8/3/2019 Biology, Chapter 1 Reviewer

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Biology, Chapter 1

LIFEs HIERARCHY of ORGANIZATION Biosphere

All the environments on earth that support lifeEcosystem

All of the organisms living in a particular area inclusive of thenon-living things they interact with

CommunityEntire array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem

PoupulationIndividuals of the species living in an area.

OrganismIndividual living thing

Organ systemGroup of organs that works in a system to perform functions

OrganAn independent part of the organ system that performsfunctions

TissuesMakes up an organ; made by groups of similar cells

CellBasic unit of lifeSeparated from its environment by a membrane

MoleculeCluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds

AtomSmallest particle of ordinary matter

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)Found in the chromosomeGenetic information responsible for heredity and programmingthe production of an organism s molecules. Unit/s of inheritance that transmit information from parents offspringDouble helix-ed (two strands)The diversity of life results from differences in DNA structureA < > TC < > G

Genediscreet unit of the DNA

RNAA < > UC < > G

ProducersPlants and other photosynthetic organisms

ConsumersOrganisms that eat plants and/or other animals

Bacteria/Fungi Decompose wastes and remains of organisms; recyclers inthe ecosystem

Two things for ecosystem to be successfulrecycle chemicals necessary for lifemove energy through the ecosystem

o energy enters as light; exits as heat

CELLSbasic unit/s of lifeenclosed by a membrane; regulates passage of materialsbetween the cell and its surroundings

o Eukaryotichas DNAhas nucleushas organelles separated by membranes

organelles are found in thecytoplasm

e.g.: plants, animals, protists, fungio Prokaryotic

has DNAhas nucleoidmostly unicellulare.g.: bacteria

PROPERTIES THAT ARE COMMON TO ALL ORGANISMSOrder

o all things exhibit complex organization e.g. structureand organization of bones in the body

Regulationo mechanisms that maintain an organism s internal

environment e.g.: regulation of blood flowGrowth and Development

o genes control the pattern of growthEnergy Processing

o organisms take in energy, transform it to perform

activitesResponse to the Environmento responds to environmental stimuli e.g.: venus flytrap,

perspiration of humasReproduction

o the ability to produce their own kindEvolutionary Adaptation

TaxonomyThe branch of biology that names and classifies species

Charles Darwin Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

o presented evidence to support idea of evolutiono species today are descendants of ancestral species

Theory: descent with modificationNatural Selection

o The process of nature, acc. to Darwin, selectsorganisms

Evolutiono Core theme of biologyo Explains the unity and diversity of life

unity: vertical (hierarchal organization)diversity: horizontal (evolution of species)

Genomefull set of chromosomes; all the inheritable traits of an organism

ScienceDerived from a Latin verb meaning to know

the goal of science is to understand natural phenomena discoveries

Technologyapplies scientific knowledge for some specific purpose

inventions Science helps Technology, vice versao Technological advances come from scientific

research; research benefits from technology

Discovery ScienceData: verifiable observations and measurementsDetailed dissection and descriptionUses inductive reasoning

o Derives general principles from a large number ofspecific observations

Hypothesis-based ScienceSeeks natural causes and explanations for observations

o HypothesisProposed explanation for a set ofobservations

Uses deductive reasoning o From general to specifico Logic used to come up with ways to test

hypothesis

Discovery Science vs. Hypothesis-based ScienceDs: scientists observe and describe objects and phenomenaHbS: proposes hypotheses, scientists make deductions, testpredictions

nucleotides