biologi peka berry1

8/12/2019 biologi peka berry1

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Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Cell Organisation

List of PEKA experiments:

1. Preparing and examining slides of plant cells

2. Preparing and examining slides of animal cells3. Studying the living processes of unicellular organisms

4. Observing photomicrographs and video clips of unicellular organisms

. Observing and studying the structure of system!. Observing and studying plant tissues

". #a$ing models of tissues% organs and systems of human% animals and plants

&. 'onducting a role(play to sho) the cells are adapted for different functions

*umber +ctivity 2.1 ,Observation-

Pg.

/itle Preparing and examining slides of plant cells

+im 0

Obective of

the Study

/o prepare and study slides of plant cells

#aterial Onion

Hydrilla sp.

eaf

odine solution

istilled )ater

5ilter paper

+pparatus ight microscope 6lass slides

'over slips

+ pair of forceps

Scalpel

ropper

#ounting needle

/echni7ue

used

Prepare and stain )et mount of specimens. Observe

and dra) the structures of plant cells using a light

microscope.

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Pg. 19

/itle Preparing and examining slides of animal cells

1


2/51

+im 0

Obective of

the Study

/o prepare and study slides of animal cells

#aterial #ethylene blue solution

odine solution

/oothpic$ istilled )ater

'hee$ cells

5ilter paper

+pparatus ight microscope

Slides

'over slips

5orceps

ropper

#ounting needle

/echni7ueused

Prepare and stain )et mounts of specimens.Observe and dra) the structures of animal cells

using a light microscope

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Pg. 12

/itle Studying the living processes of unicellularorganisms

+im 0Obective of

the Study

/o study the living processes of unicellularorganisms

#aterial Amoeba sp. culture

Paramecium sp. culture

'otton )ool

Sodium chloride solution

inegar

+pparatus 6lass slides

'over slips

ight microscope

/echni7ue

used

Observe and study the living processes of

unicellular organisms

2


3/51

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Pg. 13

/itle Observing photomicrographs and video clips ofunicellular organisms

+im 0Obective of

the Study

/o observe photomicrographs and video clips ofunicellular organisms

#aterial *oteboo$

/he nternet

+pparatus (

/echni7ue

used

Observe and study photomicrographs and video

clips of unicellular organisms by using the nternet

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*umber +ctivity 2. ,Observation-

Pg. 1

/itle Observing and studying the structure of system

+im 0

Obective of

the Study

/o observe and study the structure of system

#aterial

#odels of system

'harts of system

+pparatus (

/echni7ue

used

Observe and study the structure of system )ith the

aid of models and charts provided

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*umber +ctivity 2.! ,Observation-

Pg. 1!/itle Observing and studying plant tissues

+im 0

Obective ofthe Study

/o observe and study plant tissues

#aterial Slides of the cross sections of a leaf

3


4/51

Slides of the cross sections of a root

Slides of the cross sections of a stem


/echni7ue

used

Observe and study plant tissues from the slides

provided by using microscope

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*umber +ctivity 2." ,Simulation-

Pg. 1!

/itle #a$ing models of tissues% organs and systems ofhuman% animals and plants

+im 0


/o study and describe cell organisation in the

formation of tissues% organs and systems of human%animals and plants

#aterial Plasticine

#ounting board

Plaster of Paris

P+ glue

/issue paper

'oloured paper

;ires

'utters

+pparatus (

/echni7ue

used

#a$e models of tissues% organs and systems of

human% animals and plants. Study and describe cellorganisation in the formation of tissues% organs and

systems of human% animals and plants )ith the aid

of these model.

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*umber +ctivity 2.& ,Simulation-

Pg. 1"

/itle 'onducting a role(play to sho) the cells areadapted for different functions

+im 0

Obective of

the Study

/o illustrate the cells are specialised for the ob that

they perform

#aterial 'ardboard

4


5/51

#ar$er pens

Strings

+pparatus (

/echni7ueused

llustrate the cells are specialised for the ob thatthey perform.

Chapter 3 Moement of Su!stances across the Plasma Mem!rane

List of PEKA experiments"

1. /he movement of substances across a semi(permeable membrane2. /o demonstrate the process of osmosis using simple osmometer

3. 'onducting a role(play to sho) the movement of substances across the plasmamembrane

4. Studying the effects of hypotonic% hypertonic and isotonic solutions on animal

cells

. /o study the effects of hypotonic% hypertonic and isotonic solutions on plant cells,cell sap of onion cells-

!. etermining the concentration of an external solution )hich is isotonic to the cell

sap of a plant

*umber +ctivity 3.1 ,ypothesis /he diffusion of molecules through a semi(

permeable membrane is based on the si?e of themolecule

ariables #anipulated variable: Si?e of the solute

molecules in the is$ing tubing

@esponding variable: 'olour of the solution

in is$ing tubing


6/51

5ixed variable: /ime% volume of solutions

and surrounding temperature

#aterial AenedictBs solution

1C starch suspension

odine solution

39C glucose solution

istilled )ater

+pparatus is$ing tubing

'otton thread

/est tubes

Aea$ers

;ater bath ,Aunsen burner% tripod stand D

)ire gau?e-

/echni7ueused

/est for the presence of starch and glucose )ithiodine and AenedictBs solution respectively

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*umber +ctivity 3.2 ,ypothesis Osmosis ta$es place )hen )ater moves from a

region of lo) solute concentration to a region of

high solute soncentration across a semi(permeablemembrane

ariables #anipulated variable: 'oncentration of

solution

@esponding variable: ncrease in the level

of sucrose solution 0 /he level of sucrosesolution in the capillary tube

5ixed variable: 'oncentration of sucrose

solution% surrounding temperature

#aterial 39C sucrose solution

istilled )ater

!


7/51

+pparatus 2 cm capillary tube

is$ing tubing

@etort stand and clamp

'otton thread

@uler

#ar$er pen + pair of scissors

29 ml bea$er

Syringe

Stop)atch

/echni7ue

used

#easure and record the increase in the height of

sucrose solution )ith a ruler.

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*umber +ctivity 3.3 ,Simulation-

Pg. 2!

/itle 'onducting a role(play to sho) the movement ofsubstances across the plasma membrane

+im 0

Obective of

the Study

/o study the movement of soluble

substances across the plasma membrane

through the process of passive transport.

/o study the movement of )ater molecules

across the plasma membrane by osmosis

/o study the movement of substances across

the plasma across the plasma membrane

through the process of active transport.

#aterial Strings

'ardboard

+ pair of scissors

#ar$er pen

+pparatus (

/echni7ue

used

'onduct an interesting and creative role(play to

learn the movement of substances across the plasmamembrane ,phospholipid bilayer-

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Pg. 2"

"


8/51

/itle Studying the effects of hypotonic% hypertonic and

isotonic solutions on animal cells

+im 0

Obective of

the Study

/o study the effects of hypotonic% hypertonic and

isotonic solutions on animal cells ,red blood cells-

#aterial 5resh chic$en blood

9.1 # sodium chloride solutions

9.9 # sodium chloride solutions

istilled )ater

5ilter paper

+pparatus 6lass slides

'over slips

5ilter papers

ight microscope

/est tubes Aea$ers

ropper

/echni7ue

used

Observe and study the effects of hypotonic%

hypertonic and isotonic solutions on animal cells

from the slides by using microscope

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*umber +ctivity 3. ,Observation-Pg. 2&

/itle Studying the effects of hypotonic% hypertonic andisotonic solutions on plant cells

+im 0Obective of

the Study

/o study the effects of hypotonic% hypertonic andisotonic solutions on plant cells ,cell sap of onion

cells-

#aterial Onion bulb

9. # sucrose solutions

1.9 # sucrose solutions

istilled )ater


6lass slides

'over slips

@a?or blade 0 scalpel

+ pair of forceps

&


9/51

#ounting needle

5ilter papers

/echni7ueused

Observe and study the effects of hypotonic%hypertonic and isotonic solutions on plant cells

from the slides by using microscope.

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*umber +ctivity 3.! ,ypothesis /he concentration of the solution )hich is

isotonic to the cell sap of plant cells has no

effect on the mass% length and si?e of plantcells.

9.3! # sucrose solution is isotonic to the

cell sap of plants

ariables #anipulated variable: 'oncentration ofsucrose solution

@esponding variable: ength of potato strips

0 #ass of potato strips

5ixed variable: olume of sucrose solution

used% surrounding temperature and time

#aterial 5resh potato

istilled )ater

9.1 # sucrose solution




9. # sucrose solution

9.! # sucrose solution

+pparatus Petri dishes

+ pair of forceps


10/51

@a?or blade 0 Sharp scalpel

'or$ borer

@uler

9 ml bea$ers


11/51

ilute hydrochloric acid

Sodium hydrogen carbonate po)der


19C sucrose solution

+pparatus /est tubes /est tube holder

Aea$er

ropper

Aunsen burner

/ripod

;ire gau?e

/echni7ue

used

'arry out testing for the presence of reducing

sugars )ith AenedictBs solution

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*umber +ctivity 4.2 ,Simulation-

Pg. 3

/itle 'onducting a role(play to sho) the involvement of

specific organelles in the production ofextracellular en?ymes

+im 0

Obective of

the Study

/o conduct a role(play to sho) the involvement of

specific organelles in the production of

extracellular en?ymes#aterial 'ardboard

#ar$er pen

*e)spaper

Strings

+pparatus (

/echni7ue

used

'onduct and involvement in a role(play to sho) the

involvement of specific organelles in theproduction of extracellular en?ymes

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*umber +ctivity 4.3 ,


12/51

+im 0

Obective of

the Study

/o study the effects of temperature on salivary

amylase activity

Problem

Statement

;hat are the effects of temperature on salivary

amylase activity=

>ypothesis /he rate of reaction catalysed by salivary amylase

is highest at 3"E' 0 /he optimum temperature forsalivary amylase is 3"E'

ariables #anipulated variable: /emperature of

medium of reaction

@esponding variable: /he rate of reaction

catalysed by salivary amylase

5ixed variable: olume of saliva% volume

and concentration of starch suspension and

p> of medium#aterial 1C starch suspension

Saliva suspension

odine solution

ce cubes

istilled )ater

+pparatus Aea$ers

/est tubes

/est tube rac$

Syringes

roppers 6lass rods

;hite tile )ith grooves

/hermometer

Aunsen burner

/ripod stand

;ire gau?e

Stop)atch

/echni7ue

used

/est the presence of starch using iodine test

@ecord the time ta$en for the hydrolysis of

starch to be completed.

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*umber +ctivity 4.4 ,


13/51

Pg. 3

/itle Studying the effects of p> on the activity of pepsin

+im 0Obective of

the Study

/o study the effects of p> on the activity of pepsin

Problem

Statement

;hat are the effects of p> on the activity of

pepsin=

>ypothesis +n acidic medium at p> 3 is optimum for the

activity of pepsin

ariables #anipulated variable: p> of medium

@esponding variable: @ate of reaction

catalysed by pepsin

5ixed variable: olume and concentration

of albumen suspension% volume and

concentration of pepsin solution andtemperature of medium

#aterial paper

Aunsen burner

/ripod stand

;ire gau?e

Stop)atch

/echni7ueused

Observe and record the conditions of mixturesbefore and after 29 minutes

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*umber +ctivity 4. ,


14/51

/itle Studying the effects of substrate concentration on

salivary amylase activity

+im 0

Obective of

the Study

/o study the effects of substrate concentration on

salivary amylase activity

Problem

Statement

;hat are the effects of substrate concentration on

salivary amylase activity=

>ypothesis /he rate of en?ymatic reaction increases )ith the

increase in substrate concentration until it reaches amaximum rate

ariables #anipulated variable: Substrate

concentration 0 'oncentration of starch

suspension

@esponding variable: @ate of reaction 0

/ime ta$en for the hydrolysis of starch to be

completed

5ixed variable:

of medium% volume of starch% volume ofsaliva suspension and surrounding

temperature

#aterial 9.1C starch suspension

9.2C starch suspension



9.C starch suspension

9.! C starch suspension 9.1C amylase solution 0 saliva suspension

odine solution

+pparatus Syringes

;hite tiles )ith grooves

/est tubes

6lass rod

ropper

#easuring cylinder

Stop)atch Aea$er

/hermometer

;ater bath ,Aunsen burner% tripod stand and

)ire gau?e-

/echni7ue

used

/est for the presence of starch using iodine

14


15/51

test


starch to be completed )ith a stop)atch

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*umber +ctivity 4.! ,ypothesis /he rate of en?ymatic reaction increases )ith the

increase in en?yme concentration as long as there

are no other factors limiting the rate of reaction.

ariables #anipulated variable:


16/51

/echni7ue

used /est for the presence of starch using iodine

test


starch to be completed )ith a stop)atch

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*umber +ctivity 4." ,Simulation-

Pg. 4

/itle 'onducting a role(play to sho) the conse7uencesof deficiency in one of the chemical components in

the cell

+im 0

Obective of

the Study

/o study and predict the conse7uences of

deficiency in carbohydrate% protein% lipids or

en?ymes in the cell.

#aterial 'ardboard

#ar$er pen

Strings

+pparatus (

/echni7ue

used

'onduct and involvement in a role(play to sho) the

conse7uences of deficiency in one of the chemicalcomponents in the cell

Chapter $ Cell %iision


1. dentifying the various phases of the cell cycle

2. Observing photomicrographs and interactive animation about mitosis

3. #a$ing models to demonstrate mitosis and cyto$inesis4. Preparing a slide of onion root tip to identify the various stages of mitosis

. Studying the process of controlled and uncontrolled mitosis and cyto$inesis

1!


17/51

!. isiting a research institute to study tissue culture techni7ue

". #a$ing models to study changes in chromosome behaviour during meiosis and

meiosis &. Observing photomicrographs and computer animation about meiosis

*umber +ctivity .1 ,Observation-Pg. 4&

/itle dentifying the various phases of the cell cycle

+im 0


/o identify the various phases of the cell cycle

#aterial #odels

'harts

/ransparencies

'(@O#s+pparatus (

/echni7ue

used

Observe and identify the various phases of the cell

cycle

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*umber +ctivity .2 ,Observation-

Pg. 4&

/itle Observing photomicrographs and interactive

animation about mitosis

+im 0


/o study and observe photomicrographs and

interactive animation about mitosis

#aterial /he nternet

+pparatus (

/echni7ueused

Observe photomicrographs and interactiveanimation about mitosis and arrange the various

stages of mitosis in the correct se7uence

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*umber +ctivity .3 ,Simulation-

Pg. 4

/itle #a$ing models to demonstrate mitosis and

cyto$inesis

1"


18/51

+im 0

Obective of

the Study

/o ma$e models to demonstrate mitosis and

cyto$inesis

#aterial #anila card

Aall of red )ool

Aall of blue )ool Plasticine

Spools of thread

Pencils


19/51

chromosomes

Observe the slide of onion root tip to

identify the various stages of mitosis by

using light microscope

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*umber +ctivity . ,Observation-

Pg.

/itle Studying the process of controlled and uncontrolled

mitosis and cyto$inesis

+im 0Obective of

the Study

/o study the process of controlled and uncontrolledmitosis and cyto$inesis

#aterial '(@O#s

'omputer animation

ideos

+pparatus (

/echni7ue

used Observe and explain the importance of

controlled mitosis

Observe and explain the effects of

uncontrolled mitosis in living things

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*umber +ctivity .! ,


20/51

,@@#-

/echni7ueused

ntervie) the research officers on the tissue

culture and cloning are being carried out in

these institutes

;rite report about application of mitosis incloning and advantages 0 disadvantages of

cloning

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*umber +ctivity ." ,Simulation-

Pg. !

/itle #a$ing models to study changes in chromosome

behaviour during meiosis and meiosis

+im 0

Obective of

the Study

/o ma$e models to study changes in chromosome

behaviour during meiosis and meiosis

#aterial #anila card

Aall of red )ool

Aall of blue )ool

Plasticine

Spools of thread

Pencils


21/51

/echni7ue

used

Observe photomicrographs and interactive

computer animation about meiosis

Chapter & 'utrition


1. etermining the energy value in food samples

2. /esting for the presence of starch% reducing sugar% non(reducing sugar% proteinand lipid in food samples

3. etermining the vitamin ' content in various fruit uices

4. Planning and conducting an experiment to study en?yme action on starch

. Planning and conducting an experiment to study the en?yme action on a proteinfood sample

!.


22/51

;ind shield

ypothesis 'ashe) nut0 ;alnut has a higher energy value that

goundnut

ariables #anipulated variable: /ype of food sample

@esponding variable:


23/51

used different food samples

'ompare the energy value in different food

samples ,groundnut and cashe) nut 0

)alnut-

#easure the mass of the different foodsamples by using electronic balance

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*umber +ctivity !.2 ,Observation-

Pg. !3

/itle /esting for the presence of starch% reducing sugar%

non(reducing sugar% protein and lipid in food

samples

+im 0Obective ofthe Study

etermine and test the presence of starch% reducingsugar% non(reducing sugar% protein and lipid in foodsamples

Problem

Statement

;hat is the nutrient content for all the food

samples=

>ypothesis Starch suspension containing starch

6lucose contains reducing sugar

Sucrose solution contains non(reducing

sugar

+lbumen ,egg()hite- suspension contains

proteins

egetable oil contains lipid

#aterial Starch suspension ,+-

C glucose solution ,A-

1C sucrose solution ,'-

+lbumen suspension ,-

egetable oil ,ydroxide acid

1C copper,- sulphate solution

+pparatus /est tubes

/est tube holders

/est tube rac$

23


24/51

29 ml bea$ers

ropper

Aunsen burner

/ripod stand

;ire gau?e

5ilter paper

/echni7ue

used

/est and determine the presence of starch% reducing

sugar% non(reducing sugar% protein and lipid in foodsamples.

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*umber +ctivity !.3 ,


25/51

6au?e cloth

Gnife 0 Scalpel

/echni7ueused

#easure and determine the volume of

standard vitamin ' solution needed to

decolourise of a fixed volume of 'PP. #easure and determine the volume of uice

needed to decolourise the same volume of'PP.

'alculate the vitamin ' content of uice by

comparing it )ith the standard vitamin '

solution.

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26/51

/est tubes

/est tube holder

/est tube rac$

/hermometer

roppers

6lass rod ;hite tile

Aunsen burner

/ripod stand

;ire gau?e

/echni7ue

used

'onfirmation test for the presence of starch

using iodine solution

'onfirmation test for the presence of

reducing sugar using AenedictBs solution

888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

*umber +ctivity !. , of about 2 to

act at maximum rate

+im 0Obective of

the Study

/o study the en?yme action on a protein foodsample

Problem

Statement

>o) does the en?yme acts on protein=

>ypothesis /he test tube contains albumen and pepsinsolution becomes clear at the end of the

experiment

+n acidic medium is needed for protein

digestion by pepsin

ariables #anipulated variable: +bsence or presence

2!


27/51

of pepsin in albumen

@esponding variable: 'loudy or clear

,clarity of contents- albumen suspension

after 29 minutes

5ixed variable: 'oncentration and volumeof albumen% concentration and volume of

pepsin ,en?yme-% concentration of

hydrochloric acid% surrounding temperatureat 3"E'

#aterial +lbumen ,egg()hite- suspension

ilute hydrochloric acid

Pepsin suspension

istilled )ater

+pparatus 19 ml pipette

99 ml bea$er

/est tubes

/est tube rac$

roppers

/hermometer

Stop)atch


)ire gau?e-

/echni7ue

used

Observe albumen digestion under the presence or

the absence of pepsin and hydrochloric acid.

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*umber +ctivity !.! ,Observation-

Pg. "9

/itle


28/51

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*umber +ctivity !." ,Observation-

Pg. "1

/itle Studying the movement of substances through theis$ing tubing

+im 0Obective of

the Study

Problem

Statement

;hat substances can move across the is$ing

tubing=

>ypothesis Small molecules can move across the is$ing

tubing

ariables #anipulated variable: 'ontents of the

is$ing tubing

@esponding variable: 'hange in colour of)ater sample in iodine test and AenedictBs

test

5ixed variable: /emperature of )ater bath

,3"E'-% volume of solution

#aterial 1C starch suspension

1C glucose solution

odine solution

AenedictBs solution

is$ing tubing /hread

istilled )ater

+pparatus Aoiling tube

/est tubes

19 ml syringe

Pipette

+ pair of scissors


)ire gau?e-/echni7ueused

'onfirmation test for the presence of starch

using iodine solution

'onfirmation test for the presence of

reducing sugar using AenedictBs solution

2&


29/51

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*umber +ctivity !.& ,


30/51

Gnife

/echni7ueused

Observe the effects of different deficiencies

on young mai?e seedling.

#ai?e seedling are under identical

conditions of light% temperature andmoisture.

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*umber +ctivity !. ,Observation-

Pg. "3

/itle Studying a cross(sectional model of a leaf

+im 0


/o study a cross(sectional model of a leaf

#aterial 'ross(sectional model of a leaf

+pparatus (

/echni7ue

used

Observe the cross(sectional model of a leaf and

identify the different part of the leaf

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*umber +ctivity !.19 ,Observation-

Pg. "4/itle nvestigating the adaptation of plants to carry out

photosynthesis )ith respect to the distribution of

stomata and chloroplasts

+im 0


/o investigate the adaptation of plants to carry out

photosynthesis )ith respect to the distribution ofstomata and chloroplasts

#aterial >ibiscus leaf

Sprig ofHydrilla sp.

;ater lily leaf

'actus ,Opuntiasp.-

*ail varnish

+pparatus #agnifying lens

+ pair of forceps

#icroscope slides

'over slips

39


31/51

ight microscope

/echni7ueused

Observe the distribution of stomata and chloroplastin plants from different habitats

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32/51

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*umber +ctivity !.12 ,Proect-

Pg. ""

/itle Planting proect in the science resource garden orschool compound

+im 0Obective of

the Study

/o start a planting proect in the science resourcegarden or school compound

#y erbal 6arden

#y Science 6arden

/echni7ue

used

5ind and label the common names and scientific

names of plants

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*umber +ctivity !.13 ,5ield study-

Pg. "&

/itle isiting relevant agencies to study )ays to improvethe 7uality and 7uantity of food production

+im 0

Obective of

the Study

/o visit relevant agencies to study )ays to improve

the 7uality and 7uantity of food production

nstitute of +griculture @esearch and

evelopment of #alaysia ,#+@-

#alaysian Palm Oil Aoard ,#POA- +griculture epartment

5isheries epartment

/echni7ue

used

'ollect information and carry out research on

diversity food production and improve the 7uality

and 7uantity of food production

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*umber +ctivity !.14 ,Proect-Pg. "&

/itle egetable planting proect

+im 0Obective of

the Study

/o start )ith a vegetable planting proect

#aterial +- >ydroponics techni7ue

32


33/51

egetable seeds

*utrient solution

A- Planting vegetable in soil

egetable seeds

5ertiliser

+pparatus +- >ydroponics techni7ue

Plastics tray

6ravel or clean sand

5or$

>ydroponics set

A- Planting vegetable in soil

Spade

;atering can

/echni7ue

used Observe and prepare a log boo$ on the

height of the gro)ing seedling and time

ta$en for the seedling to reach flo)ering

and fruiting stages.

;rite report on the proect.

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*umber +ctivity !.1 ,Proect-

Pg. &9

/itle Preparing a portfolio on the technological

development of food processing

+im 0

Obective of

the Study

/o study and prepare a portfolio on the

technological development of food processing

#aterial *e)spapers

#aga?ines @eference boo$s

/he nternet

5ood labels

+pparatus (

/echni7ue Prepare and )rite a portfolio on the technological

33


34/51

used development of food processing to exhibit in school

Chapter ( )espiration


1. Studying the process of aerobic respiration

2. nvestigate the process of anaerobic respiration in yeast

3. 'omparing the total surface area of a flat card )ith that of a corrugated card4. Observing graphics and live specimens of respiratory structures

. 'onstructing a model of the human lungs to explain the breathing mechanisms in

human!. nvestigating the difference bet)een inhaled and exhaled air in terms of oxygen

and carbon dioxide contents

". nvestigating the differences bet)een inhaled and exhaled air in terms of heat

content

&. Studying the effects of vigorous exercise on the breathing and heartbeat rates. emonstrating the effects of cigarette smo$e on lung

Creatie Corner"

1. 'onstructing a model of the rib cage to demonstrate the actions of the intercostalsmuscles and ribs

*umber +ctivity ".1 ,Observation-

Pg. &3

/itle Studying the process of aerobic respiration+im 0

Obective of

the Study

/o study the process of aerobic respiration

#aterial 'oloured li7uid

iving organism ,coc$roach-

Soda lime

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35/51

Petroleum elly ,aseline-

;ater

+pparatus Aoiling tubes

99 ml bea$er

29 ml bea$ers 'apillary tubes

@ubber tubings

Scre) clips

@uler

;ire gau?e

/echni7ue

used

#easure and record the heights of the coloured

li7uids in the capillary tubes )ith a ruler

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*umber +ctivity ".2 ,ypothesis n the absence of oxygen% yeast undergoes

anaerobic respiration to produce carbon dioxide%

ethanol and energy

ariables #anipulated variable: Presence of yeast

@esponding variable: 'hanges on lime

)ater and temperature

5ixed variable: +naerobic condition

#aterial C yeast suspension

C glucose solution Paraffin oil

ime )ater


/est tubes

/hermometers

Stoppers )ith delivery tubes

3


36/51

#easuring cylinders

Aea$er

/echni7ueused

@ecord and measure the changes in

temperature )ith thermometers.

Observe the change in lime )ater.

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*umber +ctivity ".3 ,Observation-

Pg. &"

/itle 'omparing the total surface area of a flat card )ith

that of a corrugated card

+im 0

Obective of

the Study

/o compare the total surface area of a flat card )ith

that of a corrugated card

#aterial + piece of card measuring 29 cm x 29 cm

+pparatus (

/echni7ue

used

'ompare and ma$e inference on the various

adaptation of the respiratory structures

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*umber +ctivity ".4 ,Simulation-Pg. &&

/itle Observing graphics and live specimens ofrespiratory structures

+im 0Obective of

the Study

/o study and observe graphics and live specimensof respiratory structures

#aterial 'harts

'omputer course)are

'oc$roach

5rog

5ish

'otton )ool

'hloroform

6loves

6arbage bags

+pparatus Sharp $nife

3!


37/51

#agnifying lens

issecting tray

Pins

+ pair of scissors

Scalpel

+ pair of forceps

'ontainer

/echni7ueused

Observe graphics and live specimens of respiratorystructures

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*umber +ctivity ". ,Simulation-

Pg. 1

/itle 'onstructing a model of the human lungs to explainthe breathing mechanisms in human

+im 0


/o construct a model of the human lungs to explain

the breathing mechanisms in human

#aterial /)o balloons

+ piece of rubber sheet

+ rubber stopper

Some string

+pparatus Aell ar H(shaped tube

6lass tubes

/echni7ue

used 'onstruct a model of the human lungs

Study and explain the breathing

mechanisms in human by referring the

model

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*umber 'reative corner

Pg. 2

/itle 'onstructing a model of the rib cage to demonstratethe actions of the intercostals muscles and ribs

+im 0 /o construct a model of the rib cage to demonstrate

3"


38/51

Obective of

the Study

the actions of the intercostals muscles and ribs

#aterial Ply)ood

*ails

@ubber bands

+pparatus (

/echni7ue

used 'onstruct a model of the rib cage

Study and demonstrate the actions of the

intercostals muscles and ribs

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*umber +ctivity ".! ,ypothesis nhaled air has a higher percentage of oxygen )hen

compared to exhaled air.


39/51

@uler

;ashbasin

/echni7ueused

#easure and observe the length of air columnsoccupied by gases in a I(tube )ith a ruler

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*umber +ctivity "." ,ypothesis ypothesis igorous exercise increases the breathing andheartbeat rates

ariables #anipulated variable: @esting or vigorous

exercise

@esponding variable: Areathing rate and

heartbeat rate

5ixed variable: /he type and duration of

3


40/51

exercise% gender and age of the students

#aterial (

+pparatus Stop)atch

/echni7ue

used

'ount and record the number of breaths per minute

and the number of heartbeats per minute

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*umber +ctivity ". ,ypothesis 'igarette smo$e corrodes the cotton )ool to change

colour and contains acidic gas.

ariables (

#aterial 'otton )ool

Jniversal indicator

'igarettes

+pparatus J(tube /hermometer

Aoiling tube

@etort stand and clamp

5ilter pump

@ubber tubing

/echni7ue

used

Observe the effect of cigarette smo$e on lungs and

increases the temperature of the respiratory tract./obacco tar ma$es the lungs appear bro)nish.

Chapter * %+namic Ecos+stem


1. nvestigating the abiotic and biotic components in an ecosystem

49


41/51

2. nvestigating the feeding relationships and interactions bet)een biotic

components

3. Studying the intraspecific and interspecific competitions in plants4. Studying the processes of colonisation and succession in a mangrove s)amp

. nvestigating the distribution of plants ,#imosa pudica- using the 7uadrat

sampling techni7ue!.


42/51

topography of the ecosystem.

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*umber +ctivity &.2 ,5ield study-

Pg. 194

/itle nvestigating the feeding relationships and

interactions bet)een biotic components

+im 0

Obective of

the Study

/o investigate the feeding relationships and

interactions bet)een biotic components

#aterial igital camera ,optional-

+pparatus >and lens

Pen

*oteboo$

/echni7ue

used

dentify the biotic components of the

ecosystem.

Observe )hat the organisms feed on.

Observe and identify the interactions

bet)een the biotic components.

Observe any adaptation that can be found on

the plants and animals

'lassify all organisms into tropic levels

'onstruct food chains and construct a

pyramid of numbers 'onstruct a food )eb based on the

ecosystem.

Prepare a folio on this field study.

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*umber +ctivity &.3 ,o) do intraspecific and interspecific competitions

affect the gro)th of mai?e and rice plants=

42


43/51

>ypothesis ntraspecific competition occurs bet)een plants of

the same species. nterspecific competition occurs

bet)een plants of different species. 0 /he greater

the competition among the seedlings% the greaterthe effect on the height of the seedlings.

ariables #anipulated variable: /ypes of seedlings @esponding variable: ry mass of seedlings

0 >eight of seedling

5ixed variable: Kuantity and types of

garden soil% amount of )ater% intensity ofsunlight% distance bet)een each seedling

and number of seedlings

#aterial /hree seedling trays ,2 m x 1 m each- )ith

garden soil

+ pac$et of mai?e seeds

+ pac$et of paddy seeds

istilled )ater

+pparatus @uler

Oven

'ompression balance

Spade

;aterproof paint

Paintbrush

/echni7ueused

;eight the dry mass of seedling )ith an electronicbalance 0 #easure the height of seedling )ith aruler

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*umber +ctivity &.4 ,5ield study-

Pg. 19

/itle Studying the processes of colonisation and

succession in a mangrove s)amp

+im 0Obective ofthe Study

/o study the processes of colonisation andsuccession in a mangrove s)amp

#aterial (

+pparatus Pen

*oteboo$

+ pair of binocular

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44/51

+nalogue 0 igital camera ,optional-

;or$sheet

/echni7ueused

dentify the various species of plants and

animals and ta$e note the characteristics of

the leaves% flo)ers% fruits and roots. dentify the pioneer species and the

successor species.

dentify the adaptive characteristics of the

pioneer species and successor species in the

habitat.

dentify the niche% community and

population in the habitat

nvestigate the process of colonisation and

process of succession in the habitat.

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*umber +ctivity &. ,5ield study-

Pg. 111

/itle nvestigating the distribution of plants ,Mimosa

pudica- using the 7uadrat sampling techni7ue

+im 0Obective of

the Study

/o investigate the distribution of plants using the7uadrat sampling techni7ue

#aterial String

*ails

+pparatus + 7uadrat measuring 1 m x 1 m

Pen

*oteboo$

/echni7ue

used

Kuadrat sampling techni7ue

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*umber +ctivity &.! ,5ield study-

Pg. 113

/itle


45/51

+im 0

Obective of

the Study

/o estimate the population si?e of garden snails

using capture% mar$% release and recapture

techni7ue

#aterial + bottle of ndian in$ 0 + non(poisonous

and )aterproof in$

+pparatus >ammer

Paintbrush

Pen

*oteboo$

/echni7ueused

'apture% mar$% release and recapture techni7ue

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*umber +ctivity &." ,ypothesis /he population distribution ofPleurococcussp. ishighest )hen there is optimum light intensity

ariables #anipulated variable: ight intensity

@esponding variable: /otal surface are

covered byPleurococcussp.

5ixed variable: /emperature% p> and

humidity

#aterial Paper

+pparatus Kuadrat measuring 19 cm x 19 cm

+ compass

4


46/51

Pen

*oteboo$

/echni7ueused

Kuadrat sampling ,estimate the total surface areacovered byPleurococcussp.-

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*umber +ctivity &.& ,Proect-

Pg. 11

/itle 'ollecting stamps of local plants and animals

+im 0

Obective of

the Study

/o collect stamps of local plants and animals

#aterial

Stamps #anila cards

/he nternet

Printed material

+pparatus #ar$er pen

Paper

/echni7ue

used

5ind common name of each plant or animals

sho)n on the stamps

etermine the scientific name of each plantor animals sho)n on the stamps according

to the innaeus binomial system

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*umber +ctivity &. ,5ield trip-

Pg. 11!

/itle 'reating a)areness of biodiversity of an ecosystem

+im /o create a)areness of biodiversity of an

ecosystem

Obective of

the Study

isit and carry out this field trip:

*ational par$s: /aman *egara%


47/51

;ildlife conservation centres: Sepilo$

Orang Jtan @ehabilitation 'entre% Aota

Ganan @iver /errapin ;ildlife

'onservation 'entre% Sung$ai Sambar eer%Pheasant ;ildlife @eserve% Sungai usun

@hino Sanctuary% Guala 6andah


48/51

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*umber +ctivity &.11 ,% lightintensity and nutrients on the activity of yeast

+im /o study the effects of temperature% p>% lightintensity and nutrients on the activity of yeast.

Obective of

the Study

+- /o study the effect of temperature on the

activity of yeast.

Problem

Statement

;hat is the effect of temperature on the activity of

yeast=

>ypothesis /he activity of yeast is optimal at 3"E'

ariables #anipulated variable: /emperature of the

)ater bath

@esponding variable: >eight of the coloured

li7uid in the manometer

5ixed variable: olume of yeast suspension%

p>% light intensity and time ta$en for the

activity of yeast

#aterial Heast suspension ,4 g of yeast in 199 cm3of

glucose solution-

'oloured li7uid

ce cubes+pparatus Aoiling tubes

Aea$ers

#easuring cylinders

6lass tubes

/hermometers

'lips

@ubber stoppers

@ubber tubing

#anometer tubes

Strings

@uler Stop)atch


)ire gau?e-

/echni7ue

used

#easure and record the different heights of

coloured li7uid in the manometer )ith a ruler.

4&


49/51

Obective of

the Study

A- /o study the effect of p> on the activity of

yeast.

Problem

Statement

>o) does p> affect the activity of yeast= 0 ;hat is

the effect of different p> values in the activity of

yeast=

>ypothesis /he activity of yeast is optimum in an acidic

medium.

ariables #anipulated variable: p>

@esponding variable: >eight of the coloured



light intensity% temperature and time ta$en


glucose solution-

9.1 mol dm(3

hydrochloric acid 9.91 mol dm(3hydrochloric acid

9.1 mol dm(3sodium hydroxide solutions

9.91 mol dm(3sodium hydroxide solutions

'oloured li7uid

p> paper

distilled )ater


Aea$ers

#easuring cylinders

6lass tubes

'lips

@ubber stoppers

@ubber tubing

#anometer tubes

Strings

@uler

Stop)atch

@etort stand

/echni7ueused

#easure and record the different heights ofcoloured li7uid in the manometer )ith a ruler.

Obective of

the Study

'- /o study the effect of light intensity on the

activity of yeast.

Problem

Statement

>o) does the intensity of light affect the activity of

yeast= 0 ;hat is the effect of light intensity on the

activity of yeast=

4


50/51

>ypothesis /he activity of yeast is higher at a lo)er intensity

of light. 0 /he lo)er the light intensity% the higher

the activity of yeast.

ariables #anipulated variable: ntensity of light

@esponding variable: >eight of coloured



p>% temperature and time ta$en


glucose solution-

'oloured li7uid

+pparatus ight bulb ,!9;-

Aoiling tubes

Aea$ers #easuring cylinders

6lass tubes

'lips

@ubber stoppers

@ubber tubing

#anometer tubes

Strings

@uler

Stop)atch

@etort stand/echni7ue

used



Obective of

the Study

- /o study the effect of nutrients on the activity of

yeast.

ProblemStatement

>o) do nutrients affect the activity of yeast= 0;hat is the effect of nutrients on the activity of

yeast=

>ypothesis /he concentration of nutrients affects the activity of

yeast. 0 /he higher the concentration of nutrients%

the higher the activity of yeast.ariables #anipulated variable: 'oncentration of

nutrients

@esponding variable: >eight of coloured



p>% light intensity and temperature

9


51/51

#aterial ry yeast

C glucose solution


1C glucose solution

istilled )ater+pparatus Aoiling tubes

Aea$ers

#easuring cylinders

6lass tubes

'lips

@ubber stoppers

@ubber tubing

#anometer tubes

Strings

Stop)atch

@etort stand

/echni7ue

used



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*umber +ctivity &.12 ,Proect-

Pg. 124

/itle Preserving and conserving various living thingsaround us

+im 0Obective of

the Study

/o preserve and conserve various living thingsaround us

#aterial Printed materials

*e)spapers

#aga?ines

/he nternet

+pparatus (

/echni7ue

used

'arry out activities to learn more about the

important of biodiversity and ideas to preserve andconserve various living things.

Documents

biologi peka berry1