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Biological Consequences of Essential Oils
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HK Lin, Ph.D. Associate professor University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, OK, USA
(Sacred) frankincense essential oil
Ocotea essential oil
Thieves essential oil
Idaho blue spruce essential oil
Clove, Oregano, plus Thyme essential oils Ultimate goal is to confidently use all essential oils for a variety
of health issues
Planned topics of essential oils Today
FRANKINCENSE ESSENTIAL OIL The most systemically studied among all essential oils
A E D
C B
Frankincense resins
Focusing on cancer: What is cancer?
6 Cells that do not follow an orderly path of death, or
programmed cell death (apoptosis)
6 Cells that undergo uncontrolled growth
These events lead to a mass of abnormal cells that grows
out of control
Cancer cell-specific cytotoxicity
Suppresses tumor cell growth and enhances tumor cell
death
Cancer fighting property
Frankincense oil, not sandalwood oil, provides tumor cell specific killing
Frankincense oil Sandalwood oil
Dilution (x1,000)Fo
ld ch
ange
s in c
ell vi
abili
ty
0
1
2
J82 cellsUROtsa cells
Notre
atmen
t
7 9 11 13 15
Frankincense oil dilution
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Fold
chan
ges i
n ce
ll su
rviv
al
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Bladder cancer cellsNormal bladder cells
No tm
t 1,300 1,100 900 700
* ** * * **
Frankincense oil induces bladder cancer cell-specific cell death
Untreated Frankincense oil treatment
Human bladder cancer cells
Normal human bladder urothelial cells
Frank et al. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2009; 9: 6.
Frankincense oil effects in bladder cancer (a pre-clinical study)
Frankincense oil
Coconut oil (control)
Ύ&ƌĂŶŬŝŶĐĞŶƐĞ�Žŝů�љ�ƚƵŵŽƌ�ĐĞůů�ŐƌŽǁƚŚ�ĂŶĚ�ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ
Frankincense oil suppresses bladder cancer cell growth and enhances cancer cell death
Frankincense oil Coconut oil (control)
Tumor cell growth Phosphor-histone H3
(Ser10)
Tumor cell death TUNEL
Ύ&ƌĂŶŬŝŶĐĞŶƐĞ�Žŝů�љ�ƚƵŵŽƌ�ĐĞůů�ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͕�ĂŶĚ�ј�ƚƵŵŽƌ�ĐĞůů�ĚĞĂƚŚ
Chemical composition of essential oil depends on temperature and duration of distillation
Library/ID
Area (%)
78 oC 0-2 hr 78 oC 9-10 hr 78 oC 0-12 hr 100 oC 12 hr
trans-beta-caryophyllene 0.02 0.02 0.28 0.62
alpha-humulene 0.03 0.01 0.11 0.17
allo-aromadendrene 0.02 0.06
gamma-muurolene 0.01 0.05 0.10
germacrene D 0.02 0.09
beta-selinene 0.01 0.02 0.21 0.45
alpha-selinene 0.02 0.01 0.12 0.24
gamma-cadinene 0.04 0.07
delta-cadinene 0.01 0.05 0.14
caryophyllene oxide 0.02 0.05
trans-beta-caryophyllene 0.02 0.02 0.28 0.62
Biological activity of essential oil depends on temperature and duration of distillation
78 oC distillation 100 oC distillation
Cell
viabil
ity (%
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Panc 28MiaPaCa-2DANGBxPC3
No
treat
men
t 1,
600
1,40
0 1,
200
1,00
0 80
0 60
0
400
200
Frankincense oil dilutions
Cell v
iabili
ty (%
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
No
treat
men
t 2,
700
2,40
0 2,
100
1,80
0 1,
500
1,20
0
900
600
Frankincense oil dilutions
Chemical composition of sacred frankincense essential oil
monoterpenes
diterpenes terpenoids
A total of 230 compounds from GC-MS
Bioactive Monoterpenes
Volatile Mucolytic Expectorant Bronchiorelaxant Vasorelaxant “Fight or Flight response”
Bioactive Sesquiterpenes
Anti-cancerous Anti-inflammatory Anti-fungal Analgesic Antipyretic Antioxidant
Abu
ndan
ce (x
107 )
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Abu
ndan
ce (x
105 )
4 8
12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Retention index
Treatment groups
Cell v
iabilit
y (%
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300No treatmentHydrodistilled extractsEnriched extracts
**
Crude frankincense essential oil
Reduced low molecular weight compound essential oil
No treatment Crude essential oil Reduced low molecular weight essential oil
Anti-cancer activity of frankincense oil depends on chemical composition
230 compounds
Boswellia carterii Boswellia sacra
Chiral GC-MS
Time
Amou
nt
(+)-alpha-pinene 40%
(–)-alpha-pinene 60%
Time Am
ount
(+)-alpha-pinene 95% (–)-alpha-pinene
5%
Bioactive Triterpenes - Boswellic acids
HPLC identification of 6 boswellic acids
Anti-cancer (anti-tumor, chemotherapeutic)
Anti-inflammatory (irritable bowel syndrome, rheumatoid
arthritis, osteoarthritis, asthma)
Peritumoral brain oedema
Are boswellic acids real the major anti-cancer compounds?
We got to know how essential oils are produced
We need to know whether essential oils contain specific
compounds with maximal biological activity
We need to know whether essential oils purchased have
consistent effects, from batch to batch and year to year
Why are these information important?
How much do I need to take for treat my disorders with different
degrees of seriousness?
How do I know whether I have taken too little or too much?
How long do I need to take to improve my health conditions?
What do I expect to see the responses?
What type of response do I expect to see?
How to use frankincense essential oil
Patients responded to frankincense essential oil are very
different from traditional chemo or radiation therapies о Physical conditions
о Tumor markers
о Tumor size under imaging
Do these responses lead to the road of recovery? Tumors respond to frankincense oil with unique pathways; and
these pathways are beyond current understanding of any therapy
What to expect when use frankincense essential oil for treating cancer?
Metastasized liver cancer
Late stages breast cancer
An early stage PSA elevation in prostate cancer after radical
prostatectomy
Late stage cancer with unknown origin
Others All these cases are supported by oncologists to monitor disease
progression
Clinical cases
Frankincense essential oil promotes bladder regeneration
Oral administration of control oil Oral administration of
frankincense oil
Native bladder
Native bladder
Grafted area Grafted area
HUGE inflammation
NO urothelium
NO inflammation
Urothelium
Anti-inflammation (an inflammation-related pain reliever)
Wound healing
Tissue regeneration
Stem cell differentiation
Degenerative diseases (osteoarthritis and Alzheimer’s disease)
Ongoing projects
Other potential health benefits of frankincense essential oil under study
OCOTEA ESSENTIAL OIL
What is the use of ocotea essential oil?
Extracted from the stem and leaves of the ocotea tree in
Ecuador
Balance blood sugar in patients with types 1 and 2 diabetic
Topical application for fungal infections
Can be useful for controlling cardiovascular disease
Proliferative diabetic angiogenesis Retinopathy Nephropathy Neuropathy
Anti-angiogeneic therapy has been proposed for proliferative diabetic vascular disorders
Hyperglycemia induces in vitro endothelial cell proliferation
2 5
Fol
d in
crea
se in
cel
l via
bilit
y
0
2
4
6
8
105 mM glucose10 mM glucose20 mM glucose30 mM glucose
2 50
2
4
6
8
10No Ocotea1/25,000 Ocotea1/20,000 Ocotea1/15,000 Ocotea1/10,000 Ocotea
2 50
2
4
6
8
105 mM glucose1/15,000 Ocotea+ 30 mM glucose
*Ocotea oil reverse high glucose-induced endothelial cell growth
Blood pressure control using Ocotea essential oil: a case study Prescription Medications: Lopressor Cozaar hctz Plavix Aspirin
Lopressor: ɴ1 adrenoreceptor blocker Cozaar: angiotensin II receptor antagonists hctz: hydrochlorothiazide
Essential oils
Blood pressure
November 2011
January 2012
December 2012
½ dose (10 days) ї�Ъ�ĚŽƐĞ�ĞǀĞƌLJ�Ϯ�ĚĂLJƐ�ї�Ϭ 0 0 0
183/177 121/79 114/68 – 122/72
Aroma life 1 ml Helichrysm 0.1 ml
Clove 0.1 ml Ocotea
0
0 0 0 0 0
How does Ocotea essential oil suppress high glucose-induced
endothelial cell growth?
Does this biological effect lead to complications of diabetes?
Can Ocotea suppress blood glucose levels in both animal and
human subjects?
Clinical studies need to be conducted for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases
To complete research related to Ocotea essential oil
THIEVES ESSENTIAL OIL
Viral infection
Attachment: through cell surface receptors
Penetration: through fusion virus envelop and cell membrane. Viral genome is injected into host cells
Replication: use the host’s gene, mRNA, and protein synthesis system
Release of virus: released virus is ready for infecting next cells
Host cells
Influenza virus
Viral RNA
Reverse transcriptase
Integrase
RAN-DAN hybrid
Double- Stranded DNA
Cytoplasm Nucleus
Transcription
Translation
Viral RNA
Viral protein
Does not affect influenza virus adhesion or entering into
host cells
However, blocks viral infectivity and spread of viral particles
Helps host cell survival after influenza virus infection
Important anti-viral activity of Thieves oil
Can Thieves be effective against viral and bacterial
infections?
How about the most troublesome infectious pathogens
currently?
Will the same anti-viral activity be seen in living animal and
human subjects
Goals we need to achieve in infectious diseases
IDAHO BLUE SPRUCE ESSENTIAL OIL
Anti-cancer activity
Wound healing and tissue regeneration
Testosterone synthesis and secretion from Leydig cells
Research projects related to Idaho blue spruce essential oil
CLOVE, OREGANO, THYME ESSENTIAL OILS
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
1
Bra
in A
beta
40
(pg/
ml)
Insoluble
Control
Antioxi.
Essential oil reduces membrane-bound and insoluble Aɴ40 in the brain
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
1 B
rain
Abe
ta 4
0 (p
g/m
l) Membrane-enriched
Control
Antioxi.
�ɴ40 is the most common form, whereas Aɴ42 is the most amyloidogenic form of the peptide
Essential oil reduced Aɴ40 in the blood
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 2 4 6 8
Plas
ma A
beta
40
Blood Collection
Control
E208
Before indication of the essential oils can be provided for Alzheimer’s disease
Does solubility of Aɴ result in reduced Aɴ accumulation in
the brain?
Can the oil reverse the memory loss?
More clinical studies need to conducted with standard
medical procedures
Gary Young Center for Integrative medicine
Exploring the science of and clinical practices of essential oils
Research challenges and needs
The continuum of exploratory research and targeted
development
Need for systemic & mechanistic research and confirm signatures
of biological effects
Need for continued attention to product integrity and safety
Questions for essential oils research
Basic
Research
How does it work?
Translational
Research
How can it be studied in people?
Efficacy Studies
What are the specific effects?
Outcomes & Effectiveness
How well does it work in real world?
Missions of the essential oils research center
6 Quality assurance
6 Research 6 Basic research 6 Translation research 6 Clinical research
6 Clinical practice
6 Education
Health-related basic research projects to explore the use and mechanism of essential oils
6 Cancer
6 Wound healing and regeneration, e.g. spinal cord injury
6 Infectious diseases
6 Diabetes
6 Alzheimer‘s disease
6 Weight management
Clinical research to evaluate patients responses
6 Cancer management
6 Hormone balance
6 Diabetic management
6 Pain management
6 Weight management
6 Many others… for essential oils that have been classified as nutritional supplements
Clinical practices
6 hormone balance
6 aging-related management
6 vitality for women
6 chronic diseases management
6 pain management
6 cancer healing strategy
Education
Gain knowledge and experience in rigorous, collaborative,
multidisciplinary research personnel and clinical
practitioners in their field of CAM expertise
6Doctoral degree holders
6Early and mid-career professionals
6Everyone else
Advantages of academic center for essential oils research
6 Introduction of the most advanced scientific technology into
essential oils basic and clinical research
6 Interactions with medial professionals with different specialties and
subspecialties
6 Experimental clinical procedures can be tested with academic
institutional review board (IRB) approval
6 Providing independent evaluation of essential oils
Question & Comment?
