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Bioenergy and Biofuel Industry in the USA and Brazil – Path to cooperation
Geraldo Eugenio de Franca Fulbright Association
UNL – IANR & ARS-USDA ITEP – The Technology Institute of Pernambuco
Lincoln, NE – Nov 28 2012
Acknowledgments
• Brazil
• ITEP – The Technology Institute of Pernambuco – Dr. Frederico Montenegro
• IPA – The Agriculture Research Institute of PE – Dr. Julio Zoe
• Fulbright Association – Dr. Luiz Vlacov
• USA
• UNL – IANR – Dr. Ron Yoder
• ARS-USDA Lincoln – Dr. Ken Vogel and ARS team
• IIE – International Institute of Education – Mr. Jake Silva
Summary
. Bioenergy policies in Brazil
. The sugarcane and the ethanol industry
. The second generation ethanol and other hydrocarbons
. Biological and industrial R&D demands
. The cooperation between Brazil and the USA
Biofuels World Map
Bioenergy Policies in Brazil - A brief account
• 1931 – 5% mixture of ethanol in gasoline
• 1966 – 25% is the allowable mixture
• 1975 – Brazilian Alcohol National Program – Proalcool
• 1979 – Proalcool – Second phase - Iran-Iraq war – Crude prices jumped from US$ 14.00 to US$ 30.00/barrel
• 1983 – Brazilian Energy Nation Program – Biodiesel research – Univ. Fed.
of Parana
Bioenergy Policies in Brazil - A brief account
• 2002 - Ethanol – gasoline mixtures ranges from 20 to 25%
• 2003 – Automobile industry launches the ‘flex-fuel’ vehicle – (ethanol – gasoline)
• 2005 – Law 10097 – Biodiesel legislation and National Agrienergy Plan
• 2010 – The Brazilian National Laboratory of Bioethanol – CTBE inaugurated
• 2010 – Embrapa’s National Agrienergy Research Center
Milh
ões
de H
ecta
res
8,0
7,0
6,0
Gráfico 1 - Evolução da área de cana
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Soca Reformada Expansão Em reforma
Fonte: Elaboração EPE a partir de INPE [20]
Sugarcane acreage in Brazil – million hectares
Milh
ões
de to
nela
das
Gráfico 2– Histórico anual de produção de cana
700
600
622,6 627,3
565,8
500
400
300 254,9
200
100
0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Fonte: EPE com base em MAPA [26]
Sugarcane production in Brazil – million tonnes
1/3 juice: ethanol and sugar – 608 x 109 kcal 153 kg sugar or 90 l ethanol 1/3 bagasse: vapour and electricity – 598 x 109 kcal 1/3 leafs and tops - 512 x 109 kcal Total 1,718 x 109 kcal 1 crude barrel 1,386x 109 kcal
Sugarcane primary energy – 1 ton
Sugarcane geography in Brazil
Milh
ões
de m
³ Gráfico 3 – Oferta de etanol
30,0 26,1
28,0
25,0
20,0
19,1 19,9
23,0
15,0
10,0
5,0
11,5 6,5 7,0
5,0
14,3 8,0 8,7
0,0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Anidro Hidratado Etanol Total
Fonte: Elaboração EPE a partir de MAPA [30]
Brazilian ethanol supply
0.0 0.3
0.8
1.4
2.0
2.3
2.7
2.9 2.8
3.7%
21.6%
50.2%
78.1%
85.6% 87.2% 88.2% 86.4%
83.1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
-
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Mill
ions
Veículos Flex FuelParticipação nas vendas de veículos leves - em milhões de unidades
Vendas de veículos flex Participação de veículos flex nas vendas de veículos leves
Source: EPE 2012
Flex-fuels vehicles sales in Brazil – 2003 - 2011
Brazilian ethanol production and oil price
Fonte: BP e EPE
USA RFS Program requirements
Ethanol Production in the USA and Brazil
Bilh
õe s
de li
tros
Gráfico 7 – Projeções de Importação – Estados Unidos
3,0 2,6
2,5
2,0
1,5
2,3 2,0
1,6
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
2,2
1,0
0,5
0,0 200 8 200 9 2010 2011 2012 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17
Fonte: elaboração EPE a partir de EIA [19].
Projected ethanol importation from the USA
Agronomy Environmental issues
Biochemistry and Biotechnology Industrial issues
Priority areas
USA and Brazil R&D collaborative program
Sugarcane and Corn • Abiotic stresses – cold, heat, drought • Lignocellulose material - content and quality • Water use efficiency • Transportation logistics
Sweet Sorghum • Total biomass production and quality • Juice and fermentable sugars content • Lodging tolerance • Photoperiod response • Leaf diseases resistance
C4 Grasses – Switchgrass, Napier grass • Resilience • Total biomass production and quality • Carbon sequestration • Life cycle analysis
Agronomy - R&D demands
Sucrose •Yeast strains tolerant
to high temperature
•Yeast strains tolerant to high ethanol content in the beer
Starch •Yeast strains tolerant
to high temperature
•Yeast strains tolerant to high ethanol content in the beer
•Modified starch molecules
Lignocellulose •Designing enzymes
for conversion – C5
• Lignin use
•NIRS analysis
• Identification and use of specific traits
Biotechnology and Biochemistry – R&D
Climate Change
•GHG emissions
•Carbon sequestration
•Water use efficiency in biomass production
•WUE in industrial activities
Life Cycle Analysis •Net energy ratio
•Reduction in use of
agrochemicals
•Biological N fixation
•P and K bioremediation
Mechanization
•Harvesting
• Soil compaction
•Transportation of
leafs and tops
Environmental issues
Liquid fuels • Sugar extraction
•Enzymatic conversion
• Lignin use
•Hydrocarbons
Byproducts •Bio-plastics
•New materials
Energy •Electricity
•Thermal conversion
•Biogas
Industrial demands
2007 – Agreement - President Bush and President Lula da Silva . Bioenergy, ethanol, joint projects
2011 – MOU on Scientific Cooperation - President Barak Obama and President Dilma Roussef • Agriculture, health, aerospace engineering, bioenergy
2011 – The Science without Borders Program • Brazil is sending 100,000 students abroad in 4 years • 75,000 students with public funds. • 18,000 selected. Around 4,000 to the USA
USA and Brazil – Mechanisms of cooperation
PhD and MSc students graduated – 1998 - 2011
Source: MCTI 2012
Burn before harvesting
Juice (sucrose)
Bagasse
Field
Trash Energy to the plant
(thermal and electric)
Sugarcane Others
Yeast
Bioethanol GI
Sugar
Polymers
Energy source (liquid fuel)
Bioelectricity (to the grid)
Cattle feed
stalks
1G Ethanol – Opportunities and challenges in the industry
Source: CTBE
1G – Sugarcane ethanol refinery
Trash
Bagasse
Pretreatment
Hydrolysis
Hexoses Bioethanol GII
Sugar Chemistry
Lignin Chemistry Phenolic route
Energy
Pentoses
Energy (biogas)
Bioethanol GII Furane Chemistry Xilose - Xilytol
Energy to the plant (thermal and electric)
Bioelectricity (to the grid)
Lignin cellulose slurry
2G – Bio-refinery
2G Ethanol – Opportunities and challenges in the industry
Source: CTBE
