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8/12/2019 2nd Term Management Reviewer (Chapter 7,8,9,10,11,12)

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8/12/2019 2nd Term Management Reviewer (Chapter 7,8,9,10,11,12)

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8/12/2019 2nd Term Management Reviewer (Chapter 7,8,9,10,11,12)

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8/12/2019 2nd Term Management Reviewer (Chapter 7,8,9,10,11,12)

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lmn`obt`lhs.

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5unturfs ab%f bh `gplrtbht `gpbit lh

bpprlbiafs tl gbhbo`ho pflpnf. Bs wf c`siuss

nbtfr: taf iunturf ibh strlhony bjjfit taf

fcuibt`lh4augbh ibp`tbn lj b iluhtry: taf

pln`t`ibn4nfobn systfg: bhc taf filhlg`i

systfg. Bs Eljstfcf jluhc: iunturf bnsl abs b

prljluhc `gpbit lh b iluhtry0s filhlg`i

afbnta my prlglt`ho ifrtb`h %bnufs tabt f`tafr

b`c lr `ha`m`t filhlg`i orlwta.

5unturbn iabrbitfr st is `hjnufhif taf

wbys gbhbofrs mfab%f `h rfnbt`lh tl

sumlrc`hbtfs: bs wfnn bs taf pfrifpt`lhs: lj taf

bpprlpr`btfhfss lj %br lus E#' prbit`ifs.

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struiturfs: w ta taf tlp4pb`c `hc`%`cubn

rfif`%`ho lhny bmlut &M t`gfs taf l%frbnn pby lj

taf nlwfst4pb`c lhf.

5unturbn c`jjfrfhifs ibh bjjfit taf

ilgguh`ibt`lh bhc illrc`hbt`lh prlifssfs `h

lrobh`$bt`lhs. 5lnnfit`%`st iunturfs: bs wfnn bs

talsf w`ta nfss lj bh butalr`tbr`bh lr`fhtbt`lh:

%bnuf orlup cfi`s`lh gbd`ho bhc pbrt`i`pbt`%f

gbhbofgfht prbit ifs glrf a`oany tabh cl

`hc`%`cubn`st`i iunturfs. 9afh b pfrslh rb`sfc

`h bh `hc`%`cubn`st`i iunturf gust wlrd inlsfny

w`ta talsf jrlg b ilnnfit`%`st iunturf:

ilgguh`ibt`lh prlmnfgs bhc ilhjn`its ljtfh

bppfbr. 'uia lj taf fgpabs`s lh = iunturbn

c`%frs`ty = prlorbgs `h lrobh`$bt`lhs jliusfs

lh uhcfrstbhc`ho taf iunturfs lj ltafrs `h lrcfr

tl mfttfr ilgguh`ibtf w`ta tafg.

&. FVIBS@LH( -VGBH IB+@SBN

B ilgpbhy0s pltfht`bn tl j`hc

bhc gb`htb`h b qubn`j`fc wlrdjlrif `s bh

`gplrtbht ilhs`cfrbt`lh `h bhy cfi`s`lh

tl fxpbhc `htl b jlrf`oh gbrdfr. aus b

iluhtry0s augbh ibp`tbn rfslurifs ibh

mf bh `gplrtbht E#' `ssuf. Eugbh

ibp tbn rfjfrs tl taf prlcuit`%f

ibpbm`n`t`fs lj `hc`%`cubns4 tabt `s: taf

dhlwnfcof: sd`nns: bhc fxpfr`fhif tabt

ab%f filhlg`i %bnuf.

B iluhtry0s augbh ibp`tbn `s

cftfrg`hfc my b hugmfr lj %br`bmnfs. B

gbklr %br`bmnf `s taf fcuibt lhbn

lpplrtuh`t`fs b%b`nbmnf tl taf nbmlr

jlrif.

B iluhtry0s augbh ibp`tbn gby

prljluhcny bjjfit b jlrf`oh ilgpbhy0s

cfs rf tl nlibtf tafrf lr fhtfr tabt

iluhtry0s gbrdft. 5luhtr`fs w`ta nlw

augbh ibp`tbn bttrbit jbi`n`t`fs tabt

rfqu`rf nlw sd`nns bhc nlw wbof nf%fns.

5luhtr`fs w ta a`oa augbh

ibp`tbn brf bttrbit`%f s`tfs jlr c`rfit

jlrf`oh `h%fstgfht tabt irfbtfs a`oa4

sd`nn klms.

!. +LN@S@IBN ( NFOBN Y,YSFG

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af rfounbt`lhs `gplsfc my b

iluhtry0s nfobn systfg ibh strlhony

bjjfit E#'. af pln t`ibn > nfobn

systfg ljtfh c`itbtfs taf rfqu`rfgfhts

jlr ifrtb`h E#' prbit`ifs: suia bs

trb`h`ho: ilgpfhsbt`lh: a`r`ho: j`r`ho:

bhc nbyljjs. ,h nbrof pbrt: taf nfobn

systfg `s bh lutorlwta lj taf iunturf `h

wa`ia `t fx`sts. aus taf nbws lj b

pbrt`iunbr iluhtry ljtfh rfjnfit sli`ftbn

hlrgs bmlut wabt ilhst`tutfs nfo`t`gbtf

mfab%`lr.

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augbh ibp tbn mfibusf taf fcuibt`lh

systfg `s jrff. Elwf%fr: uhcfr tafsf

systfgs: tafrf `s n`ttnf filhlg`i

`hifht`%f tl cf%fnlp augbh ibp`tbn

mfibusf tafrf brf hl glhftbry rfwbrcs

jlr `hirfbs ho augbh ibp`tbn. ,h

bcc`t`lh: `h jlrgfr Yl%`ft mnli

iluhtr`fs: bh `hc`%`cubn0s `h%fstgfht `h

augbh ibp`tbn c`c hlt bnwbys rfsunt `h b

prlglt`lh. #btafr: `t wbs `h%fstgfht `h

taf 5lgguh`st ?brty tabt nfc tl ibrffr

bc%bhifgfhts.

,h ibp`tbn`st systfgs taf lppls`tf

s`tubt`lh fx`sts. afrf `s nfss

lpplrtuh`ty tl cf%fnlp augbh ibp`tbn

w`talut a`oafr ilsts. Elwf%fr: talsf

wal cl `h%fst `h taf`r `hc`%`cubn augbh

ibp`tbn: pbrt`iunbrny tarluoa fcuibt lh:

brf glrf bmnf tl rfbp glhftbry rfwbrcs:

taus prl%`c`ho glrf `hifht`%f jlr suia

`h%fstgfht. ,h taf (h`tfc Ytbtfs:

`hc`%`cubn0s sbnbr`fs usubnny rfjnfit

c`jjfrfhifs `h augbh ibp`tbn

,h bcc`t`lh tl taf fjjfits lj bh

filhlg`i systfg lh E#': taf afbnta lj

taf systfg ibh ab%f bh `gplrtbht

`gpbit.

Bh filhlg`i systfg bnsl bjjfits

E#' c rfitny tarluoa `ts tbxfs lh

ilgpfhsbt`lh pbidbofs. Yli`bn`st

systfgs brf iabrbitfr`$fc my tbx

systfgs tabt rfc`str`mutf wfbnta my

tbd`ho b a`oafr pfrifhtbof lj b pfrslh0s

`hilgf bs saf gl%fs up taf filhlg`i

nbccfr. 5bp tbn st systfgs bttfgpt tl

rfwbrc `hc`%`cubns jlr taf`r fjjlrts my

bnnlw`ho tafg tl dffp glrf lj taf`r

fbrh`hos.

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,h ilhinus`lh: f%fry iluhtry

%br fs `h tfrgs lj `ts iunturf: augbh

ibp`tbn: nfobn systfg: bhc filhlg`i

systfg. afsf %br`bt`lhs c rfitny

`hjnufhif taf typfs lj E#' systfgs

tabt gust mf cf%fnlpfc tl biilgglcbtf

taf pbrt`iunbr s`tubt`lh. af fxtfht tl

wa`ia tafsf c jjfrfhifs bjjfit b

ilgpbhy cfpfhcs lh alw `h%ln%fc taf

ilgpbhy `s `h onlmbn gbrdfts.

GBHBO@HO FG+NL,FFY @H B ONL9BN

ILHSF8S

Spfs @htfrhbt`&hb" Fgp"&ffs;

2. B pbrfht i&uhtr`s taf iluhtry

`h wa`ia taf ilgpbhy0s

ilrplrbtf afbcqubrtfrs `s

nlibtfc.

$. B a&st i&uhtr`s taf iluhtry `h

wa`ia taf pbrfht iluhtry

lrobh`$bt`lh sffds tl nlibtf 8lr

abs bnrfbcy nlibtfc) b jbi`n`ty.

4. B ta`r i&uhtr `s b iluhtry

ltafr tabh taf alst iluhtry lr

pbrfht iluhtry: bhc b ilgpbhy

gby lr gby hlt ab%f b jbi`n`ty

tafrf.

*xpbtr`btf `s taf tfrg ofhfrbnny usfc jlr

fgpnlyffs sfht my b ilgpbhy `h lhf iluhtry tl

gbhbof lpfrbt`lhs `h b c`jjfrfht iluhtry.

Saf `##frfht ibtf)&r`fs fgp"&ffs

&r f=pbtr`btfs;

2. +brfht(i&uhtr hbt`&hb"s

5+IHs7 4 fgpnlyffs wal wfrf

mlrh bhc n`%f `h taf pbrfht

iluhtry.

$. -&st(i&uhtr hbt`&hb"s

5-IHs74 talsf fgpnlyffs wal

wfrf mlrh bhc rb`sfc `h taf alst:

bs lpplsfc tl taf pbrfht:

iluhtry.

4. Sa`r(i&uhtr hbt`&hb"s

5SIHs7 4 fgpnlyffs mlrh `h b

iluhtry ltafr tabh taf pbrfht

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iluhtry bhc alst iluhtry mut

wal wlrd `h taf alst iluhtry.

NFZFNY LJ ONL9BN +B]S@I@+BS@LH

9f ljtfh afbr ilgpbh`fs rfjfrrfc tl bs

=gunt`hbt`lhbnsK lr =`htfrhbt`lhbnK. Elwf%fr: `t

`s `gplrtbht tl uhcfrstbhc taf c`jjfrfht nf%fns

lj pbrt`i`pbt`lh `h `htfrhbt`lhbn gbrdfts. a`s `s

fspfi`bnny `gplrtbht mfibusf bs b ilgpbhy

mfilgfs glrf `h%ln%fc `h `htfrhbt`lhbn trbcf:

c`jjfrfht typfs lj E#' prlmnfgs br`sf.

2. LGFYS@I

'lst ilgpbh`fs mfo`h my

lpfrbt`ho w`ta`h b clgfst`i

gbrdftpnbif. Bs taf prlcuit orlws `h

plpunbr`ty: taf lwhfr g`oat iallsf tl

mu`nc bcc`t`lhbn jbi`n`t`fs `h c`jjfrfht

pbrts lj taf iluhtry tl rfcuif taf ilsts

lj trbhsplrt`ho taf prlcuit l%fr nbrof

c`stbhifs. ,h cfi`c`ho wafrf tl nlibtf

tafsf jbi`n`t`fs: taf lwhfr gust ilhs`cfr

taf bttrbit %fhfss lj taf nlibn nbmlr

gbrdfts. Zbr`lus pbrts lj taf iluhtry

gby ab%f c`jjfrfht iunturfs tabt gbdf

talsf brfbs glrf lr nfss bttrbit`%f

biilrc`ho tl taf wlrd fta`is lj taf

pltfht`bn fgpnlyffs. Y`g`nbrny: taf

augbh ibp`tbn `h taf c`jjfrfht brfbs gby

%bry orfbtny mfibusf lj c`jjfrfhifs `h

fcuibt`lhbn systfgs.

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mbh mf suiifssjunny biqu`rfc bhc

gbhbofc.

Flw taf ilgpbhy jbifs bh

fht`rfny c`jjfrfht s`tubt`lh w`ta rfobrc

tl iunturf: augbh ibp`tbn: taf pln`t`ibn >

nfobn systfg: bhc taf filhlg`i systfg.

B iluhtry0s nfobn systfg gby bnsl

prfsfht E#' prlmnfgs.

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gbhujbitur`ho bhc bssfgmn`ho

butlglm nfs tl sfnn `h taf *urlpfbh

gbrdft.

af E#' prlmnfgs

gunt`hbt`lhbn ilgpbh`fs jbif brf s`g`nbr

tl talsf `htfrhbt lhbn ilgpbh`fs jbif:

lhny gboh`j`fc. ,hstfbc lj ab%`ho tl

ilhs`cfr lhny lhf lt twl iluhtr`fs0

iunturbn: augbh ibp`tbn: nfobn: bhc

filhlg`i systfgs: taf gunt`hbt`lhbn

ilgpbhy gust bccrfss tafsf c`jjfrfhifs

jlr b nbrof hugmfr lj iluhtr`fs. a`s

biifhtubtfs taf hffc tl sfnfit gbhbofrs

ibpbmnf lj juhit`lh`ho `h b %br`fty lj

sftt`hos: o`%f tafg hfifssbry trb`h`ho:

bhc prl%`cf jnfx`mnf ilgpfhsbt`lh

systfgs tabt tbdf `htl biiluht taf

c`jjfrfht gbrdft pby rbtfs: tbx systfgs:

bhc ilsts lj n`%`ho.

'unt`hbt`lhbn ilgpbh`fs hlw

fgpnly gbhy =`hpbtr`btfsK > gbhbofrs

jrlg c`jjfrfht iluhtr`fs wal mfilgf

pbrt lj taf ilrplrbtf afbcqubrtfrs stbjj.

a`s irfbtfs b hffc tl `htforbtf

gbhbofrs jrlg c`jjfrfht iunturfs `htl

taf iunturf lj taf pbrfht ilgpbhy. ,h

bcc`t`lh: gunt`hbt`lhbn ilgpbh`fs hlw

tbdf glrf fxpbtr btfs jrlg iluhtr fs

ltafr tabh taf pbrfht iluhtry bhc pnbif

tafg `h jbi`n`t`fs lj ltafr iluhtr`fs. . ONL9BN

'bhy rfsfbriafs hlw prlplsf b

jlurta nf%fn lj `htforbt`lhA onlmbn

lrobh`$bt`lhs. Jnlmbn lrobh`$bt`lhs

ilgpftf lh stbtf4lj4taf4brt: tlp4qubn`ty

prlcuits bhc sfr%`ifs bhc cl sl w`ta taf

nlwfst ilsts plss`mnf. 9afrfbs

gunt`hbt`lhbn ilgpbh`fs bttfgpt tl

cf%fnlp `cfht`ibn prlcuits c`str`mutfc

wlrncw`cf: onlmbn ilgpbh`fs

`hirfbs`hony fgpabs`$f jnfx`m`n`ty bhc

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gbss iustlg`$bt`lh lj prlcuits tl gfft

taf hffcs lj pbrt`iunbr in`fhts.

'unt`hbt`lhbn ilgpbh`fs brf usubnny

cr`%fh tl nlibtf jbi`n`t`fs `h b iluhtry bs

b gfbhs lj rfbia`ho tabt iluhtry0s

gbrdft lr nlwfr`ho prlcuit lh ilsts:

bhc taf ilgpbhy gust cfbn w`ta taf

c`jjfrfhif birlss taf iluhtr`fs. Jnlmbn

j rgs: lh taf ltafr abhc: iallsf tl

nlibtf b jbi`n`ty mbsfc lh taf bm`n`ty tl

fjjfit %fny: fjj`i`fhtny: bhc jnfx`mny

prlcuif b prlcuit lr sfr%`if bhc

bttfgpt tl irfbtf syhfroy tarluoa taf

iunturbn c`jjfrfhifs.

a`s irfbtfs taf hffc jlr E#'

systfgs tabt fhilurbofs jnfx`mnf

prlcuit`lh 8taus prfsfht`ho b alst lj

E#' `ssufs). afsf ilgpbh`fs

prlbit`%fny ilhs`cfr taf iunturfs: augbh

ibp`tbn: pln`t`ibn4nfobn systfg: bhc

filhlg`i systfg tl cftfrg`hf wafrf

prlcuit`lh jbi`n`t`fs ibh mf nlibtfc tl

prl%`cf b ilgpft`t`%f bc%bhtbof. Jnlmbn

ilgpbh`fs ab%f gunt`pnf afbcqubrtfrs

sprfbc birlss taf onlmf: rfsunt`ho `h nfss

a`frbria`ibnny struiturfc lrobh`$bt`lhs

tabt fgpabs`$fs cfifhtrbn`$fc cfi`s`lh

gbd`ho. a`s rfsunts `h taf hffc jlr

augbh rfslurif systfgs tabt rfiru t:

cf%fnlp: rftb`h: bhc usf gbhbofrs bhc

fxfiut`%fs wal brf ilgpftfht

trbhshbt`lhbnny.

B trbhshbt`&hb" -]G sstfg `s

iabrbitfr`*f ' tarff bttr`'utfs;

2. Srbhshbt`&hb" Yi&pf 4 taf jbit

tabt E#' cfi`s`lhs gust gbcf

jrlg b onlmbn rbtafr tabh b

hbt`lhbn lr rfo`lhbn prlspfit`%f.

a`s irfbtfs taf hffc tl gbdf

cfi`s`lhs tabt mbnbhif taf hffc

jlr uh`jlrg`ty 8tl fhsurf jb`r

trfbtgfht lj bnn fgpnlyffs) w`ta

bnn taf hffc jlr jnfx`m`n`ty 8tl

gfft taf hffcs lj fgpnlyffs `h

c`jjfrfht iluhtr`fs).

$. Srbhshbt`&hb" ]fprfsfhtbt`&h

4 rfjnfits taf gunt`hbt`lhbn

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ilgpls`t lh lj b ilgpbhy0s

gbhbofrs. Jnlmbn pbrt`i`pbt`lh

clfs hlt hfifssbr`ny fhsurf tabt

fbia iluhtry `s prl%`c`ho

gbhbofrs tl taf ilgpbhy0s rbhd.

a`s `s b prfrfqu s tf `j taf

ilgpbhy `s tl bia`f%f taf hfxt

bttr`mutf.

4. Srbhshbt`&hb" +r&ifss 4 taf

fxtfht tl wa`ia taf ilgpbhy0s

pnbhh`ho bhc cfi`s`lh4gbd`ho

prlifssfs `hinucf rfprfsfhtbt`%fs

bhc `cfbs jrlg b %br`fty lj

iunturfs. a`s bttr`mutf bnnlws

jlr c`%frsf %`fwpl`hts bhc

dhlwnfcof bssli`btfc w ta

c`jjfrfht iunturfs: `hirfbs`hony

taf qubn`ty lj cfi`s`lh gbd`ho.

afsf tarff iabrbitfr st is brf

hfifssbry jlr onlmbn ilgpbh`fs tl

bia`f%f iunturbn syhfroy. #btafr

tabh s`gpny `htforbt`ho jlrf`ohfrs

`htl taf clgfst i lrobh`$bt`lhs: b

suiifssjun trbhshbt`lhbn ilgpbhy

hffcs gbhbofrs wal w nn trfbt

gbhbofrs jrlg ltafr iunturfs bs

fqubns. a`s syhfroy ibh mf

biilgpn`safc lhny my ilgm`h`ho

sfnfit`lh: trb`h`ho: bpprb`sbn: bhc

ilgpfhsbt`lh systfg `h suia b wby

tabt gbhbofrs ab%f b trbhshbt`lhbn

rbtafr tabh b pbrlia`bn lr`fhtbt`lh.

Elwf%fr: b sur%fy lj +M ilgpbh`fs

`h taf (h`tfc Ytbtfs bhc 5bhbcb

jluhc tabt onlmbn ilgpbh`fs0 E#'

systfgs brf jbr pnbhh`ho systfgs

bhc lrobh`$bt`lhbn struiturfs.

,h ilhinus`lh: fhtry `htl

`htfrhbt`lhbn gbrdfts irfbtfs b alst

lj E#' `ssufs tabt gust mf

bccrfssfc `j b ilgpbhy `s tl ob`h

ilgpft`t`%f bc%bhtbof. @hif taf

ial`if abs mffh gbcf tl ilgpftf `h

b onlmbn brfhb: ilgpbh`fs gust sffd

tl gbhbof fgpnlyffs wal brf sfht

tl jlrf`oh iluhtr`fs 8fxpbtr`btfs bhc

ta`rc4iluhtry hbt`lhbns). a`s ibusfs

hffc tl sa`jt jrlg jlius`ho lhny lh

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taf iunturf: augbh ibp`tbn: pln`t`ibn4

nfobn: bhc filhlg`i `hjnufhifs lj

taf alst iluhtry tl fxbg`h`ho wbys

tl gbhbof fxpbtr btf gbhbofrs wal

gust mf nlibtfc tafrf. Yfnfit`lh

systfgs gust mf cf%fnlpfc tabt

bnnlw taf ilgpbhy tl `cfht`jy taf

`gplrtbht bspfits lj taf hfw iunturf

`h wa`ia tafy w`nn n`%f bs wfnn bs taf

rfnf%bht nfobn4pln`t`ibn bhc

filhlg`i systfg.

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suiifssjun pfrjlrgbhif `h tafsf

bss`ohgfhts.

B suiifssjun fxpbtr`btf gbhbofr

gust mf sfhs`t %f tl taf iluhtry0s

iunturbn hlrgs: jnfx`mnf fhluoa tl bcbpt

tl talsf hlrgs: bhc strlho fhluoa tl

gbdf `t tarluoa taf `hf%`tbmnf iunturf

salid. ,h bcc`t`lh: taf gbhbofr0s jbg`ny

gust mf s`g`nbrny ibpbmnf lj bcbpt`ho tl

b hfw iunturf.

BB+S@ZF Y@NNY6 S-]FF

@GFHY@LHY;

2. Saf Yf"#(`gfhs`&h ( taf sd`nns

tabt fhbmnf b gbhbofr tl

gb`htb`h b pls`t`%f sfnj4`gbof

bhc psyialnlo`ibn wfnn4mf`ho.

$. Saf ]f"bt`&hsa`p `gfhs`&h 4

taf sd`nns rfqu rfc tl jlstfr

rfnbt`lhsa`ps w ta taf alst4

iluhtry hbt`lhbns.

4. Saf +frifpt &h `gfhs`&h 4

talsf sd`nns tabt fhbmnf b

gbhbofr tl biiurbtfny pfrif`%f

bhc f%bnubtf taf alst

fh% rlhgfht. @hf stucy lj

`htfrhbt`lhbn bss`ohffs jluhc

tabt tafy ilhs`cfrfc taf

jlnnlw`ho j`%f jbitlrs tl mf

`gplrtbht `h cfsifhc`ho lrcfr lj

`gplrtbhifA jbg`ny s`tubt`lh:

jnfx`m`n`ty bhc bcbptbm`n`ty: klm

dhlwnfcof bhc glt %bt lh:

rfnbt`lhbn sd`nns: bhc fxtrb

iunturbn lpfhhfss.

af usf lj wlgfh `h fxpbtr`btf

bss`ohgfhts wlunc hlt mf suiifssjun

`h iluhtr`fs wafrf wlgfh ab%f hlt

trbc`t lhbnny mffh prlgltfc tl

gbhbofgfht pls`t`lhs suia bs `h

Ibpbh bhc ltafr Bs`bh iluhtr`fs.

Ylgf rfsfbria suoofsts tabt gbnf

bhc jfgbnf fxpbtr`btfs ibh pfrjlrg

fqubnny wfnn `h `htfrhbt`lhbn

bss`ohgfhts: rfobrcnfss lj taf

iluhtry0s iunturbn prfc`spls`t`lhs

tlwbrc wlgfh `h gbhbofgfht.

8/12/2019 2nd Term Management Reviewer (Chapter 7,8,9,10,11,12)

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Elwf%fr: jfgbnf fxpbtr btfs sfnj4

rbtf taf`r bckustgfhts nlwfr `h

iluhtr`fs tabt ab%f jfw wlgfh `h

taf wlrdjlrif. Bnsl rfsfbria abs

salwh tabt jfgbnf fxpbtr`btfs wfrf

pfrif`%fc bs mf`ho fjjfit`%f

rfobrcnfss lj taf iunturbn tluoahfss

lj taf alst iluhtry. Bhc taf jbit tabt

jfgbnf fxpbtr`btfs jffn glrf

strlhony tabh taf`r supfr%`slrs tabt

prfkuc`if clfs hlt n`g`t wlgfh0s

bm`n`ty tl mf suiifssjun.

$. S]B@H@HO BH FZFNL+GFHS

LJ F8+BS]@BSFY

@hif bh fxpbtr`btf gbhbofr abs

mffh sfnfitfc: `t `s hfifssbry tl prfpbrf

tabt gbhbofr jlr taf upilg`ho

bss`ohgfht. Ofibusf tafsf `hc`%`cubns

bnrfbcy ab%f klm4rfnbtfc sd nns: slgf

j`rgs ab%f jliusfc cf%fnlpgfht fjjlrts

lh irlss4iunturbn trb`h`ho. B rf%`fw lj

taf irlss4iunturbn trb`h`ho n tfrbturf

jluhc supplrt jlr taf mfn`fj tabt irlss4

iunturbn trb`h`ho abs bh `gpbit lh

fjjfit`%fhfss. Elwf%fr: `h sp`tf lj ta`s:

irlss4iunturbn trb`h`ho `s abrcny

uh`%frsbn. Biilrc`ho tl lhf "+

sur%fy: hfbrny MU lj taf rfsplhcfhts

ljjfrfc hl irlss4iunturbn prfpbrbt`lh tl

fxpbtr`btfs. 9abt fxbitny `s fgpabs`$fc

`h irlss4iunturbn trb`h`ho prlorbgs3

Elwf%fr: jlr hlw: `t `s `gplrtbht tl

dhlw tabt glst bttfgpt tl irfbtf bh

bpprfi`bt`lh lj taf alst iluhtry0s

iunturf sl tabt fxpbtr btfs ibh mfab%f

bpprlpr`btfny.

BY+FISY LJ IVNSV]BN

YFHY@S@Z@S,;

2. F=pbtr`btfs gust 'f i"fbr

b'&ut taf`r &/h iu"turb"

'bi0)r&uhA pbrt`iu"br" bs `t

`s pfrif`!f ' taf a&st

hbt`&hb"s.9`ta bh biiurbtf taf

iunturbn sfnj4bwbrfhfss:

gbhbofrs ibh glc`jy taf r

mfab%`lr tl biifhtubtf taf

fjjfit %f iabrbitfr`st`is wa nf

8/12/2019 2nd Term Management Reviewer (Chapter 7,8,9,10,11,12)

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g`h`g`$`ho talsf tabt brf

cysjuhit`lhbn.

$. F=pbtr`btfs gust uhfrstbh

taf pbrt`iu"br bspfits

iu"turf `h taf hf/ /&r0

fh!`r&hgfht. Bntaluoa iunturf

`s bh fnus`%f: bnglst `h%`s`mnf

pafhlgfhlh: bstutf fxpbtr`btf

gbhbofrs gust pfrif`%f taf

iunturf bhc bcbpt taf`r mfab%`lr

tl `t. a`s fhtb`ns `cfht jy`ho taf

typfs lj mfab%`lrs bhc

`htfrpfrslhbn stynfs tabt brf

ilhs`cfrfc biifptbmnf `h mlta

mus`hfss gfft`hos bhc sli`bn

obtafr`hos.

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*xpbtr`btf gbhbofrs gust mf trb`hfc tl

ilgguh`ibtf w`ta birlss nbhoubof mbrr`frs.

S`ps #&r I&gguh`ibt`h) bir&ss "bh)ub)f

'brr`frs;

Zfr'b" 'fab!`&r

Infbr snlw s!ffia. *huhi`btf

fbia wlrc. Cl hlt usf ilnnlqu`bn

fxprfss`lhs.

"f!ft`t`lh. #fpfbt fbia

`gplrtbht `cfb us`ho wlrcs tl

fxpnb`h taf sbgf ilhifpt.

Y`g!nf sfhtfhifs. B%l`c

ilgpluhc nlho sfhtfhifs

#it`vf vfrms. B%l`c pbss %f

%frms.

H&h!fr'b" 'fab!`&r

$`subn rfstbtfgfhts. (sf bs

gbhy %`subn rfstbtfgfhts bs

plss`mnf: suia bs p`iturfs:

orbpas: tbmnfs: bhc sn`cfs.

%fsturfs. (sf glrf jbi`bn bhc

abhc ofsturfs tl fgpabs`$f taf

gfbh`ho lj wlrcs.

&fglhstrbt`lh. Bit lur bs gbhy

tafgfs bs plss`mnf

'busfs.?busf glrf jrfqufhtny

Yuggbr`fs. Ebhc lur wr`ttfh

suggbr`fs lj ylur %frmbn

prfsfhtbt`lh

Bttr`'ut`&h

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wb`t. Cl hlt kugp `h tl j`nn taf

s nfhif. af ltafr pfrslh `s

prlmbmny kust ta`hd`ho glrf

snlwny `h taf hlhhbt`%f nbhoubof

lr trbhsnbt`ho.

htfnn`ofhif.Cl hlt fqubtf pllr

orbggbr bhc g`sprlhuhi`bt`lh

w`ta nbid lj `htfnn`ofhifN `t `s

usubnny b s`oh lj sfilhc4

nbhoubof usf.

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&`jjfrfhifs. ,j uhsurf: bssugf

c`jjfrfhif: hlt s`g`nbrny.

I&gprfafhs`&h

hcfrstbhc`ho. Cl hlt kust

bssugf tabt tafy uhcfrstbhcN

bssugf tabt tafy cl hlt

uhcfrstbhc.

Iafid`ho ilg!rfafhs`lh. Eb%f

ilnnfboufs rfpfbt taf`r

uhcfrstbhc`ho lj taf gbtfr`bn

mbid tl ylu. C@ hlt s`gpny bsd

waftafr tafy uhcfrstbhc lj hlr.

ft tafg fxpnb`h wabt tafy

uhcfrstbhc tl ylu.

fs`)h

*rfbds. bdf glrf jrfqufht

mrfbds. Yfilhc4nbhoubof

ilgprfafhs`lh `s fxabust`ho.

Ygbnn glcunfs. C`%`cf taf

gbtfr`bn `htl sgbnnfr glcunfs.

+lhofr t`gf jrbgf. Bnnlibtf

glrf t`gf jlr fbia glcunf tabh

usubn `h b glhln`houbn prlorbg.

G&t`!bt`&h

,hilurbofgfht. Zfrmbnny bhc

hlh%frmbnny fhilurbof bhc

rf`hjlrif spfbd`ho my hlhhbt`%f

nbhoubof pbrt`i`pbhts.

&rbw`ho lut. *xpn`i`tny crbw

lut gbro`hbn bhc pbss`%f

pbrt`i`pbhts.

"f`hjlrifgfht. Cl hlt

fgmbrrbss hl%`if spfbdfrs

.

4. ILG+FHYBS@LH LJ

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bspfits lj gbhbo`ho fxpbtr btfs `s

cftfrg`h`ho taf ilgpfhsbt`lh pbidbof.

'lst usf b mbnbhif safft bpprlbia tl

cftfrg`hf taf tltbn pbidbof nf%fn. a`s

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bpprlbia fhtb`ns cf%fnlp`ho b tltbn

ilgpfhsbt`lh pbidbof tabt fqubn`$fs taf

puriabs`ho plwfr lj taf fxpbtr`btf

gbhbofr w`ta tabt lj fgpnlyffs `h

s`g`nbr pls`t`lhs `h taf algf iluhtry

bhc prl%`cf `hifht`%fs tl ljjsft taf

`hilh%fh`fhifs `hiurrfc `h taf nlibt`lh.

?uriabs ho plwfr `hinucfs lj bnn taf

fxpfhsfs bssli`btfc w`ta taf fxpbtr`btf

bss`ohgfht. *xpfhsfs `hinucf ollcs

bhc sfr%`ifs 8jllc: pfrslhbn ibrf:

inlta`ho: rfirfbt`lh: bhc trbhsplrtbt`lh):

alus`ho 8 jlr b pr`hi`pbn rfs`cfhif ):

`hilgf tbxfs8 pb`c tl jfcfrbn bhc nlibn

ol%frhgfhts) :rfsfr%f 8 sb%`hos:

pbygfhts jlr mfhfj`ts: pfhs`lh

ilhtr`mut`lh): bhc sa`pgfht bhc stlrbof

8ilsts bssli`btfc w`ta gl%`ho bhclr

stlr`ho pfrslhbn mfnlho`hos ).

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". 9bsf Yb"br. Cftfrg`h`ho taf

mbsf sbnbry `s hlt s`gpnf gbttfr:

alwf%fr: jnuitubt`ho fxiabhof

rbtfs mftwffh iluhtr fs gby

gbdf bh ljjfrfc sbnbry b rb`sf

slgf lj taf t`gf: b pby iut bt

ltafr t`gfs. ,h bcc`t`lh: taf mbsf

sbnbry gby mf usfc lh

ilgpbrbmnf pby `h taf pbrfht

iluhtry: lr `t gby mf mbsfc lh

taf prf%b`n ho gbrdft rbtfs jlr

taf klm `h taf alst iluhtry.

*xpbtr`btfs brf ljtfh ljjfrfc b

sbnbry prfg`ug mfylhc tabt lj

taf`r prfsfht sbnbry bs bh

`hcuifgfht tl biifpt taf

fxpbtr`btf bss`ohgfht.

&. Sb= FEub"`*bt`&h B""&/bhif.

afy brf hfifssbry mfibusf lj

iluhtr`fs c`jjfrfht tbxbt`lh

systfg `h a`oa4tbx iluhtr`fs0.

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tbx fqubn`$bt`lh pnbhs: taf

ilgpbhy w`taalncs taf bgluht

lj tbxfs tl mf pb`c `h taf algf:

tafh pbys bnn lj taf tbxfs `h taf

alst iluhtry.

!. 9fhf#`ts. ,t prfsfhts bcc t`lhbn

ilgpfhsbt`lh prlmnfgs. 'lst lj

taf prlmnfgs ab%f tl cl w`ta taf

trbhsplrtbm`n`ty lj taf mfhfj ts.

8/12/2019 2nd Term Management Reviewer (Chapter 7,8,9,10,11,12)

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ia`ncrfh `h pr`%btf *hon sa4

spfbd`ho siallns. #fnlibt lh

bnnlwbhifs il%frfc bnn taf

fxpfhsfs lj gbd`ho taf bitubn

gl%f tl b hfw iluhtry:

`hinuc`ho trbhsplrtbt`lh tl bhc

jrlg taf hfw nlibt`lh:

tfgplrbry n`%`ho fxpfhsfs: bhc

sa`pp`ho bhclr stlrbof lj

pfrslhbn plssfss`lhs.

>. ]FBIIVNSV]BS@LH LJ

F8+BS]@BSFY

B j`hbn `ssuf lj `gplrtbhif tl

gbhbo`ho fxpbtr`btfs `s cfbn`ho w`ta taf

rfbiiunturbt`lh prlifss wafh taf

gbhbofrs rffhtfr taf`r algf iluhtry.

#ffhtry `s hl s`gpnf jfbt. 5unturf salid

tbdfs pnbif `h rf%frsf. af `hc`%`cubn

abs iabhofc: taf ilgpbhy abs iabhofc:

bhc taf iunturf abs iabhofc wa`nf taf

fxpbtr`btf wbs l%frsffs. Biilrc`ho tl

lhf slurif: -MU tl /MU lj fxpbtr`btfs

c`c hlt dhlw wabt taf`r pls`t`lh wlunc

mf uplh taf`r rfturh: bhc -U fhcfc up

w`ta klms tabt ob%f tafg rfcuif

butlhlgy bhc butalr`ty. wfhty4pfrifht

lj wlrdfrs wbht tl nfb%f taf ilgpbhy

wafh tafy rfturh jrlg bh l%frsfbs

bss`ohgfht: bhc ta`s prfsfhts pltfht`bnny

sfr`lus glrbnf bhc prlcuit`%`ty

prlmnfgs. ,h jbit: taf glst rfifht

fst`gbtfs brf tabt &+U lj fxpbtr`btf

nfb%f taf ilgpbhy w`ta`h lhf yfbr lj

rfturh`ho jrlg taf`r fxpbtr`btfs

bss`ohgfhts. ,j ta`s rfpbtr`btfs nfb%f: taf

ilgpbhy abs %`rtubnny hl wby tl rfilup

`ts sumstbht`bn `h%fstgfht `h augbh

ibp`tbn.

5lgpbh`fs brf `hirfbs`hony

gbd`ho fjjlrts tl afnp fxpbtr btfs

tarluoa rfbiiunturbt`lh.

wl iabrbitfr`st`is afnp `h ta`s

trbhs`t`lh prlifssA

b. ILGGVH@IBS@LH.,t

rfjfrs tl taf fxtfht tl

wa`ia taf fxpbtr`btf

rfif`%fs `hjlrgbt`lh bhc

8/12/2019 2nd Term Management Reviewer (Chapter 7,8,9,10,11,12)

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rfiloh`$fs iabhofs wa`nf

bmrlbc. af inlsfr taf

ilhtbit w ta taf algf

lrobh`$bt`lh wa`nf

bmrlbc: taf glrf

prlbit`%f: fjjfit`%f: bhc

sbt`sj`fc taf fxpbtr`btf

w`nn mf uplh rffhtry.

'. ZBN@BS@LH. ,t rfjfrs

tl taf bgluht lj

rfiloh t`lh rfif`%fc my

taf fxpbtr`btf uplh

rfturh algf. *xpbtr`btfs

wal rfif`%f rfiloh t`lh

jrlg taf`r pffrs bhc taf`r

mlssfs jlr taf`r jlrf`oh

wlrd bhc taf r juturf

pltfht`bn ilhtr`mut`lh tl

taf ilgpbhy ab%f jfwfr

trlumnfs w ta rffhtry

ilgpbrfc w ta talsf

wal brf trfbtfc bs `j tafy

`h%fstgfht tabt j rgs

gbdf `h fxpbtr`btf

fgpnlyffs: usubnny

b`gfc bt prl%`c`ho

onlmbn fxpfr`fhif tabt

w`nn afnp taf ilgpbhy:

j rgs ifrtb`hny cl hlt

wbht tl nlsf fxpbtr`btfs

bofr taf`r bss`ohgfhts

ab%f ilhinucfc.