Biology Fall Final Exam Review

The completion of this review packet is worth 10 BONUS POINTS on the final exam. The bonus points are

all or nothing, either you complete the ENTIRE packet or you do not. THERE WILL BE NO PARTIAL

CREDIT GIVEN! Review packets are due at the time of your final exam.

Answer all questions must be NUMBERED, HANDWRITTEN OUT, and ANSWERED CORRECTLY on

notebook paper and attach them to this page. Double-check that you have answered all part of the question.

1. List the characteristics that all living things share.

2. What is the independent variable in an experiment?

3. What is the dependent variable in an experiment?

4. What is the control in an experiment?

5. List the steps of the scientific method in order.

6. In terms of heat, compare and contrast endothermic and exothermic reactions.

7. Describe the two major functions of enzymes in chemical reactions.

8. In this reaction, identify the reactants and identify the products. 6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2

9. Describe the lock-and-key model of enzymes and substrates.

10. Label the following on the energy diagram seen on the images pages: reactants, products, activation

energy, with enzyme, and without enzyme. Then identify the reaction as endothermic or exothermic.

11. On the pH scale, what is the pH range of an acid? What is the pH range of a base? What pH is neutral?

12. Identify the pH of pure water.

13. Create a chart which identifies the four biological macromolecules, the function, monomers (building

blocks) and examples of each.

14. Define cell transport.

15. Use a venn diagram to compare and contrast passive transport and active transport. Be sure to include

energy, the movement of molecules, gradient, etc.

16. Identify which cell transport processes are active and which are passive.

17. Explain how (and why) water is moving in/out of a cell in a hypertonic solution.

18. Explain how (and why) water is moving in/out of a cell in a hypotonic solution.

19. Explain how (and why) water is moving in/out of a cell in an isotonic solution.

20. Label the cells on the images page as either hypertonic, hypotonic or isotonic.

21. Label the following cell structures on the plant cell image found on the images page: vacuole, nucleus,

cell wall, chloroplast, and cytoplasm.

22. Use a venn diagram to compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Give at least 2 reasons.

23. What is the only type of prokaryotic organism?

24. Identify the function of the following cell structures: ribosome, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum,

lysosomes, nucleus, cell wall, chloroplast, mitochondria, and vacuole.

25. In which organelle does cell respiration take place?

26. In which organelle does photosynthesis take place?

27. Identify the products of photosynthesis/reactants of cell respiration?

28. Identify the products of cell respiration/reactants of photosynthesis?

29. Summarize the overall purpose of cellular respiration.

30. Summarize the overall purpose of photosynthesis.

31. Label the following on the photosynthesis/cellular respiration connections image: Photosynthesis,

Cellular Respiration, Chloroplast, Mitochondria, Glucose and Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Water.

32. Write the balanced, chemical equation for cell respiration.

33. Write the balanced, chemical equation for photosynthesis.

34. Where does glycolysis take place within the cell?

35. Where does the Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) take place within the mitochondria?

36. Which step of cell respiration produces the most ATP?

37. Label the following on the mitochondria image: each stage of cell respiration, the location where it takes

place, the number of ATP produced.

38. State the purpose of the cell cycle.

39. Which stage of the cell cycle does the cell spend a majority of its time?

40. List the stages of the mitosis cell cycle, in order.

41. Illustrate a cell in each stage of the mitosis cell cycle.

42. List the stages of the meiosis cell cycle, in order.

43. Illustrate a cell in each stage of the meiosis cell cycle.

44. What is the major difference between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells?

45. Define crossing over. How does crossing over benefit an organism?

46. Define diploid and haploid.

47. Define somatic cell and gamete.

48. Identify the types of cells produced following mitosis (diploid or haploid, somatic or gamete).

49. Identify the types of cells produced following meiosis (diploid or haploid, somatic or gamete).

50. Use a venn diagram to compare and contrast the processes of mitosis and meiosis.

51. What is the number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell? Human gamete?

52. Why is necessary for gametes (sex cells) to be haploid?

53. Summarize the importance of nucleic acids.

54. Which macromolecule is responsible for carrying genetic information?

55. Identify the three parts which make up a nucleotide monomer.

56. Define GENE.

57. Describe the overall purpose of DNA replication.

58. Following replication, what would be DNA complement to the sequence A C C G T A C A G T T A ?

59. Following transcription, what would be the RNA complement to the sequence A C C G T A C A G T T A ?

60. Describe the overall purpose of transcription.

61. Describe the overall purpose of translation.

62. Identify where each of the following takes place – replication, transcription, translation.

63. How do you know when the building of a protein is complete?

64. Summarize the entire process of protein synthesis ( gene protein ).

65. Label the following parts on the protein synthesis diagram: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), a

single amino acid and the growing protein chain.

66. If a DNA sequence is C C G T A C G G A T T C A T C

a. Give an example of what the sequence would look like with an insertion mutation.

b. Give an example of what the sequence would look like with a deletion mutation.

c. Give an example of what the sequence would look like with a substitution mutation.

67. Complete the following sentence: Mutations are only passed down if they take place in ___________ cells.

68. Define the following terms: dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype, heterozygous and homozygous.

69. Analyze the pedigree on the images page by identifying the genotypes of all individuals.

70. Is the trait expressed in the pedigree dominant or recessive? How do you know?

71. Describe the overall function of a punnett square.

72. What do the letters on the top and sides of a punnett square represent?

73. Summarize Mendel’s Law of Segregation.

74. Why did only one trait appear in Mendel’s F1 generation when he crossed purebred plants of different traits in

the P generation?

75. Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seeds (wrinkled seeds are recessive). A heterozygous round seeded

plant is crossed with a homozygous round seeded plant. Give the expected probabilities for each genotype and

phenotype.

76. In some chickens, the heterozygous genotype leads to a phenotype known as erminette (feathers which are

speckled with both black AND white).

a. This is an example of which complex inheritance pattern?

b. Two erminette chickens are crossed. Give the expected probabilities for each genotype/phenotype?

77. Hair color in certain breeds of horses can be Brown (B), White (W) or Palomino (a tan color resulting from the

heterozygous genotype).

a. This is an example of which complex inheritance pattern?

b. Show the cross between a Palomino horse and a brown horse. Give the expected genotype and

phenotype probabilities.

c. Can palominos be considered a purebred line of horses? Defend your answer.

78. Human blood types are determined by genes that follow the codominance pattern of inheritance. There are

two equally dominant alleles (A and B) and one recessive allele (O). Show the cross between a woman who is

heterozygous for her Type A blood and a man who has type O blood. Give the expected probabilities for each

blood type phenotype.

79. Hemophilia is a recessive, sex linked, blood clotting disorder. Show the cross between a carrier female without

hemophilia and a man who does not have hemophilia. What is the probability that this couple will have a child

with hemophilia? What gender will the affected child be?

80. What is the major difference between a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross? (Hint: it’s not the # of squares!)

81. Analyze the dihybrid cross seen on the images page. In mice, long tails are dominant to short tails and black fur

color is dominant to white fur color. List the number of squares which result in: Long tailed, black mice – Long

tailed, white mice – short tailed, black mice – short tailed, white mice.

82. Analyze the karyotype see on the images page.

a. What is the gender of the individual?

b. What is the chromosomal condition?

Biology Fall Semester Diagrams

Attach this sheet, labeled and complete, to your answer pages.

A

B

C

D

E

TB Tb tB tb

TB TTBB TTBb TtBB TtBb

Tb TTBb TTbb TtBb Ttbb

tB TtBB TtBb X ttBb

tb TtBb Ttbb ttBb ttbb

RIBOSOME