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Confluence of three major
realms - the Indo-Malayan,
Eurasian and Afrotropical
Biodiversity Wealth of India
26 recognized endemic
centres for flowering
plants
11.4%of the world’s
recorded flora
7.43% of the global
fauna
16% of world’s population;
14% of world’s livestock population
on about 2% of world’s land area.
Major challenges for conservation
Major Issues of PA Network
Size of Protected Areas – Average size 200 sq.km.
Distribution not proportional – States with
adequate and inadequate coverage
Protection offered in Single PA – Lion, Hangul,
Sanghai, Barasingha, etc.
Corridors and connectivity
Biotic pressures
Significant biodiversity exists outside PAs
Key Policy and
Legal Instruments
National Environmental Policy,
2006
National Wildlife Action Plan,
2002-16
National Forest Policy, 1988
National Action Plan on Climate
Change 2008
Key Policy and Legal Instruments
Indian Forest Act, 1927
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
Forest Conservation Act,
1980
Environment Protection Act,
1986
National Biodiversity Act,
2002
Historical Tiger Distribution Mapped
to Current TehsilsReports from 18-19th Century
Tehsils with Tiger Presence (1999-2004)
Bt. 1999-2003
Taluk Level
Presence
WII’s Initiative of Tiger Monitoring
Human Population
2,384 Lakhs 10,270 Lakhs
30% Loss of Districts (Area)
CentralIndia
WesternGhats
ShivalikTerai
EasternGhats
North-East
Tiger Occupied Landscape Complexes
Sunderbans
About 300,000 km2 of potential Tiger Habitat Remaining
Only 81,880 km2 Currently Occupied by about 17 hundred Tigers
Kanha
Pench
Satpura
Melghat
Tadoba
Achanakmar
Landscape level planning
Optimal Development Strategies –
Incorporating and Prioritizing
Conservation, Sociological, &
Economic Concerns on equal footing.
Mainstreaming biodiversity concern
in developmental projects
♦ Protected Areas
♦ Corridors
♦ Eco-sensitive
Zone
Detrimental effects of ill-
planned developmental projects
● Changes in habitat quality and size
● Fragmentation of connected habitats
● Physical barriers and changes in population dynamics
● Injury and mortality of animals
● Increase in anthropogenic pressures
● Increased vulnerability of critical habitats
● Changes in ecosystems good and services
● Increased access and harvesting of resources
By Hasan Jamali, AP Photo
EIA Studies - MoEF/ Supreme Court Directed (e.g.
Cumulative Assessment of Impact of HEP on Alaknanda
and Bhagirathi Rivers; Minimum Water Flow in Chambal
River; Impact of sand and boulder mining ,Uttarakhand;
Road Ecology, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra