BIOL324 Final StudyHow many orders are there in anthophyta?59Is anthophyta polyphyletic, paraphyletic or monophyletic?MonophyleticAre the basal orders of anthophyta monocots or eudicots?They are neitherWhat is a laminar stamen?Leaf-like stamen without a distinct anther and filament but with embedded or superficial microsporangiaDo the basal anthophyta orders have petals and stamens?No they do not. They have tepalsWhat are the two basal anthophyta orders in this course?Amborellales and NymphalesWhat two characteristics are associated with Amborellales?An egg sac with 8 cells and 9 nuclei, as well as carpels sealed by secretionsWhat characteristic is associated with Nymphales (water lilies)?Oenothera-type embryo sacWhat was the first lineage to diverge after the basal orders?MagnoliidDescribe the leaves of the magnoliid clade.Simple, leathery leaves with ether-containing oilsWhat type of stamen is present in magnoliid?Laminar stamensWhat is the flower arrangement in magnoliid?Flowers are numerous and possess spiral-shaped partsName the three orders of magnoliid.Magnoliales, laurales, piperales

What was the second lineage to diverge from the basal orders?The monocotsWhat features did the monocots possess when they diverged?They retained some basal features such as monoaperture pollen and trimerous flowersWhat is monoaperture pollen?Monoaperture pollen refers to pollen grains that have just one aperture, or opening in their exineWhat are trimerous flowers?Trimerous flowers are flowers with parts in multiples of threeWhen did monocots diverge?Roughly 110 million years before nowWhy do we think that monocots likely evolved from a herbaceous ancestor?Because they all lack secondary growthWhat are the three orders of monocots for this course?Alismatales, liliales and asparagalesWhat is characteristic of alismatales?They are one of the most primitive monocot subclassesWhat is special about liliales?They are the most derived monocot orderWhat is special about asparagales?They are the largest angiosperm orderWhat is special about the orchid family?They are the second largest angiosperm familyWhat order does the orchid family belong to?AsparagalesWhat are the three families of the commelinid clade?Arecales, poales, zingiberalesWhat is the common name for arecaceae?They are the palm familyWhen did the palm family (arecaceae) evolve?Reoughly 80 million years before presentDo palms have secondary growth?No, because they are still monocotsWhat type of leaves do species of the palm family possess?They have compound leavesWhat do the species from the poales order resemble?They are grasses, sedges and rushesWhat is special about the poales order?They are one of the largest angiosperm ordersWhat is the common name for poaceae?The grass familyHow does the grass family rank in terms of size?They are the fourth largest angiosperm familyWhen did the grass family evolve?It is debatable but has been narrowed down to between 43 million and 97 million years before presentWhy is the grass family special?It contains four of the most important food cropsHow many orders of eudicots are there?43Are eudicots polyphyletic, paraphyletic or monophyletic?They are monophyleticWhat are the defining characteristics of a eudicot?They have two cotyledons, eustellar vascular arrangements, reticulate venation and triaperture pollenWhat are the basal orders of the eudicots?Ranunculales, and proteales

What are the defining characteristics of ranunculales?They are mostly herbaceous, and their hypogynous flowers have distinct, free partsWhat are the characteristics of the core eudicots?The core eudicots are a monophyletic group with flower parts in fours or fivesWhen did the rosid clade differentiate?They branched from the core eudicots roughly 115 million years before presentName the four orders in the rosid clade?Rosales, fabales, myrtales, and brassicalesWhat is special about the rosales order?They possess a hypanthiumWhat is a hypanthium?A hypanthium is a cuplike or tubular enlargement of the receptacle of a flower, loosely surrounding the gynoecium or united with itWhat are the special features of the fabales order?They fix atmospheric nitrogen into non-protein amino acids, and some of its species are very poisonousWhat is the common name for the fabaceae family?They are the legume familyHow does the legume family rank in terms of size in the anthophyta phylum?They are the third largest angiosperm familyWhat are the special features of myrtales?They are the largest rosid II order and they have flaky barkWhat is special about the brassicales order?They have glycosides, which are either mustard oil or cyanogenicWhat are the defining characteristics of the asterid clade?They are the most advanced eudicots, and are a monophyletic group. They have fused petalsWhen did the asterid clade evolve and from what group did they evolve?They evolved roughly 50 to 60 million years before present and came from rosidaeWhat are the five orders of the asterid clade?Lamiales, solanales, asterales, and apialesWhat is the common name for the lamiales order?They are the mint familyWhat is the common name for solanales?They are the potato familyHow many families are there in the asterales order?There are 11 familiesWhat is inulin?Inulin is a carbohydrate storage structureWhat order do we find inulin in?They are found in asteralesDescribe the aster family.The aster family are the largest family amongst the angiosperms. Their flowers are typically head in inflorescence, and the petals are fused into a tube. They have disk flowers which have a reduced corolla, and ray flowers which have a strap-like corolla. Their fruit is cirsium and is a plumose acheneWhat is the common name for the apiales family?The carrot familyDraw a very basic phylogenetic tree of the clades discussed up to this point.Name the abiotic factors that influence seed dispersal.Wind, water and mechanicalWhat type of fruit use wind dispersal?The fruit must be small and dry for weight reduction and may have plumes or wingsDescribe the fruits that are water dispersed and floatThey have air trapped in their tissues and they resist rotWhat two are the two means by which water is employed for dispersal?Seeds can either float, or rain drops can splash seed cups and launch the seeds around

What are the two mechanical methods of seed dispersal?Ejection and hygroscopic structuresDescribe the ejection method of seed dispersal.Plants can build up turgor pressure and then release it to place a force on the seed, or the pericarp of the fruit itself can have the ability to curl or twist for movementDescribe the hygroscopic method of seed dispersal.Seeds that possess hygroscopic structures can coil and uncoil depending on the humidity of the air and as they dry out and get wet they either uncoil or coil, which causes them to moveWhat are the two types of biotic vectors for seed dispersal?Active and passiveDescribe the passive method of biotic seed dispersalThe fruits are small and carried in mud until picked up by an animal by any hooks, barbs, hairs or sticky coatings that the seed may possess. The seed then attaches to the animal and gets carried wherever they goThere are three types of active biotic seed dispersal. What are they?Animals can eat the fruit and then excrete the indigestible seeds; some seeds get cached by birds for a later snack, but then they get forgotten and left where they were hidden; seeds can also be food bodies, in which case they will usually get carried by ants.What are elaiosomes?Elaiosomes are fleshy, pigmented appendages with oils and proteins. They are present on seeds and are what draws ants to carry the seeds undergroundWhat is another obvious method of active biotic seed dispersal?Humans. We take and plant seeds all overWhat are the three possible areas for a plant to store energy in its seeds?The stored nutrient are typically in the endosperm, perisperm or cotyledonsWhat is a funiculus?It is a stack connecting an ovule or seed with the placentaWhen the funiculus separates, a scar is left on the seed. What is the scar called?The hilium

What does the seed coat become after it hardens?A testaWhat is an orthodox seed?A seed that enters dormancyWhat happens to the moisture content of seeds in temperate and boreal forests?The seeds dry to between 5 and 20 per cent moisture content in order to become dormantWhat is a recalcitrant seed?A seed that cannot survive drying outWhat type of habitat are recalcitrant seeds typically found?Tropical forestsWhat is seed germination?Germination refers to the resumption of growth of the embryoWill a dormant seed always germinate if the environmental conditions are optimal?No, sometimes an additional factor is requiredWhat are the potential conditions in which a seed awaits before it begins to germinate?After-ripening, stratification, scarification, or washingDescribe the dodo and the tambalacoque tree.It was thought that the death of the dodo birds brought with it the potential extinction of the tombalacoque tree because they seemed to be correlated. The theory was that the dodo was the only animal from the surrounding areas that could crack the seeds and cause them to germinate. Since the dodos are no longer around, a scientist fed the seeds of the tambalacoque tree to turkeys to see if their digestive system could wake the seed and allow it to germinate, but it turned out to be false.What is the radicle?The radicle is the part of the embryo that will grow into the primary tap root. It is the first structure that will emerge from the seed.What is the hypocotyl?The hypocotyl is the early stem of a germinating seedThere are two types of germination in eudicots. Name them and state the defining difference between the two.The two types are epigeous germination and hypogeous germination. The difference is that in epigeous germination, the cotyledons grow to be above the ground, while in hypogeous germination, the cotyledons remain below groundWhere are nutrients absorbed from in epigeous eudicots after germination has begun?The cotyledonsWhat is the role of the cotyledons of epigeous eudicots after germinating has commenced?They will either begin to photosynthesize rapidly or they will wither and the young plant will dieDraw a diagram of a mature seed.What is the coleorhiza?The coleorhiza is a protective sheath that surrounds the radicle as it develops into a young rootWhat is the coleoptile?The coleoptile is a protective sheath that surrounds a young stem as it develops and growsAre the coleoptile and coleorhiza present in eudicots?No, they are a monocot characteristicIn grass-type monocot germination, what emerges first?The coleorhiza emerges first and then the radicleWhat is the primary sense of a beetle?SmellWhat colours are the flowers that are pollinated by beetle?White or dullWhat is the shape of the flowers that are pollinated by beetle?Large and single or head or umbelWhat is the smell of the flowers that are pollinated by beetle?Fruity or spicyWhat rewards are granted for beetle when pollinating flowers?Pollen, petals, and food bodies (nectar)What is the primary sense of carrion or dung beetles and flies?SmellWhat colours are the flowers that are pollinated by carrion or dung beetles and flies?Mottled brown or dulWhat is the shape of the flowers that are pollinated by carrion or dung beetles and flies?Large and single or compact inflorescenceWhat is the smell of the flowers that are pollinated by carrion or dung beetles and flies?Foul, like dead thingsWhat rewards are granted for carrion or dung beetles and flies when pollinating flowers?Nectar, or maybe no reward (traps)What is the primary sense of bees and wasps?Sight (they can see UV) and smellWhat colours are the flowers that are pollinated by bees and wasps?Showy, like blues and yellows. They look for nectar guidesWhat is the shape of the flowers that are pollinated by bees and wasps?Generalists like bowl shaped flowers, while specialists like zygomorphic flowersWhat is the smell of the flowers that are pollinated by bees and wasps?The flowers have a light scentWhat rewards are granted for bees and wasps when pollinating flowers?Nectar and pollenWhat is the primary sense of butterflies and moths?Sight and smellWhat colours are the flowers that are pollinated by butterflies and moths?Often quite showy, like yellows blues and violetsWhat is the shape of the flowers that are pollinated by butterflies and moths?Often have corollar tubeWhat is the smell of the flowers that are pollinated by butterflies and moths?FragrantWhat rewards are granted for butterflies and moths when pollinating flowers?NectarWhat is the primary sense of nocturnal moths?SmellWhat colours are the flowers that are pollinated by moths?White or paleWhat is the shape of the flowers that are pollinated by moths?Many different kindsWhat is the smell of the flowers that are pollinated by moths?Strong fragranceWhat rewards are granted for moths when pollinating flowers?NectarWhat is the primary sense of birds?SightWhat colours are the flowers that are pollinated by birds?Showy colours like red and yellowWhat is the shape of the flowers that are pollinated by birds?Pendent. They are typically large and single, or may have inflorescenceWhat is the smell of the flowers that are pollinated by birds?Very little scentWhat rewards are granted for birds when pollinating flowers?Nectar, flower parts, insectsWhat is the primary sense of bats?SmellWhat colours are the flowers that are pollinated by bats?PaleWhat is the shape of the flowers that are pollinated by bats?Large, oft, pendent, sturdy or tubularWhat is the smell of the flowers that are pollinated by bats?Fruity, fermentingWhat rewards are granted for bats when pollinating flowers?Nectar and pollenWhat colours are the flowers that are pollinated by wind and water?DullWhat is the shape of the flowers that are pollinated by wind and water?Petals are small or absent, sexes are separated and exposed. The pollen is smooth and small.What happens when pollen lands on the stigma?The stigma secretes a solution containing sugars and proteins from glands. This is to test the pollen.What happens after the pollen lands on the stigma?The pollen hydrates from the secretions of the female flower and releases enzymes that react with the stigmatic surfaceWhat happens after the pollen has released its enzymes?Once the enzymes are release, the pollen germinates and the generative cell creates two male gametesWhat structures does the pollen tube grow through?First the stigma, then the style, ovary wall, micropyle and finally a synergidWhat is the first stage of fertilization?The male gametes are released from the tube nucleus into the synergid through a pore in the tubeWhat happens to the male protoplasm and what does this mean for the offspring?The male protoplasm gets shed in the synergid, which means it does not donate any of its mitochondrial DNA to the embryo and thus all of the mitochondrial DNa in flowering plants is inherited from the motherWhat is double fertilization?Double fertilization refers to the fact that in anthophytes, one male gamete fertilizes the egg to form the zygote, while another sperm cell fertilizes with a polar nuclei of the central cell which will eventually give rise to the endospermWhat is an endosperm?An endosperm is the structure that will feed the zygote in the seed as the seed develops.What is the ploidy of the primary endosperm?It is polyploidy and can range from 2n to 15n depending on the female gametophyte developmentWhat is an albuminous seed?One whose nucellus is still present at germinationWhat is an exalbuminous seed?One whose nucellus is not present at germination and so the cotyledons nourish the embryoWhat type of cell division occurs when no cell walls are formed?Free nuclear divisionWhat structure experiences free nuclear division during embryo development?The primary endospermDoes the embryo undergo free nuclear division?NoWhat are the three stages of embryo development in eudicots?The globular stage, the heart stage and the torpedo stageWhich group (monocots or eudicots) have exalbuminous seeds?The eudicotsWhat flower part develops into a fruit?The ovaryWhat flower part develops into a seed?The ovulesWhat is a parthenocarpic fruit?A fruit that develops without seedsWhat is a true fruit?One that contains only ovary partsWhat is an accessory fruit?A fruit that contains parts from non-ovarian structuresWhat is the pericarp?The thickened ovary wallWhat are the three layers of the pericarp?The exocarp, the mesocarp, and the endocarpWhat are the two phyla associated with the first vascular plants?Rhynia and aglaophytonWhat is another name for the first vascular plants?The protracheophytesDid the protracheophytes have tracheids?No they had hydroidsWhat are the three phyla of teacheophtytes?Rhyniophyta, zosterophyllophyta, trimerophytophytaDuring which time period did the tracheophytes evolve?Early DevonianWhat type of branching pattern was exhibited by tracheophytic plants?DichotomousWhich of the three phyla exhibited exarch growth?ZosterophyllophytaWhat plant material allowed for the evolution of the thracheophytes?Lignin in the cell wallsDid the prothracheophytes exhibit any secondary growth?No, they had only apical meristemsWhat type of roots were possesses by the thracheophytes?Rhizomes and rhizoidsWhich tracheophyte group had terminal sporangia?Zosterophyllophyta. The other two had sporangia on lateral or short stalksWere the thracheophytes heterosporous?No, they were homosporousWhich group contains the oldest vascular plant fossils?RhyniophytaFrom what did trimerophytophyta evolve?Likely rhyniaWhat do we think trimerophytophyta gave rise to?The ferns and progymnospermsWhat adaptation is present in zosterphyllophyta that leads us to believe it grew in mud?There are stomata and cuticle on the upper stem onlyWhat types of leaves did zosterophyllophyta have?Some had enationsFrom which group did lycopodiophyta evolve?From zosterophyllophytaWhat is lepidodendrales?It is a family of tree lycophytes in the phylum lycopodiophytaWhat type of growth did lycopodiales exhibit?Both primary and secondary growthWhat are the three orders of lycopodiophyta?Lycopodiales, isoetales, selaginellalesWhat types of leaves do lycophytes have?MicrophyllsSince lycopodiophyta evolved from zosterphyllophyta, what characteristics does it have?Lateral sporangia, exarch protosteleWhat type of stele is present in selaginellales?SiphonosteleWhat are fertile sporophylls?They refer to when the sporangia is located on the sporophyllsWhich of the three lycopodiophyta orders are homosporous?Only lycopodialesWhat does homospory mean for the gametophte?It means that the gametophyte is bisexualWhich of the three lycopodiophyta orders have ligules?Selaginellales and isoetalesWhat does endosporic mean?It means that the mega and microgametophytes develop inside spore wallsWhere are the microsporophylls located in relation to the megasporophylls in isoetales?The microsporophylls are towards the inside while the megasporophylls are towards the outsideWhat are the four lineages of monilophyta?Equisetopsida (horsetails), psilotopsida (some ferns), marattiopsida (ferns), polypodiopsida (most ferns)Describe the eusporangiate type of sporangial development.The sporangia develop from several surface initial cells, and the sporangia cell wall is very thickDescribe the leptosporangiate type of sporangia development.The sporangia cell walls are only one cell layer thick and the sporangia develops from one surface initial cellWhat orders undergo eusporangiate development?Equisetopsida, psilopsida, marattiopsidaWhat orders undergo leptosporangiate development?PolypodiopsidaWhat type of leaf arrangement is found in equisetopsida?Whorls of microphyllsWhich order has plants that have holes in their stems?EquisetopsidaWhat is the function of the equisetopsida elaters?To disperse the sporesWhat are the three extinct families of equisetopsida?Calamitaceae, pseudoborniaceae, sphenophyllaceaeWhat type of root is present in psilotopsida?No true roots, but rhizoids with endomycorrhizaWhat is special about botrychium of the ophioglossales of psilotopsida?They are the only fern with a vascular cambiumWhat happened to the leaves of marattiopsida and polypodiopsida?They developed the first megaphyllsWhat are the two theories of evolution regarding megaphylls?Telome theory and the theory that megaphylls developed from elaboration of microphyllsDescribe the telome theory.Evolution of structures in plants is due to the environment acting on the development of the telomeWhat is a telome?A telome is the ultimate branch in a dichotomous systemWhat are the sporangia of ferns called?SoriWhat type of spory is exhibited by ferns?They are homosporousWhere does a new sporophyte develop?On the gametophyteWhat is apogamy?Sporophyte develops directly from gametophyteWhat is apospory?Gametophyte develops directly from the sporophyteWhat are the two extinct orders of ferns?Cladoxylales and coenopteridalesWhat type of sporangia development is exhibited by marattiopsida?EusporangiateWhat type of sporangia development is exhibited by polypodiopsida?LeptosporangiateWhat are salviniales?They are water fernsWhat are the five orders of polypodiopsida?Polypodiales (largest), osmundales (fiddleheads), cyatheales (tallest tree ferns), hymenophyllales, salvinialesWhat type of spory is exhibited by salviniales?HeterosporyDid the progymnosperms have seeds?NoDid the progymnosperms have secondary growth?Yes, they had a lobed protostele which meant they could accomplish some secondary growthWhen did eustele develop?In the archaeopteris progymnospermsWhat were the two orders of progymnosperms?Aneurophyton and archaeopterisWhat were the developments necessary for the evolution of the seed?Heterospory, endosporic gametophyte, increased resources for females and less for males, and the retention of the megagametophyte on the sporophyteWhat are the three gymnosperm orders?Cycadophytes, coniferophytes, and gnetophytesWhat was the first seed plant?It was a seed fern called pteridospermalesWhat was the name of the first seed cycadeoid?BennettitalesWere bennettitales monoecious or dioecious?MonoeciousWere cycads monoecious or dioecious?DioeciousWhat happens to the zygote of cycads?They undergo free nuclear division before the cell walls formWhat are the trends in morphology of female strobili?Reduction and fusion of partsWhat is determinate growth?Determinate growth means that the shoot was produced inside a bud the previous growing season and then when spring comes, the shoot extends out of the bud.What is indeterminate growth?Indeterminate growth means that the shoot was grown during the present growing seasonWhat is a pneumatophore?It is a specialized root employed for aerationDescribe the reproduction of conferales.They are monocious, but have male and female strobili on the same treeWhat are the two mouse ears on the pollen grains of pineacea?They are called sacciWhat are the three methods employd by coniferales to snag passing pollen?Pollen drop, funnel-like integument tip, stigmatic micropyle

17