Upload
anon488610685
View
21
Download
4
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE
UDDD1124
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1
EXPERMINET NO. (2)
EXPERIMENT TITLE
(INTRODUCTION TO CELLS, TISSUES AND ORGANS)
NO STUDENT NAME STUDENT ID
1. CHAI XIN YU 1406349
2. IRENE CHONG YAN LING 1406592
3. LANA UNG 1406899
4. TAN HUI YING 1406482
5. TAN SIOK TENG
LECTURAL : MISS ALICIA HO LAI YEE
PRACTICAL GROUP: 1
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 09/02/2015
CONTENT
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………1
Laboratory User……………………………………………………………………………..2
Equipment…………………………………………………………………………………..5
Daily Operation…………………………………………………………………….……….8
Laboratory Information System……………………….....…………………………………10
Management Team………………………………………………………………….……...12
Quality Management of Laboratory………………………………………………………..17
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….23
INTRODUCTION
Teaching laboratory classes provide students with first-hand experience in course-
related experiments and with more opportunities to learn more methods used by various
scientists in their discipline. There are challenges in leading teaching laboratory than a
standard classroom environment due to the differences. Different type of laboratory has
different requirements.
Teaching laboratory needs laboratory instruction to guide the users and brings
benefits to the learner from direct application and hands-on experience. D.S. Domin's (1999)
defined several methodologies which includes expository instruction, inquiry instruction,
discovery instruction, inquiry instructions and problem-based learning. Labs are often
presented boring when the students follow the procedures that lead to a conclusion whose
importance is not clear. The students must understand the concept, relationship and process to
know why the experiment is worth doing and what purpose it serves to make labs effective.
Labs actually combine many different aspects of teaching, including:
Lecturing
Organizing group work
Leading hands-on learning
Ask meaningful questions
Create assignments
Evaluating work
In this proposal, biochemistry teaching laboratory is chosen to be setup. To set up a
teaching laboratory, there are few aspects to be included. The aspects are users, management
team, equipment, daily operation, information system and quality management.
LABORATORY USER
RESPONSIBILITIES of LABORATORY USER
1. Leave on time. Do not work over time. All sections in a class should have same
working time. Begin cleaning early enough to leave on time.
2. Maintain cleanliness and orderliness. Make sure the laboratory is clean before leave.
Clean their work areas and instruments and assure that these chores are done before
leave.
3. Enforce safe lab procedures. Read through SOP before conducting any experiment.
4. Report all accidents. Report about injuries, breakage of equipment to supervisor
immediately no matter how minor it is.
5. Keep the bench clear. Place items in the drawer. Eg. Pencil case.
6. Long hair must be tied. To avoid catching fire or accident.
7. Do not taste or smell chemicals.
8. Wear safety goggles. To protect your eyes while heating substances.
9. Follow the standard operating procedure (SOP). Unauthorized experiments or
procedures must not be attempted.
10. Location of emergency apparatus. Confirm the location for fire extinguisher, eye
wash station, first aid kit and safety shower.
11. Follow all instructions. Follow the instructions given by supervisor.
12. No eating or drinking.
THE 10 COMMON EQUIPMENT IN LABORATORY
1. Biohazard Safety Cabinet (BSC)
They are primary containment devices utilized in laboratories for the handling of
biohazardous agents.
They are routinely used for a wide variety of applications
There are three classes of BSCs: Class I, II and III.
While all three classes afford personnel and environmental protection, only Class II
and III cabinets provide product protection thanks to the input of clean air from
supply HEPA filters.
2. Fume Hood
It can protect workers from inhaling chemical fumes by constantly pulling
contaminated air into the hood and exhausting it out of the building.
It can also protect users in case of a fire or explosion by helping to physically contain
the event.
3. Spectrophotometer
It measures either the amount of light reflected from a sample object or the amount of
light that is absorbed by the sample object.
It’s a common tool used by various scientists to determine information about an
object or substances through the analysis of its light properties.
Unknown compositions broken down into basic elemental components or lights
emitted from far away galaxies can be used to determine information about space
objects, including their size and speed.
4. Microscope
A microscope is a scientific instrument which magnifies objects that are too small to
be seen by the naked eye.
There are two varieties: electron microscope (EM) and light microscope (L.M).
It uses combination of magnifying lenses with a rotator that can be used to adjust the
item view option.
5. Pipette
It is a type of chemical dropper used in laboratory experiments to measure and
transport fixed volumes of chemicals.
There are three kinds of pipettes: micropipettes, volumetric pipette and graduated
pipette.
All kinds of pipettes function in the same way.
The pipette is inserted into a liquid-filled container, where it creates a vacuum. The
vacuum suction draws up a designated amount of liquid and dispenses it into another.
6. Centrifuge
It’s a device for separating particles from a solution according to their sizes, shapes,
density, viscosity of the medium and rotor speed.
It generally uses centrifugal force to separate the desired product, which can either be
proteins or nucleic acids, from the suspension made of insoluble fine solids in liquids.
The desired product can be either in the supernatant (the clear liquid obtained as a
result of centrifugation) or the pellet (residue from centrifugation sediment at the
bottom).
7. Laboratory Water Bath
It is a device used for regulating the temperature of substances subjected to heat.
It’s frequently used in chemistry labs for a number of temperature related
applications.
Water baths are used to heat those substances, which can't be heated directly on
Bunsen burner or hot plate or any other media. However only those materials can be
heated with water bath whose boiling point is less than that of water.
8. Petri Dish
A petri dish is a type of glass or plastic shallow round dish with a close fitting lid
which is a vital tool in scientific laboratories.
The uses for this piece of equipment are varied, but it is most well-known for holding
a culture medium upon which cells, bacteria, and viruses can be grown and studied.
9. Anaerobic Chamber
Anaerobic chambers, also known as anaerobic glove boxes.
They are atmosphere control units designed to be used when working with oxygen
sensitive materials, product containment needs, and/or general isolation control.
These units allow researchers to easily process, culture and examine samples without
exposure to atmospheric oxygen.
10. Autoclave
Autoclaves are used in sterilization.
It can reach temperatures higher than boiling water alone, so it can kill not only
bacteria but also bacterial spores, which tend to be resistant.
Autoclaves are used in laboratories to assure items such as glassware and surgical
equipment are sterile.
DAILY OPERATION
There may be some errors occur before a sample is analyzed that could potentially
affect the accuracy of the result, we called it as pre-examination error. Therefore, we need
pre-examination process to prevent from any serious patient misdiagnosis. Pre-examination
process involves a series of related processes such as request form that is given to the patient
to fill in, the collection and handling of the specimen, transportation of specimen, specimen
reception, specimen processing and lastly analysis of the specimen. Request forms from
clinicians are the most important means of communication. It includes the general
information of the patient such as the patient’s name, date of birth and date of collection, it
also includes clinical question and other information on the patient, thus to help the
laboratory professionals to choose the most suitable and appropriate test to be taken on that
patient.
There are many tests conducted in a laboratory, and some tests involve many types of
specimen, for example serum, blood, urine and plasma. So, in order to prevent the
phlebotomist from wrongly taken the specimens, a collection manual is very important.
Information in this collection manual helps the phlebotomist to obtain the right specimen.
The collection manual should contain information on the appropriate tubes, the amount of
specimen to collect, any need for immediate refrigeration, and any other factors that might
affect the quality of the test. Specimens must be collected in an appropriate specimen
container to maintain the integrity of the specimens. Besides, instructions of handling the
specimen should be also documented in the collection manual, and shall be available for all
the relevant personnel, so that they know how to handle those specimens. It is important to
follow the biosafety guidelines when handling those potentially infectious clinical specimens
in order to ensure a safety environment for patients, workers and all the laboratory occupants.
The process when transporting specimens is also very crucial, all specimens must be
constructed, filled, closed and secured so that under normal conditions of transportation,
public will not in contact with specimens that could endanger their health and safety.
Specimen reception play one of the most important roles, they sort and send all the relevant
information of the patient samples from different department, clinic and ward to the
appropriate laboratory for testing. Next, specimen processing is the section of the laboratories
where the specimens are received, sorted, and the specimen processor will enter the
information into the computer system. Processing a specimen including mixing the specimen
evenly to ensure that all the components are evenly distributed throughout the sample or in
some test, using a centrifuge to spin the specimen in order to separate the plasma layer from
the red blood cell. All the procedures are required to ensure that specimens sent to referral
laboratories are efficiently handled. Lastly, a laboratory report is necessary to jot down all the
procedures that are taken and the results regarding the test taken on the specimen.
LABORATORY INFORMATION SYSTEM
In Biochemistry laboratory, researchers may have to carry out experiment which
include spectrophotometric quantitation of DNA and proteins, yeast genomic DNA analysis
by restriction digest and PCR, yeast transformation with functional and genetic
complementation analysis and the like.A Laboratory Information System (LIS) is one of tool
that can receives, processes and store information that is developed in a medical or research
laboratory. It is a worldwide collection of the results found or actions performed in some
laboratories. Other than this, it is a highly organized and adaptable application that is used to
store several laboratory work-flow models simultaneously. With the implementation of LIS,
it helps the researcher as followed:
1. Information can be obtained with the click of a button rather than having to dig
through files.
Enable researcher to look for the information needed in a short time.
2. Years of data can be kept easily without the need for traditional archiving.
LIS contain flexible data storage approach that avoid constraining limits on
data size.
3. Improvement of data quality, automated quality control a daily quality reports.
Ability to record results in various data formats, including numbers, text with
extended characters, and images.
4. Automated log-in, tracking and management
Enable the technician to order the specimen, equipment and chemical needed
effectively.
Enable to maintain the management of the laboratory.
5. Easily accessible data via the web
It is an offsite backup.
Can view data that critical in time.
One of the LIS that can implement in biochemistry laboratory is LABVANTAGE.
LABVANTAGE utilizes a flexible approach to project management based on the Project
Management Institute's PMBOK methodology. Each engagement is managed according to
the most beneficial strategy for your unique specific requirements in the research. For
instance, projects with a pre-determined and well-defined end point may follow a waterfall
approach, while projects where the end is defined during execution may be managed
according to the relevant agile project management techniques. LABVANTAGE have the
most experienced deployment team.
When carry out an experiment, researcher will have to follow the sample lifecycle
using LIMS. First, sampling of samples which mean capture the valuable data. For instance,
sample date and time, distance travelled, field tests performed, sampling and field test
notes. Next, logging samples, analyzing and receiving of samples into the laboratory.
Samples are logged into LIMS via bar-code scanning or scheduling by assign a unique
sample number that can be used as a tracking or reference number as part of the ISO 17025
standards. Samples are scanned into the various laboratories for trace ability purposes.
Furthermore, authorizing of samples. Sample results are authorized by researcher who
evaluate the data against the prescribed specifications as set in LIMS. Researcher need to
interface handheld units with LIMS followed by scanning of samples into LIMS and
interfacing laboratory instruments with LIMS. Lastly, interfacing LIMS with various other
systems which improved the ability to transfer data among the different information
management systems and maintain a high level of data integrity.
MANAGEMENT TEAM
1. Laboratory Manager
Responsible for providing technical expertise, management and leadership for the
Biochemistry laboratory.
Responsibilities include:
Stability Management.
Analytical method validation, qualification and transfer.
Investigation of Out Of Specification Test (OOS).
Point of contact for Biochemistry deviations and problem solving
Managing the Biochemistry laboratory and stability programme function of Quality
Control.
The design and set-up of the Quality Control laboratories and associated activities,
including method transfer and selection/ implementation of laboratory instruments
and equipment.
Recruitment, development and coaching of laboratory staff.
Managing the stability programs for multiple manufacturing sites within the
organization.
Ensuring a safe working environment within the laboratory.
Providing technical support for chemistry and biochemistry methodology
Working with Quality Assurance on manufacturing and/or product investigations and
complaints; carrying out risk assessments, facilitate investigations and supply
investigation reports to assist Quality decisions.
To represent the QC Analytical Technical Services function during regulatory
inspections.
Serve as QC point of contact with company business partners and technical
representatives as required to meet objectives.
Preparing and presenting periodic management updates on Department activities to
senior management
Providing Quality Control review and approval of Policies, Operational Standards,
SOPs, validation protocols and reports.
2. Healthcare Scientist
Healthcare scientists analyse samples taken from patients' blood, urine or other bodily
fluids to help with the investigation, diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
They develop and implement new techniques, interpret results and liaise with and
advise clinical staff on the correct use of tests and any necessary follow up
investigations.
They are responsible for the evaluation and quality assessment of diagnostic tests and
play a role in developing and managing hospital and community analytical services.
Planning and organizing work in biochemistry laboratories, much of which is
automated and computer assisted;
Carrying out complex biochemical analyses on specimens of body fluids and tissues,
using spectrophotometry, mass spectroscopy, high performance chromatography,
electrophoresis, immunoassay and, increasingly, molecular biological techniques;
Identifying the cause of and resolving any poor analytical performance problems;
writing reports, funding bids and conducting research with clinical staff
3. Medical Laboratory Technicians (MLT)
Biochemistry technologists are a specific type of medical laboratory technologist that
assesses types and levels of chemicals present in bodily fluids.
They receive samples from doctors to carry out a specific test. They perform
various biochemical tests on various fluid samples, such as blood, to look for
abnormal or missing components as well as levels of particular elements, like sugars
or toxic chemicals.
They analyze and compile the data obtained before sending the information to the
doctor for a final diagnosis.
They need to ensure that samples are not contaminated and that they aren't infected
by the samples they work with.
To sample analysis, they could set up and maintain laboratory testing equipment,
such as a high-speed centrifuge, electron microscope or spectrophotometer. They
need to assure that procedures and testing standards are met to confirm the accuracy
of the results obtained using the equipment.
They might also train and supervise laboratory assistants and other technologists.
4. Laboratory Assistant
Laboratory assistants prepare, and in some cases process samples within
a biomedical laboratory.
They also utilise pre-analytical systems in order for biomedical scientists (BMS) or
Medical Laboratory Scientific Officers to process the biochemical tests requested on
the sample.
The majority of a medical laboratory assistant’s time is spent in
processing specimens.
They may undertake include, setting up blood analyzers, running Quality Controls
and manual controls prior to a biomedical scientist undertaking analysis on samples.
Maintenance and decontamination is essential for the function of the machinery
therefore the laboratory assistant carry out this role on a weekly or monthly basis.
5. Laboratory Supervisor
Set a standard for behavior and be a safety role model.
Provide safety oversight of day-to-day laboratory operations.
Incorporate safety discussions into lab group meetings for continuous improvement
of best safety practices.
Register the laboratory
Identify and control the hazards
Train and inform laboratory personnel
Prepare and maintain all safety documentation
Purchase chemicals
Label and store chemicals properly
Dispose of old, expired and waste chemicals
Ensure the proper clean-up and maintenance of the lab
Prepare for emergencies
Use sustainability and pollution prevention practices
6. Laboratory Safety Officer
Management of employee injuries and exposures, following up with occurrences,
looking at trends and making engineering or work practice control changes if
necessary, and requesting exposure monitors for those who work with specific
hazardous materials of concern.
Monthly lab safety inspections, including fire and electrical safety, ergonomics,
chemical hygiene, general housekeeping, waste management, personal protective
equipment, and infection prevention.
Making sure everyone in the lab has lab-specific training, emergency spill response
training, fire extinguisher training, knows what to do in an evacuation or fire drill, and
several other topics.
QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF LABORATORY
Objective of Quality Assurance
Quality Assurance in the biochemistry laboratory is intended to ensure the reliability of the
laboratory tests. The objective of quality assurance is to achieve reliable test results by:
1. Accuracy
This refers to the closeness of the estimated value to that considered to be true. Accuracy
can, as a rule, be checked only by the use of reference materials which have been assayed
by reference methods.
2. Precision
This refers to the responsibility of the result, but a test can be precise without being
accurate. Precision can be controlled by replicate tests and by repeated tests on
previously measured specimens. And the test result or value which we get should be
closer to the previous one.
The Reason of Inaccuracy and/or Imprecision Occurred
Inaccuracy and/or imprecision occur as a result of using unreliable standards or
reagents ,incorrect instrument calibration, or poor technique.eg consistently faulty dilution or
the use of a method that gives a reaction that is incomplete or not specific for the test.
This can be done by:
1. Eliminating rework
2. Save time
3. Save labour
4. Save material e.g. reagent, specimen etc.
5. Patient care.
Quality Assurance Programme Includes
1. Internal quality control (IQC)
This is based on monitoring the Biochemistry test procedure that is performed in the
laboratory. It includes measurement on specially prepared materials and repeated
measurements on routine specimens as well as statistical analysis day by day of date
obtained from the test which has been routinely carried out. There is thus continuous
evaluation of the reliability of the work of the laboratory. Hence IQC primarily check
the precision of lab work.
2. External quality assessment (EQC)
This is the evaluation by an outside agency of the performance by a number of
laboratories on specially supplied samples. Analysis of performance is retrospective.
The objective is to achieve between lab and between method compatibility, but this
doesn’t guarantee accuracy unless the specimens have been assayed by a reference lab
alongside a reference preparation of known value. Schemes are usually organized on a
national or regional basis. Hence, EQA is mainly concerned with analytical part of the
test.
3. Proficiency surveillance
This is concerned with various aspect of laboratory apart from analysis part i.e. this
ensures adequate control of the pre and post analytical stages of test. It implies critical
supervision of all the aspects of laboratory tests. Such as,
Sample collection
Labeling
Delivering
Storage
Reading
Reporting
Establishment of normal reference values.
Maintenance and control of apparatus and instruments etc.
4. Standardization
This refers to both materials and reference methods:
A material standard or reference preparation is used to calibrate analytic
instruments and to assign a quantitative value to calibrators.
A reference method is an exactly defined technique which provides sufficiently
accurate and precise data for it to be used to assess the validity of other
methods. The main international authority concerned with material standards are
WHO and international council for standardization in hematology (ICSH). The
material prepared by these authorities are international standards(international
reference preparation)and are of primary standard. These international standards
are not freely available and are not intended for routine use, but this serve as
standards for assigning values to commercial standard which is of secondary
standard.
Error Can Be Easily Occurred during
In writing the order
Transcribing the order to lab.
The requisition from floor to the lab.
Collecting the sample (IQC, PS, and Std.)
Handling after collection(PS)
Running the test (predominantly to IQC).
Sending the data back to the floor.
Putting the data on the chart.
Awareness for Quality Control
Awareness that has to be adopted for quality control can be divided into 2 groups.
1. Primary Goals
To report out all correct data.
Not to report the incorrect patient values.
2. Error Detection
To detect error before it leaves the lab.
Errors in Quantitative System
There are two types of errors in quantitative system
1. Random error(Inherit Error, Noise Error, Background Error)
This is the error in which there will be variation in test result /data on either side of
mean. In other words the values obtained will be low as well as high to the mean
value or true value.
This may be due to
Slight variation in line voltage, lamp output or temperature.
Slight variation in pipettors and dispensers.
This error is measured by standard deviation (SD) and coefficient variation (CV).
2. Systematic error
This is the error in which variation occurs in one direction away from the true value i.e.
either value goes up or down. The difference between measured value and true value is
called Bias.
Systemic errors are errors within the test system or methodology.
Assigned value to calibrators.
Reagent composition
Antibody specificity.
Six components of error detection system
1. Patient identification, sample collection and handling.
2. Analytical method.
3. Instrument maintenance
4. Control material.-In build error detecting test, it is run as per the test and its value is
known so helps to detect whether our test is correct or not.
5. Quality control monitoring.
6. Clerical.
Quality control material
It is a known sample whose range of values has been established prior to the test
either by international authorities or by commercial firms.
This control sample is inserted into the testing process, being exposed to the same
condition as the patient sample and value is measured. If the values of control material
is within the range then it is said that the test procedure of the error detectors.
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, lab management is important in setting up a laboratory. Proper
management ensures the laboratory operation can runs smoothly. Lab management includes
users, management team, equipment, daily operation, information system and quality
management. Each aspect has its own roles in maintaining system operation as mentioned in
the proposal. Different laboratory has different requirements therefore the management is set
up differently according to the purpose of the laboratory.