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4.1 Species, Communities & Ecosystems IB Biology R. Price v. 1 2015

DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems

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Page 1: DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems

4.1 Species, Communities & EcosystemsIB Biology

R. Price

v. 1 2015

Page 2: DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems

Allott, 201

Page 3: DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems

#1 Species are groups of organisms that can potentially interbreed to produce fertile offspring#2 Members of a species may be reproductively isolated in separate populations

Discussion: Galapagos tortoisesThe tortoises that live on the Galapagos islands are the largest in the world. They have sometimes been grouped together into one species, Chelinoidis nigra, but more recently have been split into separate species.

Discuss whether each of these observations indicates that population on the various islands are separate species:

• The Galapagos tortoises are poor swimmers and cannot travel from one island to another so they do not naturally interbreed.

• Tortoises from different islands have recognizable differences in their characters, including shell size and shape.

• Tortoises from different islands have been mated in zoos and hybrid offspring have been produced but they have lower fertility and higher mortality than the offspring of tortoises from the same island.

Allott, 203

Page 4: DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems

Understanding #3-6

#3: Species have either an autotrophic or heterotrophic method of nutrition (a few species have both methods).

• Autotrophic = self-feeding, make carbon compounds from carbon dioxide• Heterotrophic = eat other organisms (i.e. plants, animals)

#4: Consumers are heterotrophs that feed on living organisms by ingestion.#5: Detrivores are heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients from detritus by internal digestion.

• Eat dead leaves, feather, hairs, feces, etc.#6: Saprotrophs are heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients from dead organic matter by external digestion.

• Often referred to as “decomposers”• Bacteria & fungi are commonly saprotrophs

Page 5: DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems

Allott, 204

Page 6: DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems

Identifying modes of nutrition

A. Autotroph

Heterotroph

B. Consumer

C. Detrivore

D. Saprotroph

Common Blue Butterfly (Polyommatus Icarus) Diet of the adult includes wildflower nectar and excrement.

Page 7: DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems

Identifying modes of nutrition

A. Autotroph

Heterotroph

B. Consumer

C. Detrivore

D. Saprotroph

Squirrels are members of the family Scuiridea. Squirrels can notdigest cellulose, so they must eat foods rich in protein, carbohydrates, and fats. Some typical foods include: nuts, seeds, fungi, and insects.

Page 8: DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems

Identifying modes of nutrition

A. Autotroph

Heterotroph

B. Consumer

C. Detrivore

D. Saprotroph

Euglena gracilis has been used extensively as a model organism in the laboratory. They have photosynthesizing chloroplasts and they can also ingest food particles by phagocytosis.

Page 9: DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems

Identifying modes of nutrition

A. Autotroph

Heterotroph

B. Consumer

C. Detrivore

D. Saprotroph

Earthworms are a segmented worm found in the phylum Annelida. Various species of worms are used in vermiculture, the practice of feeding organic waste to earthworms to decompose food waste. The worm “castings” are a nutrient rich natural fertilizer that is easy for plants to use.

Page 10: DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems

Identifying modes of nutrition

A. Autotroph

Heterotroph

B. Consumer

C. Detrivore

D. Saprotroph

Pitcher plants are found in soils that are too low in nitrogen or phosphorus or are too acidic for most other plants to grow. They have chloroplasts and use photosynthesis to produce ATP. To obtain other vital nutrients, such as nitrogen, they lure and drown insects. Either beneficial bacteria or their own enzymes break down the insects and the pitcher plants absorbs the needed nutrients.

Page 11: DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems

Identifying modes of nutrition

A. Autotroph

Heterotroph

B. Consumer

C. Detrivore

D. Saprotroph

Molds are microbes and can cause the biodegradation of natural materials. They secrete hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes degrade starch, cellulose and lignin into simpler substances which can be absorbed by the mold.

Page 12: DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems

#11 Ecosystems have the potential to be sustainable over long periods of timeSkill: Setting up sealed mesocosms to try to establish sustainability (Practical 5)

Page 13: DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems

Mesocosm Project (Practical 5)

Timeline: One academic quarter

Research: mesocosm, bottle garden, terrarium.

Mesocosm type: Sealed, aquatic and/or terrestrial

Design: What materials are available? What do you wish to observe?

Ethics: IB Animal Experimentation Policy

Communication: Website or blog. Must be updated at least once per week.

Evaluate: During the last week of each calendar month, evaluate your progress. Suggest refinements.

Page 14: DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems

#7: A community is formed by populations of different species living together and interacting with each other#8 A community forms an ecosystem by its interactions with the abiotic environmentSkills: Testing for associeation between two species using the chi-squared test with data obtained by quadrat samplingSkills: Recognizing & interpreting statistical significance.

Allott, 209

Page 15: DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems

Allott, 210

Page 16: DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems

Allott, 207

Page 17: DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems

Allott, 208

Page 18: DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems
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Allott, 209

Page 20: DP Biology Topic 4.1 Species, Communities, & Ecosystems

Sources

ContentAllott, Andrew, and David Mindorff. Biology: Course Companion. 2014

ed. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2014. Print. Oxford IB Diploma Programme.

Walpole, Brenda. Biology for the IB Diploma. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2014. Print.

Images

Unless otherwise noted, images are obtained from Pixabay(www.pixabay.com) and used under the CC0 Public Domain license.