by cell to make proteins. Found on both the rough endoplasmic reticulum and free floating in the cell

Both

Cell organelle FunctionPlant , animal, both

Rough endoplasmic reticulum(rough ER)

Found close to the nucleus, used to transport materials, ribosomes are attached for protein synthesis

Both

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Used for transport of materials in the cell, but does not contain ribosomes

Both

Golgi Apparatus

Found near cell membrane. Function is to package material in the cell. It puts both food and waste into vacuoles

Both

Cell organelle FunctionPlant , animal, both

MitochondriaFound in cytoplasm. Contain proteins called enzymes which are used to extract energy from food. Called the cell’s powerhouse because they release most of the cell’s energy.

Both

ChloroplastGreen structures found in plants. Contain chlorophyll which captures light energy to make food.

Plants only

Cell organelle FunctionPlant , animal, both

Cell wall Made of cellulose, used to provide structure in plants

Plants only

Cell membrane

Thin membrane that surrounds all cells both

Centrioles Small organelles found in animal cells that aid in cell division

Animal only

Hw questions pg 6 questions 11-19

The Cell membrane::

-thin structure that surrounds the cell.-made of fats(lipids), with proteins

embedded throughout.

Main functions

• Separate cell contents from the outside environmentWithout this the cell could not maintain organization

• Control the transport of materials into and out of the cell

The membrane is semipermeable. Materials such as water, oxygen and

food must be able to pass through

There are 3 way that this can happen

•Diffusion—this is when molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration. They have to be small enough to pass through the membrane.

Active transport—this is when materials are move from a low concentration to a high concentration by the use of energy. Like a pump.

•Osmosis- type of diffusion, but only refers the transport of water.

•Recognize and respond to chemical signals

Proteins on the cell membrane receive messages. These proteins are called receptor molecules. There is a specific receptor molecule for each substance. They will not respond to other chemicals, because it works like a lock and key.

Hw pg 9 and 10 questions 20-35

Multicellular organisms: highly complex , require organs and systems to complete their life processes.

Human Body systems:

Digestion-- Digestive system—includes the ________, ____________, and __________________ as well as other___________ . Food enters the _________ through the ________ and is moved __________ through the system by _____________ contractions.

The _________ never ______________ enters the _________ tissue. Instead, it is broken down both __________________ (by chewing) and___________________ . This produces molecules that are ___________ enough to pass through cell ______________ and that can be ______________________ to wherever nutrients can be used by the body. _________________ food is _____________ from the body as ____________ waste.

Respiration-- Respiratory System—includes __Mouth_____ and ____Nose______, and lungs.The process of ___Respiration___________ uses __Oxygen__________ to break down food ___Molecules_______ to release ___Energy_________. The function of the __Respiratory______ system is the ____exchange_______ of

____Gases________ between the blood of the ___circulatory__________ system and the ________respiratory system______. The system takes in ____oxygen______ for cell ___respiration____________ and ____transfers___________ it to the ___blood______. It also removes __Carbon_____ dioxide-a waste of cell respiration-from the __blood stream________ and ___releases___________ it from the body.

Circulation—circulatory system

Circulation ____________ the _____________ of ______________ inside the cell as well as the movement ____________ parts of a _________________ organism. The function of the _______________ circulatory system, shown in Figure 1-10, is to ________________ materials throughout the body.

INVOLVESMOVEMENT MATERIALS

BETWEENMULTICELLULAR

HUMAN

TRANSPORT

The _____________ carries ____________ food and oxygen to cells. It also carries wastes from the cells to the__________, _____________, and the _________ for excretion. The blood vessels of the system also carry chemical _______________ (hormones) and the ______________ that attack foreign substances to give the body _____________ (antibodies). The human circulatory system includes the ____________, blood ____________, and ______________.

SYSTEM DIGESTED

LUNGSKIDNEYS SKIN

MESSENGERSPROTEINS

IMMUNITY

HEARTBLOOD VESSELS BLOOD

Excretion—excretory system

Many people confuse the process of excretion with the removal of the waste products of digestion. Excretion, however, is actually the removal of all the waste produced by the cells of the body. The excretory system, shown in Figure l-16 includes the lungs and kidneys as well as the sweat glands in the skin.

ORGAN WASTE REMOVED

DISORDER AFFECT ON HOMEOSTASIS

1. LIVER Old blood cells

Toxins (drugs, alcohol)

Cirrhosis Limits blood flowExcess tissue growth

2. KIDNEY UREA, SALTS ,WATER (urine)Nitrogenous waste from proteins

Uremia

Gout

Kidney stones

Waste not filtered

Waste collects in joins causing pain

Waste becomes solid and causes a blockage

3. Lung (alveoli)

Carbon dioxide Asthma Difficulty getting oxygen to the blood.

4. Skin HeatExcess waterSalts

Burns Disrupts ability to maintain body temperatureInfectioncancer

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2 3

4

Structures and Functions: Urinary system1.Ureter: Transports urine from kidney to bladder2.Renal vein: moves blood away from kidney3.Renal artery: moves blood to kidney4.Kidney: filters blood5.Urinary bladder: stores urine6.Urethra: carries urine out of the body

Urethra6

6. Glomerulus – network of capillaries (site of exchange of materials) 7. Bowman's capsule – surrounds glomerus and collects materials to be filtered out FILTRATION

6.

7.

8. Collecting duct– waste products collect here and go to the ureter URINE PROCESSING9. Renal tube (loop of Henley)– filtrates are collected here. Substances that are not waste, re-enter the circulatory system. SECRETION AND REABSORPTION

9.8.

BLOOD PURIFICATION HAS 3 DISTINCT PROCESSES:WHERE DOES IS HAPPEN? MATERIALS INVOLVED

1. FILTRATION Nephron (glomerus, bowman's capsule)

removal of water, salt, urea, glucose and amino acids

2. REABSORPTION

Loop of Henley

water and nutrients are reabsorbed

3. SECRETION Skin Urea, salt and water are removed in sweat.

This system maintains homeostasis, by removing nitrogenous (metabolic) waste from the blood and body.

HOW DOES THIS SYSTEM PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS?

Cell membrane cell organelle

Movement—Muscular and skeletal systems

Movement of the body involves the interaction of muscles and bones. The muscular and skeletal systems, shown in Figure 1-12, work together to provide movement and support for the body. These body systems make it possible for the organism to avoid danger and to find food, mates, and shelter.

5 important FUNCTIONS of the SKELETAL SYSTEM:

1. Supports the body2. Protects internal organs3. Provides movement4. Stores mineral reserves5. Provides a site for blood cell formation

BONE VS. CARTILAGE

SIMILAR- both protect and support

DIFFERENT-cartilage is more flexible and it cushions. Bone is hard

Skeleton of embryo made mostly of cartilage.

Type of Muscle

Smooth or Striated?

Voluntary or Involuntary?

Found where?

1.Skeletal StriatedStriated VoluntaryVoluntary Leg, armLeg, arm2. Visceral

SmoothSmooth InvoluntarInvoluntaryy

Digestive Digestive tracttract

3.Cardiac StriatedStriated InvoluntarInvoluntaryy

heartheart

Connective TissueLIGAMENTS- connect bone to boneTENDONS- connect muscle to bone

MUSCLE CONTRACTIONA muscle contracts when the thin

filaments (made of protein called _________________) in the muscle fiber slide over the thick filaments (made of protein called _________________).

MYOSINE

ACTINE

Locomotive Locomotive malfunctionmalfunction

descriptiondescription

ArthritisArthritis Inflammation of joints. Inflammation of joints. Pain and stiffness Pain and stiffness

TendonitisTendonitis Inflammation of a Inflammation of a tendontendon

OsteoporosiOsteoporosiss

Brittle bonesBrittle bones

Lack of mineralsLack of minerals

Affect on homeostasis:

Provides ability to find food, shelter, and other essentials

Coordination –Nervous system and endocrine system

The nervous system and endocrine system, shown in Figure 1-13, control the coordination of many of the body's activities. Together these systems respond to and send messages to cells throughout the body. The nervous system sends signals along nerves.

The glands of the endocrine system produce chemical messengers (hormones) that travel in the bloodstream. The brain and nerves are part of the nervous system. The endocrine system includes several glands-such as the pancreas and ovaries or testes.

NERVOUS SYSTEM controls and coordinates functions throughout body and responds to stimuli LIFE FUNCTION: Regulation (control)

Cell Organelle: Nucleus

The messages carried by the nervous system are electrical signals called impulses. The cells that transmit these impulses are called neurons.

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1.

2

3

3 types of neurons

Impulses carriedTO:

FROM:

1. Sensory Interneuron

receptor(eyes,ears, nose,skin)

2. Interneuron

Motor sensory

3. Motor Effector interneuron

The location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell is called a _______Synapse________. _______Neurotransmitters_______ are chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell.

1

3

2

4

5 6

7

8

9

LABEL THE BRAIN

1. cerebrum2. hypothalamus3. pituitary4. 5. Medulla oblongata6. Spinal cord7. cerebellum8.9. thalamus

Part of Central NS

What functions are controlled here?

CEREBRUM Thinking, learningCEREBELLUM Balance,

coordinationMEDULLA (brain stem)

Heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing

HYPOTHALAMUS

Hunger, thirst, fatigue

SPINAL CORD

Reflex-inborn, automatic response

THE PATHWAY OVER WHICH THE NERVE IMPULSES TRAVEL IN A REFLEX IS CALLED A REFLEX ARC

LIST THE STEPS OF A REFLEX ARC:____Receptor____ (sensory organs) are stimulated and send the message to the_____sensory______ neuron which sends the message to the____interneuron______ located in the spinal cord, which sends the message to the _____motor______ neuron which sends the message to the_______effector_______which are muscles or glands.

NS MALFUNCTION

DESCRIPTION

Cerebral palsy Genetic disease that Genetic disease that prevents nerve responses prevents nerve responses to muscles to muscles

Meningitis Infection in the spinal columnInfection in the spinal column

Stroke Blockage of blood vessel to Blockage of blood vessel to brain causing nerve cells to brain causing nerve cells to diedie

Polio Viral disease that causes Viral disease that causes damage to nerve cells to damage to nerve cells to musclesmuscles

Alzheimer’s disease

Deterioration of nerve cells in Deterioration of nerve cells in the brainthe brain

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM – glands secrete hormones throughout body by blood stream to affect target cells.

LIFE FUNCTION: Regulation (control)

Cell Organelle: nucleus, secretory vesicles

VOCABULARY:HORMONES- substance produced in one part of an organism that affects part of the same individual.TARGET CELLS- cells that have receptors for a particular hormone.

EXOCRINE GLANDS- gland that releases its secretions through tube like structures called ducts.

ENDOCRINE GLANDS- gland that releases its secretions directly into the blood stream.

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3

4

56

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1. Adrenal glands- Deals with stress2.ThymusStimulates T cell development3.Parathyroid glandRegulates calcium level4.Pituitary glandRegulates other glands5.HypothalamasControls pituitary

LABEL STRUCTURES and give function of each

6. Pineal glandRhythmic activities (sleep cycle)

7.ThyroidRegulates metabolism

8. PancreasRegulates glucose level in blood

9. Ovaryegg production

10.TestisSperm production

1

2

3

4

56

7

8

9

10

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IS REGULATED BY feedback Mechanisms TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS.

Thyroxin regulation

Increases TSH, which causes the release of thyroxin. As the thyroxin increases in the blood, the level of TSH decreases. This causes a decrease in thyroxin, which causes an increase in TSH and then begins again.

Gland Hormone Produced

Affects of Hormone

PITUITARY GROWTH Stimulates the elongation of long bones

PITUITARY THYROID-STIMULATINGHORMONE (TSH)

Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce its hormone, thyroxin.

PITUITARY FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)

Stimulates activity in the ovaries and testis.

THYROID Thyroxin {iodine}

Regulates the rate of metabolism in the body and is essential for normal, physical and mental development.

PARATHYROID Parathromone Controls the metabolism of calcium, which is necessary for nerve function blood clotting and proper growth of teeth and bones.

ADRENAL (adrenal medulla)

adrenalin Adrenaline increases the blood sugar level + accelerates the heart + breathing rates.

PANCREAS(Islets of Langerhans)

insulin Causes the entrance of glucose into liver cells

glucagon Stimulates the release of sugar from the liver and raises the blood sugar level.

TESTES testosterone Sperm production,Male sex traits

OVARIES estrogen Egg production,Female sex traits

Endocrine System Disorder

Description

GOITER Enlargement of the thyroid gland usually resulting from the glands inability to manufacture Thyroxin (lack of iodine).

DIABETES Disorder characterized by an insulin deficiency that results in an evaluated blood sugar level and an inability of the body to store the sugar as glycogen in the liver.

Immunity-- Immune system

The immune system increases the body's immunity-its ability to resist disease. Some white blood cells of the immune system engulf and destroy invading bacteria and viruses by digesting them. Others protect the body against specific foreign invaders.

IMMUNE SYSTEM– body’s defense against infectionLIFE FUNCTION: Homeostasis- maintain a balance

Cell organelle-- lysosome

DISEASE-any change that disrupts the normal functions of the body

PATHOGENS-infectious disease-causing agents

A disease can be acquired in 3 ways:1. inherited2.Materials in environment (smoke, pollen)3. bacteria, virus and fungi

Ways infectious diseases are spread from person to person.1. coughing, sneezing, physical contact2. Contaminated water or food3. Infected animals

What are they?

ACTIVE orPASSIVEIMMUNITY

Definition of immunity

ANTIBODIES Proteins that destroy pathogens

Active Body-made defense

ANTIBIOTICS Compounds that kill bacteria

Passive Body-given defense (protects only once)

VACCINATION Weak pathogen

Active Body-made defense (memory B cells)

IMMUNE SYSTEM: NONSPECIFIC DEFENSESA.First Line of Defense 3 ways that the body protects itself from

pathogens.

Organ Defense

Skin, mucus, sweat tears

Keeps pathogens out

Nose and throat

Mucus traps viruses and bacteria

Stomach Destroys pathogens with digestive enzymes

B. Second Line of Defense- inflammatory response IMMUNE SYSTEM: SPECIFIC DEFENSESIf a pathogen is able to get past the body’s nonspecific defenses, an immune response occurs. A substance that triggers this response is known as an __antigen____.

ANTIGENS – carbohydrates, proteins and lipids on the surfaces of viruses, bacteria and other pathogens

macrophage

1

2 4

3

5 6

8

7

9

B cell

Memory B cells

antibodies

HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE DIAGRAM

1.Large phagocyte (macrophage) engulfs a bacterium

2.Bacteria antigens on surface of macrophage

3. T cell binds to macrophage4.Bacterial antigens stimulate B

cells5. T cell becomes helper T cell6. Helper T cell assists B cell to

develop into antibody-producing plasma cell

7. Plasma cell produces ANTIBODIES released into blood stream

8. B cells produce clones of memory cells

9.Antibodies bind to antigens; help other immune cells destroy bacteria

T cells and B cells are Lymphocytes (white blood cells) That are made in the bone marrowImmune System Disorder

Description

ALLERGIES asthma Overreaction of immune system

AUTOIMMUNE DIEASE Immune system attacks the body’s own cells

Allergies cause release of histamines, which cause sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes

Reproduction—reproductive system

The process by which organisms produce new organisms of the same kind is called reproduction. The reproductive system releases sex cells and hormones that are critical to the creation of offspring and the regulation of their development. The human reproductive system allows for sexual rather than asexual reproduction.

Sexual reproduction makes it possible for two individuals to produce offspring that are of the same species but not exactly like either parent.

Interaction of life processes and Regulation

• Nutrients from the digestive system are transported to cells by the circulatory system.

• The functioning of the reproductive system is regulated by hormones from the endocrine system.

• Body systems also continuously interact to maintain a balanced internal environment (homeostasis). To successfully accomplish this, humans and other complex organisms have a variety of control mechanisms that constantly monitor and correct deviations that could throw the body's internal environment off balance. Examples : the regulation of body temperature and blood sugar level.

• When body temperature drops, nerve impulses from the brain signal the muscles to shiver, which generates heat and warms the body.

• Blood sugar level is constantly monitored, and hormones are released as needed to keep it at acceptable levels.

Compairing singled-celled and multicellular organisms

•Humans have much the same chemical composition as other organisms. All organisms-from bacteria to tulips to humans-are made of mainly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. These elements combine in different ways and amounts to form carbohydrates, proteins, and other essential organic molecules.

•Humans are made up of different kinds of cells that are similar to those found in other animals. For example, human muscles, nerves, and blood cells are similar in structure and function to the muscles, nerves, and blood cells of other complex animals-from geese to gorillas.

•Humans have organ systems and physical characteristics similar to many other complex animals. For example, worms, frogs, and pigs have digestive systems that break down large food molecules. They also have systems that circulate blood. Pig hearts, in fact, are so similar to human hearts that they can be used for transplants.

•Humans reproduce in the same way as many other organisms. For example, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals reproduce sexually; the sperm and egg cell combine, each contributing half of the genetic information to the offspring.

•Humans use the same kind of genetic information as other organisms. Like nearly every living organism-from E. coli bacteria and fruit flies to roses and dogs-humans use DNA as their genetic material.