biological molecules and foodclilinactionrepository.eniscuola.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/...Which types of organic molecules can you find in food? ... What could it happen if glucose

chemistry course exercises

Vittoria International School – Torino

biological molecules and food

the chemistry of macromolecules

in accordo con il Ministero dell’Istruzione, Università, Ricerca

e sulla base delle Politiche Linguistiche della Commissione Europea

percorso formativo a carattere

tematico-linguistico-didattico-metodologico scuola secondaria di secondo grado

professor

Elena Tibaldi

2

biological molecules and food exercises

Indice Modulo

Strategies - Before • Prerequisites

• Linking to Previous Knowledge and Predicting con questionari basati su stimoli

relativi alle conoscenze pregresse e alle ipotesi riguardanti i contenuti da affrontare

• Glossary Italian/English

Strategies – During

• Video

• Keywords riferite al video attraverso esercitazioni mirate • Conceptual Map

Strategies - After

• Esercizi:

� Multiple Choice � Matching

� True or False

� Cloze o Completion � Flow Chart

� Think and Discuss

• Summary per abstract e/o esercizi orali o scritti basati su un questionario e per esercizi quali traduzione e/o dettato

• Web References di approfondimento come input interattivi per test orali e scritti e per esercitazioni basate sul Problem Solving

Answer Sheet

3


1

Strategies Before Prerequisites

Biological molecules

Organic chemistry

• chemistry of carbon (organicchemistry)• types of functional groups• chemical bonds• reaction of condensation and hydrolysis

Biology

• characteristics of living organisms• concepts of energy, metabolismand nutrition• atoms and molecules in livingorganisms• properties of organic compounds

the prerequisites are the prerequisites are

Biological molecules

Organic chemistry

• chemistry of carbon (organicchemistry)• types of functional groups• chemical bonds• reaction of condensation and hydrolysis

Biology

• characteristics of living organisms• concepts of energy, metabolismand nutrition• atoms and molecules in livingorganisms• properties of organic compounds

the prerequisites are the prerequisites are

4


2

Strategies Before Linking to Previous Knowledge and Predicting

1. What are nutrition facts?

2. Which types of organic molecules can you find in food?

3. Which is the most important molecule for energy production?

4. Which type of reaction is used by plants to produce glucose?

5. Which type of reaction is used by cells to produce energy?

6. Which type of organelle is highly abundant in muscle cells and why?

7. What could it happen if glucose were present at high level in bloodstream?

8. Which types of lipids do you know?

9. Which are the main functions of lipids?

10. What do olive oil and butter have in common?

11. Why birds do not become wet when it’s raining?

12. What is the hive made of?

13. What could it happen if cholesterol were present at high level in bloodstream?

14. Which type of food does contain proteins?

15. Which types of vitamin do you know?

16. Which is the most important meal of the day?

5


3

Strategies Before Glossary Italian / English

Acido grasso Fatty acid

Amido Starch

Arterosclerosi (aterosclerosi) Atherosclerosis

Carboidrato Carbohydrate

Cellulosa Cellulose

Cera Wax

Colazione Breakfast

Colesterolo Cholesterol

Diabete Diabetes

Disaccaride Disaccharide

Doppio strato lipidico Lipid bilayer

Fegato Liver

Fotosintesi Photosynthesis

Fruttosio Fructose

Galattosio Galactose

Calcoli (nella cistifellea) Gallstone (in gallbladder)

Glicerolo Glycerol

Glicogeno Glycogen

Glucosio Glucose

Idrofilico (es. testa idrofilica) Hydrophilic (ie hydrophilic head)

Idrofobico (es. coda idrofobica) Hydrophobic (ie hydrophobic tail)

Lattosio Lactose

Lipide Lipid

Maltosio Maltose

Membrana cellulare Cell membrane

Mitocondrio Mitochondrion

Monosaccaride Monosaccharide

Fosfolipide Phospholipid

Polisaccaride Polysaccharide

Proteina Protein

Respirazione cellulare Cell respiration

Saccarosio Sucrose

Steroide Steroid

Trigliceride Triglyceride

Valore nutrizionale Nutrition fact

Vitamina Vitamin

6


4

Strategies During Keywords

1) Circle which of the following molecules are carbohydrates:

fructose – cellulose – triglyceride – ascorbic acid – vitamin A – glycogen –

starch – phospholipid - glucose – cholesterol- steroid – lactose – insulin

2) Circle which of the following functions are not associated to lipids:

cell respiration – thermal insulation – membrane structure – photosynthesis –

energy storage – hormone precursor – enzymatic activity – immune defense – impermeabilization – muscle contraction

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5

Strategies During Conceptual Map

Complete the conceptual map using the following words:

lipids

vitamins disaccharidesglucose Immune defense

aminoacids sucrose impermeabilization

waxes

mitochondrialipids

vitamins disaccharidesglucose Immune defense

aminoacids sucrose impermeabilization

waxes

mitochondria

Macromolecules

carbohydrates

proteins

divided inmonosaccharides

polysaccharides

formed by

involved in

Membrane transport

Musclecontraction

formed by

involved in

Energystorage

such as

lactose

involved in Membrane structure

Thermalinsulation

Energystorage

such as

triglycerides

phospholipids

Energyproduction

in

Macromolecules

carbohydrates

proteins


polysaccharides

formed by

involved in

Membrane transport

Musclecontraction

formed by

involved in

Energystorage

such as

lactose

involved in Membrane structure

Thermalinsulation

Energystorage

such as

triglycerides

phospholipids

Energyproduction

in

8


6

Strategies After Multiple Choice

1) Plants produce __________ through photosynthesis.

a. CO2 and water b. water and oxygen

c. glucose and CO2 d. glucose and oxygen

2) In the cells energy is produced by a chemical process called ___________ a. photosynthesis b. cell respiration c. protein synthesis d. nutrition

3) ___________ is a polysaccharide.

a. glucose b. lactose c. starch d. sucrose

4) Diabetes is caused by high level of ________________ in the blood stream. a. sucrose b. glucose c. starch d. cholesterol

5) _________________ are examples of triglycerides

a. olive oil and butter b. waxes and steroids c. cholesterol and phospholipids d. monosaccharides and amino acids

6) Atherosclerosis is caused by high level of ________________ in the blood stream. a. sucrose b. glucose c. starch d. cholesterol

7) Waxes are examples of ____________

a. carbohydrates b. lipids c. proteins d. vitamins

9


8) Phospholipids are the main components of _______________

a. cell wall b. olive oil c. cell membrane d. proteins

9) Proteins are chains of ___________ a. monosaccharides

b. fatty acids c. amino acids d. vitamins

10) __________ is considered the most important meal of the day.

a. breakfast b. lunch c. brunch d. dinner

10


7

Strategies After Matching

Match the words on the left with the correct definition on the right:

1) photosynthesis A) process by which an organism produces energy

2) carbohydrates B) type of disaccharide

3) mitochondrion C) type of lipid

4) cell respiration D) polysaccharide made in plants 5) protein E) process in which a green plant makes glucose

6) cellulose F) special organelle in which energy is produced

7) sucrose G) disease caused by high level of cholesterol in blood

8) cholesterol H) sugar made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

9) diabetes I) chain of amino acids 10) atherosclerosis L) disease caused by high level of glucose in blood

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8

Strategies After True / False

State if the sentences are true or false. 1) Sucrose is a polysaccharide.

2) Starch is present in cereals and potatoes.

3) Cell membrane is mainly composed by phospholipids.

4) Olive oil is an example of protein.

5) Waxes are present on feathers and leaves and provide impermeabilization.

6) Excess cholesterol in blood causes diabetes.

7) Lipids are soluble in water.

8) Triglycerides are made of glycerol and fatty acids.

9) Meat, fish and milk are rich in proteins.

10) Dinner is the most important meal of the day.

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9

Strategies After Cloze

Complete the text.

Carbohydrates are the most important molecules for … [1] production. Plants are able

to produce glucose through … [2]: they uses carbon dioxide (CO2), … [3] and solar

energy to get glucose and … [4]. Energy is produced in the cells through a process

called cell … [5]: muscle cells are plenty of … [6] because they need a lot of energy.

Carbohydrates are divided into monosaccharides, disaccharides and … [7]. Lipids are

made of carbon and hydrogen and are … [8] in water. They provide … [9] insulation

and impermeabilization. Triglycerides are called oils if … [10] at room temperature

and … [11] if solid at room temperature. … [12] are the main components of cell

membranes. Bees use … [13] to build the hive. Cholesterol is produced by … [14]; if

accumulated in the bloodstream causes … [15]. Proteins are chains of … [16]

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10

Strategies After Flow Chart

Complete the flow chart representing the reaction occurring during cell respiration. You can use the terms listed below.

start+ + +

end

CO2 glucoseATP H2OO2

start+ + +

end

CO2 glucoseATP H2OO2

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11

Strategies After Think and Discuss

The following activity can be performed in a written or oral form. The teacher will

choose the modality, depending on the ability (writing or speaking) that needs to be developed.

The contexts in which the task will be presented to the students are: A) The student is writing an article about macromolecules and food. B) The student is preparing for an interview on a local TV about macromolecules and

food

The student should:

1) Choose one of the following topics: • Describe and compare the metabolism in plant and animal cells. • Atherosclerosis represents one of the main causes of heart attack. It is caused

by high levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream. In your opinion, which type food you should reduce in your diet to limit the risk of atherosclerosis and heart

attack? • Diabetes is caused by high levels of glucose in the bloodstream. In your

opinion, which type of food must be reduced in the diet a diabetic patient?

2) Prepare the article or the debate, outlining the main points of the argument, on

the basis of what has been studied. 3) If the written activity is the modality chosen by the teacher, the student should

provide a written article, indicating the target of readers to whom the article is addressed and the type of magazine / newspaper / school magazine where the

article would be published. 4) If the oral activity is the modality chosen by the teacher, the student should

present his point of view on the topics to the whole class and a debate could start at the end of his presentation.

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12

Strategies After Summary

Carbohydrates are the most important molecules for production of energy. Plants are

able to produce glucose through photosynthesis by using carbon dioxide (CO2), water

and solar energy to get glucose and oxygen. Animals need to eat to get glucose from

the food. Energy is produced in the cells through a process called cell respiration that

occurs in cytoplasm and in mitochondria; muscle cells are plenty of mitochondria

because they need a lot of energy. Carbohydrates are divided into monosaccharides

such as glucose, galactose and fructose, disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose and

maltose and polysaccharides, such as starch, glycogen and cellulose. High levels of

glucose in the bloodstream can cause diabetes. Lipids are organic molecules made of

carbon and hydrogen and are insoluble in water. They are involved in energy storage,

thermal insulation and impermeabilization; they also represent vitamin D precursor as

well as hormone precursors. Triglycerides are made of a molecule of glycerol and

three molecules of fatty acids and can be liquid at room temperature, such as olive oil,

or solid at room temperature, such as butter. Phospholipids are the main components

of cell membranes and they are formed by a molecule of glycerol, two molecules of

fatty acids and a phosphate group. Waxes are involved in thermal insulation and

impermeabilization and are present on feathers, leaves and fruits; bees use waxes to

build their hive. Cholesterol is present in animal cell membranes and is produced by

liver; if accumulated in the bloodstream, it may causes atherosclerosis. Proteins are

chains of amino acids and are present in meat, fish, milk and derivatives as well as in

eggs and cereals. They are involved in membrane transport, immune defense and

muscle contraction; they may have enzymatic, receptorial and regulatory activities.

There are different types of vitamins, such as Vitamin A, B, C, D and they are present

in vegetable, fruits, fish and cereals. Breakfast is a very important meal and therefore

should be abundant, but easy to digest; cereals, rusk, milk and fruit should be

preferable to croissants, cakes and butter!

16


1) Answer to the following questions. The questions could be answered in a

written or oral form, depending on the teacher’s objectives.

a) Which are the most important molecules for energy production?

b) Which type of organelle should be abundant in the cells in cell that require a lot

of energy?

c) Which type of polysaccharides are present in plant cells?

d) Which are the main functions of lipids?

e) What is atherosclerosis?

f) Which are the main functions of proteins?

g) How should be a correct breakfast?

2) Write a short abstract of the summary (max 150 words) highlighting the

main points of the video.

17


Web References Biological molecules

The BBC school website provides an overview on macromolecules and food with a biology section “understanding ourselves” on fitness and respiration, diet and digestion, and a section on “understanding the environment” on photosynthesis and

respiration. In this website, you can find revision texts and other online exercises. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/ocr_gateway/

JMol software allows the 3D views of all the biological molecules. You can rotate them, label carbon atoms, zoom in to get further details on the tridimensional structure of

carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. http://www.biotopics.co.uk/JmolApplet/jcontentstable.html

You can find a large collection of images and video on cell and molecular biology. In particular, click on “Library of 3-D Molecular Structures” (MathMol Library, NYU Scientific Visualization Center) to get images and structures of biological molecules. http://www.cellbio.com/images.html

Text and videos on biological molecules. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/101396/cell/37355/The-structure-of-biological-molecules

This pdf file provides some simple ideas on identification of biological molecules such

as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in food. http://biologyportal.serveftp.org/bio/ws/1ccbm/ibm.pdf

Another document on the identification of biological molecules http://academic.keystone.edu/jskinner/Identification%20of%20Biological%20Molecul

es.doc

Cell respiration

Schematic overviews and texts on the most important biological topics related on metabolism can be found on “The biology place” website by Pearson: overview on

respiration, glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, fermentation, glucose and energy. http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/intro.html

Overview on cellular respiration and mitochondria as part of Kimball's Biology Pages.

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CellularRespiration.html

Overview on cellular respiration. http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101

%20lectures/cellular%20respiration/cellular.htm

Website by Biology online: several contents on biology. http://www.biology-online.org/1/3_respiration.htm

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This website provides many videos on the biology of the cells: video on cell division,

cell respiration, DNA and RNA, ecology, evolution, genetics and genome are available. Check the video “Glycolysis and cellular respiration” and “From food to ATP”: it’s

simple and fun way to learn about cell metabolism. http://www.copernicusproject.ucr.edu/ssi/HSBiologyResources.htm

Introduction to cellular respiration, glycolysis, the Kreb's Cycle, and the electron

transport chain by Khan Academy. http://www.khanacademy.org/video/introduction-to-cellular-

respiration?playlist=Biology Video on cell respiration.

http://thesaurus.com/opt/Cellular-Respiration-Video

Sing a song on cell respiration! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aZrkdzrd04

One more video on cell respiration. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXmw3fR8fh0

Photosynthesis Schematic overviews and texts on the most important biological topics related on

plant science can be found on “The biology place” website by Pearson: overview on photosynthesis, structure of a leaf, structure of a mesophill cell, chloroplast structure,

chlorophill, light reactions and Calvin cycle. http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/photosynth/intro.html

Video on plant photosynthesis. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hj_WKgnL6MI

Overview on photosynthesis. http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio104/photosyn.htm

Interactive website on photosynthesis and plant science.

http://www.mcwdn.org/Plants/Photosynthsis.html Interactive site on photosynthesis.

http://www.biotopics.co.uk/plants/photsy.html

Nutrition

Website on government information about food and human nutrition by USDA. http://www.nutrition.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=11&tax_level=1

Useful website on common food allergies (peanuts, eggs, shellfish) and food intolerances (lactose, gluten).

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodallergy.html

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BBC website explains what are food intolerances, what causes them, what are the

symptoms, how they are diagnosed and what are the treatments. http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/conditions/foodintolerance1.shtml

BBC site explains what are food allergies and food intolerance, how to get a gluten free diet or a dairy free diet.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/physical_health/conditions/in_depth/allergies/allergicconditions_food.shtml

Website on food intolerance, food sensitivity and allergy resources. Details on wheat intolerance, celiac disease, fructose sensitivity, yeast sensitivity.

http://www.foodintol.com/

More on food allergies. http://www.foodallergy.org/

Website on food pyramid. http://www.lifeclinic.com/focus/nutrition/food-pyramid.asp

Website for teens and kids on nutrition and health.

http://kidshealth.org/teen/index.jsp?tracking=T_Home

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13

Activities based on Problem Solving

The following activities can be performed at school, if a computer room is

available, or at home. Students are invited to use the web references listed above.

1) Individual activity.

Choose to impersonate one of the following characters and write your report.

a) You are a dietist writing an article titled: “What you should eat to get a balanced diet and be healthy”.

b) You are a scientist working for a food company. Write an article on the most common food tests used to see which different food groups are present in our

food.

c) You are a doctor writing an article on the most common food allergies and food

intolerances.

2) Small group activity.

Choose one of the following topics related to food, nutrition and health, use the web references listed above, prepare a Power Point presentation and

present it to your classmates.

a) Choose one of the macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and

vitamins and find out information on the type of foods where they are mostly present, which are the most common food allergies and intolerances related to

them, which are the diseases caused by excess levels of such molecules in the human body or by the lack of them.

b) Nutrition and sport are closely related. Choose your favourite sport and find information about the correct diet suitable for the athletes.

c) Recent data show that overweight and obesity are becoming a very serious

problem in our modern society. Find out information on this issue in different countries and how they deal with the problem.

3) Class project.

Elaborate a poster and a brochure indicating your advices for a healthy and balanced diet based on the food pyramid. You can pin up the poster in your school and distribute the brochures to your schoolmates and friends.

21


Answer Sheet

Keywords: 1) fructose, cellulose, glycogen, starch, glucose, lactose.

2) cell respiration, photosynthesis, enzymatic activity, immune defense, muscle contraction

Conceptual map:

Multiple Choice: 1d, 2b, 3c, 4b, 5a, 6d, 7b, 8c, 9c, 10a

Matching:

1E, 2H, 3F, 4A, 5I, 6D, 7B, 8C, 9L, 10G

True/False: 1 false, 2 true, 3 true, 4 false, 5 true, 6 false, 7 false, 8 true, 9 true, 10 false

Cloze:

[1] energy, [2] photosynthesis, [3] water, [4] oxygen, [5] respiration, [6] mitochondria, [7] polysaccharides, [8] insoluble, [9] thermal, [10] liquid, [11] fats, [12] phospholipids, [13] waxes, [14] liver, [15] atherosclerosis, [16] amino acids

Flow Chart:

Materiale sviluppato da eniscuola nell’ambito del protocollo d’intesa con il MIUR

Macromolecules

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

vitamins


disaccharides polysaccharides

formed by

glucose

involved in

Membrane transport

Immune defense

Muscle

contraction

formed by aminoacids

involved in

Energystorage

such as

lactose sucrose

involved in

impermeabilization

Membrane

structure

Thermalinsulation

Energy

storage

such as

triglycerides

phospholipids

waxesEnergy

production

in

mitochondria

Macromolecules

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

vitamins


disaccharides polysaccharides

formed by

glucose

involved in

Membrane transport

Immune defense

Muscle

contraction

formed by aminoacids

involved in

Energystorage

such as

lactose sucrose

involved in

impermeabilization

Membrane

structure

Thermalinsulation

Energy

storage

such as

triglycerides

phospholipids

waxesEnergy

production

in

mitochondria

start+ + +

endglucose O2 CO2 ATPH2Ostart+ + +

endglucose O2 CO2 ATPH2O

Documents

biological molecules and foodclilinactionrepository.eniscuola.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/...Which types of organic molecules can you find in food? ... What could it happen if glucose