BIOL0601Provincial Biology: Module 4: Human Physiology and Anatomy 1

BIOL0601 Module 4 Assignment 4 (M4A)

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BIOL0601Provincial Biology: Module 4: Human Physiology and Anatomy 1

Introduction

BIOL0601 Provincial Biology

Assignment 2

Instructions:

Type your name in the header On Page 2. (First select “Header and Footer” in Word’s “View” menu or double click in the header area..)

For each answer, at least one dark blue blank line has been provided. Double-click on the line and start typing your answer. It will automatically appear in a distinctive style.

When several blank lines are provided for an answer, clean up by deleting the extra lines after you have typed your answer.

Sometime you will be asked to perform a lab exercise before you have finished your text work.

Only submit your work to your tutor when all the work in the assignment has been completed. If sending your file to your tutor as an email attachment, ensure that it has a file name that includes the course number, assignment number and your name.

e.g. BIOL0601_A2_Chiu.doc (with your name in place of “Chiu.”)

Topic Marks

Diagrams 10

Terms and Definitions 12

Short Answer Questions 5

Matching Questions 16

Long Answer Questions 37

Lab 4A 10

Lab 4B 10

Total marks /100 /100

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BIOL0601Provincial Biology: Module 4: Human Physiology and Anatomy 1

Diagrams

1. This is a schematic diagram of the human circulatory system. Draw the major blood vessels that serve (connect) these regions (2 marks), indicate whether they are arteries or veins (2 marks), and indicate the direction of blood flow (2 marks).

2. Valves help to control the flow of blood in the circulatory system. Where on the diagram are they to be found? (4 marks)

1.

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BIOL0601Provincial Biology: Module 4: Human Physiology and Anatomy 1

Terms (12 marks)

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BIOL0601Provincial Biology: Module 4: Human Physiology and Anatomy 1

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BIOL0601Provincial Biology: Module 4: Human Physiology and Anatomy 1

Matching

1. Match the description with the organ system with the name of the system by placing the appropriate letter in the column marked * (5 marks)

organ system function of organ system *

integumentary system A involved control of pH and exchange of gases

reproductive system B provides support and protection for the body, stores minerals and produces red blood cells

lymphatic and immune system

C produces chemical messengers to control many body functions

respiratory system D involved in the control of fluid balance and protection of the body against pathogens

urinary system E to protect the body, control temperature and collect sensory input

skeletal system F performs the functions necessary for the survival of the species

nervous system G transports materials throughout the body

endocrine system H processes food to provide the body with the materials required for maintenance, repair, growth and energy

digestive system I allows an organism to interact with its environment

cardiovascular system J involved in control of pH, fluid balance and excretion of metabolic wastes

2.

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BIOL0601Provincial Biology: Module 4: Human Physiology and Anatomy 1

Short Answer Questions

1. Chose an organ system and explain how it is involved in homeostasis. (4 marks)

2. There is an exception for each of the following statements. Explain what the exception is. (4 marks)

a. In the circulatory system arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood.

b. In the circulatory system, blood flows from a capillary network to the heart or from the heart to a capillary network.

3. Explain how blood pressure and osmotic pressure are involved in the exchange of materials as blood flows from an arteriole to a venule through a capillary network. (4 marks)

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BIOL0601Provincial Biology: Module 4: Human Physiology and Anatomy 1

4. Compare and contrast the structure and function of enzymes and antibodies. (4 marks)

Both are proteins and have areas that can be called active areas. The enzyme has a zone which binds with the substrate and the antibody has a zone which is capable of recognizing an antigen.

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BIOL0601Provincial Biology: Module 4: Human Physiology and Anatomy 1

Long Answer Questions

Answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper. Each of your answers should be two to three paragraphs long. Use your own wording.

1. Name the four cavities of the human body and identify the membranes/structures that separate each from adjacent cavities or structures. (4 marks)

2. Differentiate between acquired and innate immunity. Discuss how each functions and identify the structures/cells involved in each. (10 marks)

3. Two types of mechanisms which are used to control the internal environment of the body are positive and negative feedback. Compare and contrast these two types of controls. Give an example of each type from everyday life (non-biological) and a biological example of each. Explain why each control mechanism is appropriate for each biological example. (8 marks)

4. Use the ABO and Rh blood type systems to show how the terms antibody and antigen are related. Explain how this relates to blood transfusions. Explain how there can be universal donor and universal recipient blood types. (9 marks)

5. The pituitary gland is sometimes called the master gland. Explain why this is an appropriate name for this gland. (6 marks)

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BIOL0601Provincial Biology: Module 4: Human Physiology and Anatomy 1Lab 4A: Tissues

Introduction

In Module 1 you considered the organization of life. In that system, tissue was defined as a group of cells with the same structure and function. In the human there are four tissue types: connective, muscular, nervous and epithelial.

1. Connective Tissuea. fibrous connective tissueb. cartilage*c. bone*d. blood (fluid)*e. lymph (fluid)

2. Muscle Tissuea. skeletal muscle*b. smooth muscle*c. cardiac muscle*

3. Nervous Tissuea. neurons*b. neuroglia

4. Epithelia Tissuea. simple epithelium

i. squamous epithelium*ii. cuboidal epitheliumiii. columnar epithelium*

b. pseudostratified epitheliumc. transitional epitheliumd. glandular epithelium*

Each of these levels is recognized by a particular cell type. In this lab you will examine some of these types of tissues in order to become familiar with the general structure and function of each tissue.

Method

Because the pocket microscope has only a low magnification, you will be using the Microscope CD to look at examples of human tissue types. For each of the following cell types, draw a diagram in the space provided.

There may be many cells in the microscopic field. The general shape and organization of the cells is most important. You need only draw any internal detail (if visible) for two or three of the cells. Under key observations note the special features visible under the microscope that allow for the identification of each tissue type.

The slides should pick up the main characteristics of each of the particular tissues. The written description could be just as important as the drawing.

Drawings need not be detailed but should emphasize the key points listed in the right hand column.

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BIOL0601Provincial Biology: Module 4: Human Physiology and Anatomy 1Results

Key observations

pictures on page 67 of text

cartilage

power -

Key observations

pictures on page 67 of text

bone

power -

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BIOL0601Provincial Biology: Module 4: Human Physiology and Anatomy 1Key observations blood

power -

Key observations

pictures on page 70

skeletal muscle

power -

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BIOL0601Provincial Biology: Module 4: Human Physiology and Anatomy 1Key observations

pictures on page 70

smooth muscle

power -

Key observations

picture on page 70

cardiac muscle

power -

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BIOL0601Provincial Biology: Module 4: Human Physiology and Anatomy 1

Key observations

picture on page 72

squamous epithelium

power -

Key observations

picture on page 73

columnar epithelium

power -

Congratulations, you have now completed Lab 4A

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BIOL0601Provincial Biology: Module 4: Human Physiology and Anatomy 1Lab 4B: Respiration

Please note that you do not need to submit your lab work to your tutor. You do need to submit the completed tables in the Results section and your answers to the questions in the Thinking About the Results section.

Introduction

1. External respiration is the term commonly used to refer to what we call breathing – the act of inhalation and exhalation. We are also aware that the amount of air that we breathe in and out will vary depending on the circumstances.

Part AWe are going to use a model to study how inspiration and expiration happen. You will see the model being built in the video and its functioning will be demonstrated. Optionally, you may make a model yourself.

OPTIONAL

Materials

2 L plastic pop bottle and lida large diameter strawtwo balloons (preferably round)masking tape (or duck tape if you are a Red Green fan)plasticene (or any mouldable material)

Method

1. Collect together all the required materials and prepare your laboratory space.

2. Carefully cut the bottom from the pop bottle. Make the edge as smooth as possible.

3. Select a balloon shoes diameter is about the same as the diameter of the cut end of the bottle.

4. Cut one of the balloons at its widest point. Tie a knot in the neck of the balloon. Place the balloon across the cut end of the pop bottle and secure it in place with tape. This needs to be fairly secure as you will be pulling on the neck of the balloon to stretch it.

5. Small round balloons tend to be rather tough to blow up. Soften the balloon up by blowing it up and releasing the air several times. If you can get balloons that are easier to blow up to start, then this part will be easier. Using tape, fasten a small balloon to the end of a straw. Try to make sure the seal is airtight.

6. Insert the balloon, attached to the straw through the neck of the bottle so that it is situated in about the centre of the bottle. Use plasticene to seal the opening.(At this point our model only has 1 “lung”. You may choose to insert two straws with balloons attached to make the model more like the human system. Two “lungs” are not necessary for the model to work properly)

7. The model is now complete.

8. The purpose of this model is to demonstrate the process by which the air enters and leaves the lungs. Gently pull on the neck of the balloon stretched across the large end of the bottle. Notice what happens to the “lung” as you do so. Release the balloon and again notice what happens to the “lung”. Record these observations in Table 4.2.1

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BIOL0601Provincial Biology: Module 4: Human Physiology and Anatomy 1Results

1. Table 4.2.1

They should describe that as the balloon is pulled down, the small balloon inside the bottle will try to inflate.

This process will be reversed when the balloon is released

Thinking About the Results

1. the left half of the following table, draw a labelled diagram of the model (either from the video or your own model). In the right column of the table draw a diagram of the human respiratory system.Table 4.2.1

lung model human respiratory system

2. Why does air move into the lungs in inspiration? How does the model demonstrate this?

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BIOL0601Provincial Biology: Module 4: Human Physiology and Anatomy 13. Why does air move out of the lungs during exhalation (expiration). How does the model demonstrate

this?

4. What of these processes is active and which passive. Explain.

Part BIn this experiment you will measure two parameters of lung function: tidal volume and vital capacity. Both of thesde3 require the measurement of rather large volumes. These will be measured by displacing water from a jug and measuring the volume of water displaced.

Materials

2 L plastic pop bottles and lid, or 4 L milk bottle and lid.a large diameter tube or strawa large basin (dishwashing basin or sink will do)lots of water

Method

1. Prepare your lab space for this experiment. It involves lots of water and could result in some spilling. If possible arrange to do the experiment in the kitchen sink. A second set of hands might also be helpful , so if possible, arrange for an assistant.

Tidal Volume

2. Place about 5 cm of water in the sink or basin. Fill a bottle completely with water (no air bubbles) and place the cap on the bottle. Invert the bottle with the cap under water. Remove the cap. As long as the mouth of the bottle remains below the surface of the water, the water will remain in the bottle.

3. Breath normally as you would at rest. Notice the amount of air that you inhale and exhale each time. This is your tidal volume and is the amount of air that we want to measure. Keeping the mouth of the bottle under water, place one end of the tube into the mouth of the bottle. Intro the other end of the tube, blow the amount of air that represents your tidal volume. This will displace water from the bottle. Place the cap back on the bottle and remove the bottle from the basin. In order to measure the amount of air in the bottle, use a measuring cup and measure the amount of water needed to fill the bottle to the top. This is the volume of your tidal volume. Repeat the measurement 2 more times. Record the results in Table 4.2.2

Vital capacity

4. The vital capacity is the total volume of your lungs. Exhale as much air as you possibly can (force it all out), then inhale as much as you possibly can. This represents the vital capacity of your lungs and is what we want to measure. You will employ the same method as before, displacing water from bottles and measuring how much water was displaced. The vital capacity varies from one individual to another, but can range from just under 4 L to just over 5 L. Be prepared for this large volume and have bottles with enough volume prepared before you begin to exhale.

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BIOL0601Provincial Biology: Module 4: Human Physiology and Anatomy 1

5. With the bottles filled and inverted in the sink or basin, inhale as much as you can, then, blowing through the tube into the bottles, exhale as much as you can. Use the measuring cup to measure the amount of water that was displaced. In Table 4.2.3 record this volume as your vital capacity.

Results

1. Table 4.2.2tidal volume (mL)

trial 1trial 2trial 3average tidal volume

2. Table 4.2.3vital capacity (L)

trial 1trial 2trial 3average vital capacity

Thinking About the Results

1. Look up Figure 9.1, it shows the human respiratory tract. On the way to the lungs, the air must pass through the nasal cavity, the trachea, bronchus, and bronchioles. There is no gas exchange in these structures. What does this mean for your tidal capacity?

2. Vital capacity is often used as a measure of the health of the lungs. What conditions could negatively affect your vital capacity?

Congratulations, you have now completed Lab 4B.

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