Biogeochemical Cycles: Nitrogen!

From wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nitrogen_Cycle.svg http://comp.uark.edu/~ksteele/hc2004/presentshort/NITROGEN%20SPECIES.htm

Biogeochemical Cycles: Carbon!

From NASA http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_4.htm

Atoms!

ü A fundamental unit of matter (substance)!ü Elements!ü  Every atom in our bodies has passed

through stars and millions of organisms - each of us has about a billion atoms from shakespeare, a billion from buddha, etc . But not elvis -it is too soon since his death!

The Periodic Table!!

Dynamic periodic table.com http://www.dayah.com/periodic/!

Sizes of atoms! !ü  You know the size of a millimeter (from lab)!ü  A micron is 1/1000 of a millimeter!ü  A protist cell is about 2 microns (too small to see)!ü  Imagine a protist cell and a millimeter lined up next to each other!

ü  To see that protist cell as a ‘dot’ with your eyes, the millimeter would have to be enlarged to 40 feet across!!!

ü  To see an ATOM as a ‘dot’ (if it were lined up with the millimeter), you’d have to enlarge that millimeter to 15 MILES!!!

ü  We can’t even imagine how small atoms are, really!!ü  Consider a single atom. Imagine it is the size of a cathedral. !

ü  The size of the shell is cathedral-sized!ü  The size of the nucleus is fly-sized!ü  The weight of that fly-sized nucleus would be 2000 times the weight of the

cathedral!!ü  The nucleus of the atom makes up most of the mass, but hardly any of

the space. Atoms are mostly empty space.!

Types of bonds!ü Ionic bonds (Example of LiF)!

ü Electron(s) given up or taken to fill or empty orbital. Atoms attracted by opposite charges!

ü Covalent bonds (Example of CH4)!ü Electrons shared between atoms to ‘fill up’

orbitals. Atoms together because of shared electrons!

ü Hydrogen bonds (H2O) !ü Polar attraction between atoms!

Glucose: Ring and linear structure Functional groups noted!

hydroxyl

hydroxyl

hydroxyl

hydroxyl

hydroxyl

In the ring, the carbonyl becomes this bonded oxygen

Important Properties of H2O due to Hydrogen Bonding!ü Cohesion!

ü How insects sit on water!ü Temperature moderation!

ü Heat in/out of H2O affects H-bonds, so less effect on temperature from heat compared to other liquids. !

ü Ice floats!!ü Water is a solvent for ions and polar

molecules, NOT non-polar molecules. !

Cellulose Hydrogen bonding From University of Cambridge DoITPoMS Learning Packages http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/doitpoms/tlplib/wood/printall.php !

Starch (amylose) large coil From Water structure and Science by Martin Chaplin. http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/hysta.html

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