Marine Biofuels

Introduction

The shipping sector consumes more than 330 million

tons of fuel per year. Marine fuels are primarily

produced from crude oil, with heavy fuel oil (HFO) and

marine diesel oil (MDO) being the main fuels used.

Higher quality distillate fuels are primarily used in

emission control areas (ECAs) and are known as

ULSD (Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel).

Emission control areas have been created in coastal

areas in North America and Europe, and enforce strict

limits on SOX, NOX, and particulate matter emissions.

To fulfil these, ULSD or other low-polluting fuel

alternatives or exhaust gas cleaning systems must be

used within ECAs.

Marine Engines

Modern merchant ships are propelled by two-stroke or

four-stroke diesel engines. They use HFO, MDO and

LSHFO (low sulfur heavy fuel oil). Spark ignition

engines, petrol- or gas-fired, are more commonly

used to propel smaller vessels. LNG- fuelled engines

are slowly gaining more use, because of their lower

CO2 and sulfur emissions, and also methanol is being

introduced, but both are still a small segment of the

merchant fleet.

Biofuel alternatives

Biofuels contain little or no sulfur and could be used in

ECAs. Figure 2 shows an overview of biofuel

production technologies. Many of these such as

FAME (in blends), HVO, FT-Diesel and other

renewable diesels can be used in marine diesel

engines without major modifications. Methanol,

ethanol, and butanol can be used in spark ignition and

dual fuel engines. The use of gaseous fuels such as

methane and DME also requires adaptations to the

engines but is feasible as well. However, in addition to

engine modifications, the use of biofuels requires

changes regarding on-board storage, and secure

bunkering logistic for the fuels at ports. Such logistic

Marine engines (working principle)

2-stroke slow speed (Diesel)

4-stroke medium speed (Diesel)

Diesel electric

Dual fuel (diesel + LNG or methanol)

Spark ignition engine (Otto)

Gas engine (Otto)

Steam turbines

Gas turbines

is expected to be first introduced for local (port) traffic

or two-point traffic by e.g. ferries.

The technology readiness levels of the biofuels

production processes depicted in Figure 2 vary from

low (lab or pilot scale facilities) to high (commercial

production of conventional biofuels). While biodiesel

(FAME), renewable diesel (HVO) and ethanol are

available commercially, the other production

technologies are still under development.

Figure 1: Ocean-going vessel

All trademarks, registered designs, copyrights and other proprietary rights of the organizations mentioned within this document are acknowledged. While the

information in this fact sheet is believed to be accurate, neither ETIP members nor the European Commission, accept any responsibility or liability whatsoever

for any errors or omissions herein nor any use to which this information is put. The Secretariat of the ETIP is partly supported under H2020 Grant Agreement

727509. However, the information expressed on this fact sheet should not under any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the

European Commission. Design and content of this fact sheet are copyright © European Technology and Innovation Platform Bioenergy 2017.

Barriers to marine biofuels

The use of biofuels in ships is not yet common

practice. Main barriers to the deployment of marine

biofuels include:

higher price of biofuels as compared to other

marine fuels

insufficient logistic support at ports for fuels not

compatible with diesel type fuels

limited expertise within the shipping sector with

the handling of some biofuels, including long-term

stability thereof

lack of long-term fuel test data to guarantee the

safety and continued reliability of the selected fuel

reduced cargo space when using less energy-

dense fuels such as methanol and gaseous fuels

safety requirements when using methanol or

gaseous fuels

Further information

Read further information about marine biofuels at:

http://www.etipbioenergy.eu/value-

chains/products-end-use/end-use/water

http://www.etipbioenergy.eu/value-

chains/products-end-use/products

Report IEA AMF Annex 41: Future Marine Fuels

Study

Report IEA Bioenergy, Task 39: Biofuels for the

marine shipping sector

Figure 2: Biofuel production technologies

Aviation Biofuels

Airlines that have signed

alternative fuel purchase

agreements

United Airlines

KLM Royal Dutch Airlines

Lufthansa

Scandinavian Airlines

British Airways

Cathay Pacific

FedEx (Air Cargo)

Southwest Airlines

JetBlue Airways

Alaska Airlines

Airports distributing alternative

fuels to regular flights

LAX (Los Angeles, USA)

OSL (Oslo, Norway)

ARN (Stockholm, Sweden)

Aviation biofuel is also available at:

BMA (Stockholm, Sweden)

OSD (Östersund, Sweden)

KSD (Karlstad, Sweden)

Introduction

Traditional jet fuels are a mix of hydrocarbons, including mostly normal paraffins, iso-paraffins, cycloparaffins and aromatics. They are almost exclusively obtained from the kerosene fraction of crude oil. Two types of fuels are used in commercial aviation: Jet-A and Jet-A1.

Fuel specifications for aviation fuels are very stringent due to critical safety concerns. Also, a high specific energy content is a must, thus advanced liquid (drop-in) biofuels are the only low-CO2 option for substituting kerosene in a short/medium term. Drop-in biofuels are liquid hydrocarbons that are functionally equivalent and as oxygen-free as petroleum-derived transportation fuel blendstocks. Drop-in aviation biofuels have the same properties as the traditional aviation fuels, so they can be blended readily after having passed a stringent certification process ensuring the full compatibility with aircraft and fuel logistics.

Drivers

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a UN agency managing the administration and governance of the Convention of International Civil Aviation. ICAO has made a plan to reduce CO2-emissions and has started CORSIA, the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation. The goal is to reach carbon-neutral growth of the aviation sector from 2020 onwards. As of 23 August 2017, 72 states, which are representing 87.7% of international aviation activity, voluntarily participate in CORSIA.

A variety of measures shall contribute to the goal of carbon-neutral growth, one of them being the use of aviation biofuels. In the past few years, aviation biofuels have seen tremendous development. Currently, a number of airlines have signed biofuel purchase agreements, three airports provide aviation biofuels and more than 2,500 commercial flights are flown on biofuels.

Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production Pathways

The approval of new aviation fuels is a long-lasting process, requiring large amounts of fuel for testing. So far, five production pathways for alternative aviation fuels have been approved to meet ASTM International standards. These are:

Alcohol to Jet Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (ATJ-SPK, up to 30% blend): This biofuel is created from isobutanol which is derived from feedstocks such as sugar, corn or wood. The alcohol is dehydrated to an olefinic gas, oligomerized, hydrogenated and fractionated.

Synthesized iso-paraffins (SIP, up to 10% blend): This biofuel is based on sugars that are converted to a pure paraffin molecule using an advanced fermentation.

Hydro-processed Esters and Fatty Acids Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (HEFA-SPK, up to 50% blend): This biofuel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats, which are deoxygenated and hydroprocessed.

Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK, up to 50% blend): This biofuel is based on the gasification of biomass, followed by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (FT-SPK with aromatics): Some alkylated benzenes of non-petroleum origin are added to the FT-SPK.

The technical standards would also allow for fuels produced from natural gas and coal, but the aviation industry is clearly aiming for sustainable alternatives. However, the related technologies are still under development and current production capacities are limited.

Sixteen additional pathways are currently under review by ASTM.

Further information

Read further information about aviation biofuels at: http://www.etipbioenergy.eu/value-chains/products-end-use/end-use/air https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/GFAAF/Pages/default.aspx

Production facilities for aviation

biofuels

ATJ-SPK

Gevo USA, Texas

Corn starch

75,000 gallons/a

Operating since 2011

SIP

Total & Brazil

Amyris Sugars

Operating since 2012

HEFA – SPK

AltAir USA, California

Oils and fats

0.14 billion l/a

Operating since 2015

Neste Finland

(4 facilities at industrial scale)

Oils and fats

Operating since 2013

FT – SPK

Red Rock USA, Oregon

Biofuels Woody biomass

16 million gallons/a total capacity, share of jet fuel is smaller

planned

All trademarks, registered designs, copyrights and other proprietary rights of the organizations mentioned within this document are acknowledged. While the

information in this fact sheet is believed to be accurate, neither ETIP members nor the European Commission, accept any responsibility or liability whatsoever

for any errors or omissions herein nor any use to which this information is put. The Secretariat of the ETIP is partly supported under H2020 Grant Agreement

727509. However, the information expressed on this fact sheet should not under any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the

European Commission. Design and content of this fact sheet are copyright © European Technology and Innovation Platform Bioenergy 2017.

http://www.irena.org/menu/index.aspx?mnu=Subcat&PriMenuID=36&CatID=141&SubcatID=3816

Bioenergy RES hybrid facilities

Bioenergy RES hybrid technologies

On market

Biomass + solar thermal

(domestic)

Biomass + additional heat supply

through district heating (domestic)

Biomass + heat pump (domestic,

farm, industry)

Biomass + photovoltaic (domestic,

farm, industry)

Biomass + waste heat recovery

(domestic, residential, industry)

Biomass + wind (farm)

Power to gas (farm)

Ongoing developments

Prosumer integration (requires

optimized control algorithms)

Power-to-liquid/biofuel

(electrofuels)

Biomass drying

Definition

An integrated bioenergy hybrid is defined as an

energy production facility that utilizes at least two

different types of energy inputs, one of which is

bioenergy. The term bioenergy RES (renewable

energy source) hybrid can be used, if all energy

inputs are from renewable sources.

Introduction

The increasing production of energy from variable

renewable energy sources leads to an increasing

variation in electricity and heat supply during the

course of the day. As the share of variable energy

supply is projected to increase, there is a need to find

ways to ensure the stability and reliability of energy

supply. Flexible renewable energy technologies can

serve this purpose.

Biomass is an easily storable source of renewable

energy that can be used to bridge temporal

imbalances between energy supply and demand.

Combining bioenergy with other renewable energy

forms (bioenergy RES hybrids) can offer the required

flexibility in energy production, while maintaining GHG

benefits and low costs. A large number of different

combinations is already commercially available.

Currently, the main applications of bioenergy RES

hybrids are domestic heating applications.

Examples of bioenergy RES hybrid technologies are

mentioned in the box on the right side. Some of them

are particularly well suited for certain scales of

operation, such as domestic, residential (several

households), farm and industrial scale. The scale for

each technology is indicated in brackets.

Integration of several energy sources into one

process offers flexibility. It can e.g. increase the

energy self-sufficiency of farms, reduce emissions,

avoid costs for purchasing electricity (especially

during peak hours), allow for optimized dimension of

system components, avoid investment in storage

systems and allow for better waste management.

Figure 1: Schematic example of an integrated bioenergy hybrid,

Jyväskylä Energia, domestic scale

Ongoing developments

Besides the well-established technology combinations

mentioned in the box on the previous page, further

bioenergy RES hybrid concepts are currently under

development. These include the following:

Prosumer integration. A prosumer is someone, who

is both, a producer and a consumer. For example,

private producers of heat could be integrated into the

district heating through a two-way connection. Excess

heat of the prosumer can be provided to the district

heating grid; vice versa, if required, the prosumer can

consume heat from the district heating grid. The

operator of the district heating grid can operate his

own heat production according to resulting demand

and thus save on fuel costs. To achieve this,

optimized control algorithms are needed. The

technical and economical evaluation of such systems

is currently being elaborated.

Biomass-based flexibility options are not only

confined to energy generation, but also include

solutions for electric energy storage. Chemical

storage of electricity through hydrogen into biofuels

and through drying of biomass are discussed as

biomass-based energy storage concepts:

Chemical storage of excess electricity in liquid

transport fuels using the power-to-liquid/biofuel

technology is based on expanding the quantity of

biofuel produced by adding renewable hydrogen

produced through electrolysis from excess electricity.

Biomass is gasified to produce a synthesis gas which

is then mixed with hydrogen from the electrolysis. In

the subsequent methanation, synthetic natural gas is

produced. Other process variations produce

methanol, synthetic gasoline and DME instead of

methane.

Using variable renewable energy to dry solid

biomass is a potential long-term and low-cost form of

energy storage. In practice this is best done in small

units (farm scale). An existing biomass dryer can be

connected to a solar heat collector so that renewable

heat is used for drying. Alternatively, excess waste

heat from a CHP (particularly during summer time)

can be used for drying. Drying the biomass increases

the heating value, the quality of the biomass fuel and

its storability.

RES hybrid facilities

Prosumer Integration

Austria KLIEN/FFG

(Groß- Residential scale

schönau) Implementation of decentralized heat producers into an existing heating grid

Heat pump, biomass boiler (wood chips) and existing solar collector field will be connected to the heating grid

Power-to-liquid

Germany Enertrag hybrid power plant

(Prenzlau) Industrial scale

Conversion of excess wind power into hydrogen as fuel, or for heat & power generation with combined combustion of electrolysis hydrogen and biogas

Biomass drying

Finland VTT

Farm scale

Connection of a solar heat collector installation and an existing biomass dryer for drying wood chips

Solar biomass hybrid

Finland VTT

Industrial scale

Connection of solar heat and a superheater of a solid biomass CHP boiler to increase efficiency and save fuel

All trademarks, registered designs, copyrights and other proprietary rights of the organizations mentioned within this document are acknowledged. While the

information in this fact sheet is believed to be accurate, neither ETIP members nor the European Commission, accept any responsibility or liability whatsoever

for any errors or omissions herein nor any use to which this information is put. The Secretariat of the ETIP is partly supported under H2020 Grant Agreement

727509. However, the information expressed on this fact sheet should not under any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the

European Commission. Design and content of this fact sheet are copyright © European Technology and Innovation Platform Bioenergy 2017.

Further information

Read further information about hybrid facilities at:

http://task41project7.ieabioenergy.com/wp-

content/uploads/2017/03/IEA-Bioenergy-RES-

hybrids-FINAL-report.pdf

Biomass CHP facilities

Definition

A combined heat and power (CHP) plant is a facility for the

simultaneous production of thermal and electrical resp.

mechanical energy in one process. As compared to power

plants using solid fuels with efficiencies of 20-45 %, the

overall process efficiency is significantly higher, 80-90 %, as

the otherwise rejected heat is also transferred to consumers.

Biomass CHPs are operated with different kinds of solid-,

gaseous- as well as liquid fuels or residues (Fig. 1).

Biomass feedstocks and technologies

Solid fuels include wood, forestry and forest industry residues,

agricultural and agroindustrial residues and the biological

fraction of wastes. Most solid fuels and some high solids

content liquid industrial wastes (such as molasses and black

liquors) can be directly fired in a combustion unit, producing

heat which then powers a thermodynamic steam or ORC

turbine cycle. State-of-the-art combustion plants are equipped

to meet stringent environmental requirements.

Solid, relatively dry biomass feedstocks can, in particular at

smaller capacity, be gasified by partial combustion to fuel gas.

Wet biomass residues and wastes (sludges, vinasse, manure

etc.) as well as crops and by-products such as molasses can

be processed by anaerobic digestion to a biogas with

methane as the main energy-carrying component. Both fuel

gas and biogas can - after cleaning - be directly used in

internal combustion engines at efficiencies higher than

possible with steam and ORC turbines at smaller capacity,

say < 5 MWel.

Liquid biomass fuels, e.g. biodiesel from rape seed or ethanol

from sugar and starch crops, are rarely used as a base-load

fuel in stationary applications for cost reasons. However, a

wide spectrum of solid and liquid industrial by-products and

residues – bark, bagasse, black liquor, molasses, stillage,

vinasse, and others – are used as fuel in CHP installations in

scales from 1 to well over 100 MWel in magnitude.

The most relevant paths of biomass feedstocks to heat and

power are shown in Fig. 1.

Applications

Applications range from small scale generation e.g. on a farm-

scale up to large facilities for industrial sites or city district

heating grids, and depending on the application different

technologies are being used. Typical electric capacities for

various applications are listed in Table 1.

Table 1: biomass CHP applications and preferred technologies

in different power ranges

power range application preferred technology

50 kWel - 1 MWel multiple dwelling

hotels

local heating grids

anaerobic digestion or thermal gasification with internal combustion engines or ORC turbines and steam engines.

1 - 10 MWel hospitals

commercial enterprises

regional heating grids

ORC plants (< 6 MWel)

steam engines

steam turbines

10 - 30 MWel district heating grids industrial site

steam turbines

50 - 300 MWel district heating grids

industrial sites, powerplants

steam turbines biomass alone or co-firing in retrofitted fossil fuels plants

Fig. 1: most relevant paths of biomass feedstocks to CHP

chemical conversion

ethanol bio-

diesel

solid fuel upgrading

standard

wood chips

pellets

briquettes

anaerobic digestion

biogas

thermal gasification

product

gas

externally heated thermodynamic cycles

steam

engine

steam

turbine

ORC

turbine

Stirling

engine

hot air

turbine

heat power

thermo-electric

generator

combustion

industry food industry

solid

residues

liquid

residues

internal combustion

engines

gas

turbine

piston

engine

biomass feedstocks for CHP

wood lignocelulose proteins, fats, oils

carbohydrates

crops, fruits,

grasses, straw

All trademarks, registered designs, copyrights and other proprietary rights of the organizations mentioned within this document are acknowledged. While

the information in this fact sheet is believed to be accurate, neither ETIP members nor the European Commission, accept any responsibility or liability

whatsoever for any errors or omissions herein nor any use to which this information is put. The Secretariat of the ETIP is partly supported under FP7 Grant

Agreement 609607. However, the information expressed on this fact sheet should not under any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of

the European Commission. Design and content of this fact sheet are copyright © European Technology and Innovation Platform 2017.

The role of biomass CHP in the EU

There are various processes for the

production of power and heat from biomass,

and some 1,000 biomass-fired and around

17,000 biogas CHP facilities were

operational in EU28 in 20161. Taking

Sweden as an example (where biomass

CHPs cover 72% of total CHP electricity

production), biogas facilities typically have

capacities below 1 MWel and biomass CHPs

are typically in the range of 1 - 50 MWel2,

although there are several facilities in the

EU from 50 MWe up to 260 MWel3. The role

of biomass CHP in the EU is shown in Fig.

2, which has been prepared based on data

of the recent AEBIOM Statistical Report4.

Examples of biomass CHP plants

Sources

1 IEA Bioenergy Task 32 Report: http://www.ieabcc.nl/publications/TEA_CHP_2015.pdf

2 https://bioenergitidningen.se/app/uploads/sites/2/2016/10/Biokraftkartan2017_web.pdf

3 http://www.alholmenskraft.com/en/company/bio-fuelled_power_plant

4 AEBIOM Statistical report 2017

5 http://www.salzburg24.at/austrocel-hallein-investiert-60-millionen-euro/5244438

6 https://www.fortum.com/about-us/our-company/our-energy-production/our-power-plants/vartaverket-chp-plant

Further information

http://www.etipbioenergy.eu/value-chains/products-end-use/end-use/combined-heat-and-electricity-production

http://www.etipbioenergy.eu/images/EIBI-3-power-and-heat-via-gasification.pdf

http://etipbioenergy.eu/value-chains/products-end-use/end-use/combined-heat-and-electricity-production

Operator: AustroCel Hallein GmbH

Hallein, Austria

Pulp processing enterprise5

El. power: 33 MWel

Thermal capacity: 30 MWth used for process heat and district heating

Technology: combustion (30 MWel), anaerobic fermentation (3 MWel)

steam turbine

Fuels: residues from pulp processing: celulose, sludge, bark

Operator: Stockholm Exergi

Värtaverket, Stockholm, Sweden

Biomass CHP plant6

El. power: 130 MWel

Thermal capacity: 310 MWth used for district heating

Technology: combustion in a circulating fluidized bed

steam turbine, flue gas condensation

Substrate: wood chips and forestry residues

Fig 2: fuels and biomass shares for CHP in EU28 (status 20144)

Solid biomass

Biogas

Waste (renewable)

Biofuels

Fuels for CHP

Biomass

Solid fossile fuels

Gas

Oil

Waste

(non renewable)

Biomass shares for CHP

(related to 100% biomass)total: 179.3 Mtoe

including 27.3 Mtoe of biomass

35.42%

17.95%

39.27%

3.44%3.93%

55.26%

24.59%

18.71% 1.44%

Definition1

A biorefinery is a facility for the synergetic

processing of biomass into several marketable

biobased products (food and feed ingredients,

chemicals, materials, minerals, CO2) and bioenergy

(fuels, power, heat).

Many industries (pulp & paper, crop-based ethanol,

vegetable oil extraction, etc.) with a long history fall

within this definition of biorefineries, as do biodiesel

plants. The emerging use of biomass for a variety of

applications is increasingly considering the

biorefinery approach.

Below are some examples of biorefineries, already

established in some industrial branches as well as

emerging technologies for future bio-based or bio-

fuel industries.

Biorefinery examples

AGRANA runs Austria’s only bioethanol fuel plant

and demonstrates complete and sustainable

utilisation of the used agrarian raw materials. In

addition to bioethanol, protein-rich animal feed,

wheat starch and highly refined CO2 are produced.

Pannonia Ethanol produces fuel ethanol and animal

feed. The facility currently utilizes corn to produce

renewable ethanol, Dried Distillers Grains with

Solubles (DDGS), a high protein animal feed, and

corn oil, a valuable animal feed ingredient. Pannonia

Ethanol produces as much animal feed as

renewable ethanol.

The Borregaard plant in Sarpsborg, Norway,

provides special cellulose pulp and lignin products,

including vanilla flavor, from wood. As a byproduct,

ethanol is produced by fermentation of the

hemicellulose C6 sugars.

Biorefinery concepts

End products

Bioenergy

Heat

Power

Biofuels

Biobased products

Food

Feed

Chemicals

Materials

Examples of biorefinery facilities

AGRANA Austria

feedstock Starch crops

products Ethanol, wheat starch, bran and gluten, feed, CO2

Pannonia Ethanol

Hungary

feedstock Corn

products Ethanol, feed (DDGS, corn oil)

Borregaard Norway

feedstock Wood (spruce)

products Specialty cellulose, lignin, ethanol, vanillin, bioenergy

In the area of biodiesel production, where vegetable

oil is converted to FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) and

glycerin, one example is the Biodiesel Bilbao plant in

Spain.

An example from the pulp & paper industry is the

UPM Lappeenranta Biorefinery. It produces diesel

and naphta from tall oil, which is a by-product from

the adjacent pulp mill. Further products are turpentine

and pitch.

Another pulp biorefinery is Pöls in Austria. The major

product from the Kraft pulping process in Pöls is

market pulp. Tall oil and turpentine is recovered from

the black liquor, which is then combusted to generate

heat and power.

The Bomaderry Plant in Australia (food industry) uses

wheat flour and extracts gluten and starch. Some of

the starch is converted into liquid glucose, the

remaining waste starch is converted into high-grade

ethanol via fermentation. Stillage residues are

processed for animal feed. Products are gluten,

starch, glucose, ethanol and animal feed.

Avantium is an example for the chemical industry.

Furan derivatives are obtained by catalytic

dehydration/etherification of carbohydrates, and used

to produce biomass-based building blocks for fuels,

plastics and fine chemicals. A CHP plant is integrated

in the process to ensure the efficient use of solid

residues (lignin, humin).

BIOWERT in Germany combines a food residues-

based biogas plant with a facility processing grass

silage into high quality cellulosic fibres. By-product

from the fibre production is green juice, which is

utilized in the biogas plant. In turn, heat, electricity

and process water of the biogas plant are utilized in

the fibre production process.

Further information

IEA Bioenergy Task 42 deals with biorefining in a

future bioeconomy and has published several

essential studies and reports on biorefineries.

http://task42.ieabioenergy.com/

1Definition of biorefinery according to IEA Bioenergy

Task 42.

Examples of biorefinery facilities

Biodiesel Bilbao

Spain

feedstock Vegetable oil

products FAME, glycerin

UPM Biofuels Lappeenranta, Finland

feedstock Tall oil from the adjacent pulp mill

products Diesel, naphta, turpentine, pitch

Pöls Austria

feedstock Wood

products Kraft pulp, paper, tall oil, turpentine, bark, electricity and heat

Bomaderry Australia

feedstock Wheat and wheat flour

products Gluten, starch, glucose, ethanol, stock feed

Avantium The Netherlands

feedstock Cellulose, hemi-cellulose, starch, sucrose

products Furan-based biofuels, monomers for polymers, chemicals, solid fuels (humin, lignin residues)

BIOWERT Germany

feedstock Grass

products Cellulosic fiber, composite granulate/profiles, nutrients, biogas

All trademarks, registered designs, copyrights and other proprietary rights of the organizations mentioned within this document are acknowledged. While the

information in this fact sheet is believed to be accurate, neither ETIP members nor the European Commission, accept any responsibility or liability whatsoever

for any errors or omissions herein nor any use to which this information is put. The Secretariat of the ETIP is partly supported under H2020 Grant Agreement

727509. However, the information expressed on this fact sheet should not under any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the

European Commission. Design and content of this fact sheet are copyright © European Technology and Innovation Platform Bioenergy 2017.