Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for

Biology Eighth Edition

Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

AP Biology Curriculum 2012-2013

Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution. (1.A.4.)

Big Idea 1: Evolution

22.3, 25.2

Fig. 26-3

SPECIES:Pantherapardus

GENUS: Panthera

FAMILY: Felidae

ORDER: Carnivora

CLASS: Mammalia

PHYLUM: Chordata

KINGDOM: Animalia

ArchaeaDOMAIN: EukaryaBacteria

a. Scientific evidence of biological evolution uses information from geographical, geological, physical, chemical and mathematical applications.

b. Molecular, morphological and genetic information of existing and extinct organisms add to our understanding of evolution.

Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. (1.A.4)

Hierarchical classification: At each level of the Linnaean classification system, species are placed into groups belonging to more comprehensive groups.

Bristolia insolens

Bristolia bristolensis

Bristolia harringtoni

Bristolia mohavensis

Dep

th (m

eter

s)

0

2

4

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8

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18

1

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3

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441. Fossils can be dated by a variety of methods that provide evidence for evolution.

‣ These include the (1) age of the rocks where a fossil is found,

• Law of superposition, “relative” age of fossils

Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. (1.A.4)

Latham Shale dig site, San Bernardino county, Ca., was deposited between 513 and 512 million years ago.

Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. (1.A.4)

Fig. 25-5

Time (half-lives)

Accumulating “daughter” isotope

Remaining “parent” isotopeFr

actio

n of

par

ent

isot

ope

rem

aini

ng

1 2 3 4

1/2

1/41/8 1/16

• “Absolute” ages of fossils can be determined by radiometric dating.

• Geologist can apply an indirect method to infer the absolute age of fossils

‣ the (2) rate of decay of isotopes (radiometric dating) including: • carbon-14 with a half life of 5730 years• uranium-238 with a half life of 4.56 billion

Bozeman Biology: Radiocarbon Dating (10:00 min.)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2io5opwhQMQ&feature=plcp

Fig. 22-19

Hawks andother birds

Ostriches

Crocodiles

Lizardsand snakes

Amphibians

Mammals

Lungfishes

Tetrapod limbs

Amnion

Feathers

Homologouscharacteristic

Branch point(common ancestor)

TetrapodsA

mniotes

Birds6

5

4

3

2

1

‣ the (3) relationships within phylogenetic trees,

Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. (1.A.4)

Fig. 26-19 Divergence time (millions of years)

Num

ber o

f mut

atio

ns

120

90

90

60

60

30

300

0

‣ and the (4) mathematical calculations that take into account information from chemical properties and/or geographical data.- molecular clock - method compares the amount of genetic

difference between living organisms and computes an age based on well-tested rates of genetic mutation over time

Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. (1.A.4)

- biochronology - age estimate based on the fauna arrangement (younger to older), used when sites that cannot be readily dated, the animal species found there can be compared to well-dated species from other sites.

Fig. 22-17

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Carpals

Metacarpals

PhalangesHuman WhaleCat Bat

2. Morphological homologies represent features shared by common ancestry.

Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. (1.A.4)

Fig. 22-17

Mammalian forelimbs: homologous structures: Even though they have become adapted for different functions, the forelimbs of all mammals are constructed from the same basic skeletal elements: one large bone (purple), attached to two smaller bones (orange & tan), attached to several small bones (gold), attached to several metacarpals (green), attached to approximately five digits, or phalanges (blue).

Fig. 22-16

(a) Pakicetus (terrestrial)

(b) Rhodocetus (predominantly aquatic)

(c) Dorudon (fully aquatic)

Pelvis andhind limb

Pelvis andhind limb

(d) Balaena (recent whale ancestor)

Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. (1.A.4)

The transition to life in the sea.

- Vestigial structures are remnants of functional structures, which can be compared to fossils and provide evidence for evolution.

- Skeletons of some snakes retain vestiges of the pelvis and leg bones of walking ancestors

- Decreased size and loss of function in cetaceans’ hind limbs

Fig. 26-8

Deletion

Insertion

1

2

3

4

3. Biochemical and genetic similarities, in particular DNA nucleotide and protein sequences, provide evidence for evolution and ancestry.

- The same genetic code: DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis (molecular systematics)

Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics.

Aligning segments of DNA: Systematists use computer software to find and align similar sequences along DNA segments from two species.

Learn.Genetics Molecular Genealogyhttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/extras/molgen/index.html

Fig. 26-5

Sister taxa (groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor)

ANCESTRALLINEAGE

Taxon A

Polytomy (unresolved pattern of divergence)

Common ancestor of taxa A–F

Branch point(aka: node)

Taxon B

Taxon C

Taxon D

Taxon E

Taxon F

4. Mathematical models and simulations can be used to illustrate and support evolutionary concepts.

- Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data

Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. (1.A.4)

YouTube - Bozeman Biology: Evidence of Evolution (10:00 min.)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cC8k2Sb1oQ8&feature=plcp

YouTube - Bozeman Biology: Evidence for Evolution (13:00 min.)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ooGKYediys8&feature=plcp

Fig. 26-4

Species

Canislupus

Pantherapardus

Taxideataxus

Lutra lutra

Canislatrans

Order Family Genus

Carnivora

FelidaeM

ustelidaeC

anidae

Canis

LutraTaxidea

Panthera

1. The branch point that represents the most recent common ancestor of all members of the weasel (Mustelidae) and dog (Canidae) families?

2.The branch point that represents the most recent common ancestor of the coyotes and gray wolves?

2

1

1

2

Fig. 26-11

TAXA

Lanc

elet

(out

grou

p)

Lam

prey

Sala

man

der

Leop

ard

Turt

le

Tuna

Vertebral column(backbone)

Hinged jaws

Four walking legs

Amniotic (shelled) egg

CH

AR

AC

TER

S

HairHair

Hinged jaws

Vertebralcolumn

Four walking legs

Amniotic egg

Salamander

Leopard

Turtle

Lamprey

Tuna

Lancelet(outgroup)

0

0 0

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0 0

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0 0 0 1

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- Constructing a phylogenetic tree:• shared ancestral character - backbone (originated in an ancestor)• shared derived characteristic - in mammals hair (evolutionary

novelty unique to a particular clade)

Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. (1.A.4)

(a) Character table: A 0 indicates that a character is absent; a 1 indicates that a character is present.

(b) Phylogenetic tree: Analyzing the distribution of these derived characters can provide insight into vertebrate phylogeny

- Constructing a phylogenetic tree:

Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. (1.A.4)

How To Build A Cladogram http://ccl.northwestern.edu/simevolution/obonu/cladograms/Open-This-File.swf