Biodiversity Assessment - gailcorintra.gail.co.in Assessment at... · Biodiversity is nothingbut the variety of life found on Earth. The number and variety of plants, animals and

Biodiversity Assessment

at GAIL Gandhar Complex

Biodiversity Assessment at

GAIL Gandhar Complex

Assessed By

Corporate HSE Department, Noida GAIL (India) Limited

and

Terracon Ecotech Private Limited 202, Kingston, Tejpal Road,

Vile Parle (E), Mumbai-400057 +91 22 26183939/40/41 www.terraconindia.com

Biodiversity Assessment at GAIL Gandhar Complex

Table of Content

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1

Background Studies ....................................................................................................................................... 2

Objectives and Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 3

Biodiversity Assessment – Survey and Observations .................................................................................... 5

Data Analysis and Results............................................................................................................................ 10

Issues and threats to biodiversity ............................................................................................................... 16

Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................... 17

Annexures ................................................................................................................................................... 24

Photoplates ................................................................................................................................................. 30

List of Figures

Figure 1: Represents the Google Earth imagery showing the location of the Gandhar Plant. ............................. 2 Figure 2: Location of Gandhar Plant on the Biogeographic Map of India ............................................................. 2 Figure 3: A team member noting the observations ............................................................................................. 4 Figure 4: Diagrammatic representation of the flora survey method .................................................................... 4 Figure 5: Survey location in Gandhar Plant ........................................................................................................... 5 Figure 6: Nursery area in the Gandhar plant ........................................................................................................ 6 Figure 7: Tawny coster butterfly in Gandhar Plant ............................................................................................... 7 Figure 8: Classification of threatened species of IUCN ......................................................................................... 8 Figure 9: Criteria for Threatened category of IUCN .............................................................................................. 9 Figure 10: Indian Eagle Owl ................................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 11: Indian Peafowl gliding from the watch tower in Gandhar ................................................................... 9 Figure 12: Density per ha of top 5 species .......................................................................................................... 11 Figure 13: Relative frequency of trees ................................................................................................................ 11 Figure 14: Relative Abundance of trees .............................................................................................................. 11 Figure 15: Relative density of trees..................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 16: Relative frequency of shrub ............................................................................................................... 11 Figure 17: Relative abundance of shrubs ............................................................................................................ 12 Figure 18: Relative density of shrubs .................................................................................................................. 12 Figure 19: Relative frequency of herbs ............................................................................................................... 12 Figure 20: Relative density of herbs .................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 21: Relative abundance of herbs ............................................................................................................. 12 Figure 22: Relative frequency of birds ................................................................................................................ 13 Figure 23: Relative density of birds ..................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 24: Relative Abundance of Birds .............................................................................................................. 13 Figure 25: Relative frequency of butterflies ....................................................................................................... 13


Figure 26: Relative abundance of butterflies ...................................................................................................... 14 Figure 27: Relative density of butterflies ............................................................................................................ 14 Figure 28: Shannon Value of Flora ...................................................................................................................... 14 Figure 29: Shannon Value of Birds ...................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 30: Shannon Values of Butterflies ............................................................................................................ 15 Figure 31: Subabhul (Leucaena leucocephala) .................................................................................................... 16 Figure 32: Vilayti Kikkar (Prosopis juliflora) ........................................................................................................ 16 Figure 33: Prosopis cineraria – a native tree ....................................................................................................... 17 Figure 34: The dense thicket of Prosopis juliflora captured from a watch tower .............................................. 18 Figure 35: Location of the pond area in Gandhar plant ...................................................................................... 19 Figure 36: Representation of pond with watch tower and native vegetation .................................................... 20 Figure 37: A representative image of team conducting tree inventorization .................................................... 21 Figure 38: Representation of bird baths ............................................................................................................. 22 Figure 39: Representation of bird feeders .......................................................................................................... 23

List of Tables

Table 1 Methodology for field studies .................................................................................................................. 4 Table 2: Habit wise distribution of flora................................................................................................................ 7 Table 3: Taxa wise distribution of fauna ............................................................................................................... 7 Table 4: Description of Schedule of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act ................................................................... 8

INTRO

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Image: Cocculus hirsutus

[1]


The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defines biodiversity as ‘the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems’

Introduction

Biodiversity is nothing but the variety of life found on Earth. The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms existing in the world is known as biodiversity. It includes not only the living organisms but also their interconnections and interdependence with each other and with the various environments that form their habitats. Biodiversity is very crucial for survival of human beings as it provides man with oxygen, food, shelter and other necessary resources. It ensures a good environment for man to live in. Thus, it is a primary indicator of the health of an area.

In today’s times, as the world moves towards technology and development, the environment is getting degraded and biodiversity is being lost at a fast rate. The Aichi biodiversity targets by CBD (Convention of biological diversity) talks about reducing the anthropogenic pressure on biodiversity, identification of underlying causes of biodiversity loss and mainstreaming biodiversity in different developing activities.

Rapid urbanization and development activities are posing a considerable threat to biodiversity. However, the dependency of these activities on nature cannot be neglected. Businesses rely greatly on biodiversity for various resources like water, fuel, wood, etc. It is therefore necessary to use this biodiversity sustainably. Businesses and biodiversity can go hand in hand. By quantifying the dependencies and impacts on ecosystem and biodiversity; businesses have potential to do operations in such a way that they have a neutral to positive impact on the biodiversity.

GAIL (India) Ltd (further referred as GAIL) is the largest state-owned natural gas processing and distributing company in India. It is also India’s flagship Maharatna Company. GAIL deals in hydrocarbons and integrating various aspects of natural gas such as exploration and production, processing, transmission, distribution and marketing, etc. The Sustainability Development Policy of GAIL speaks about sustainable utilization of natural resources, use of eco-friendly techniques, water and biodiversity conservation. Taking a positive step towards conservation of biodiversity, GAIL has taken an initiative to document and map the biodiversity present at five sites (Vijaipur, Pata, Vaghodia, Gandhar and Usar) and along Dabhol Bangalore Pipeline. This report includes the biodiversity study conducted at Gas processing unit at Gandhar, Gujarat.

“Rapid Biodiversity Surveys are a good method to identify key habitats and give a quick first idea of the presence or absence of certain species.” According to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) a rapid ecological assessment which is similar to rapid biodiversity assessment is defined as a synoptic assessment, which is often undertaken as a matter of urgency, in the shortest timeframe possible to produce reliable and applicable results for its designed purpose. (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2006)

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Image: Woodland in Gandhar

[2]


Background Studies

Situated in the state of Gujarat, the Gandhar plant has a petrochemical complex. Out of the total area of 191 ha, approximately 52.5 ha is covered by vegetation. From the secondary literature review, the biogeographic zone, agro climatic zone and forest type of the region were identified. The biogeographic zones give information about the existing native flora and fauna of a region. It is important to understand that every region has a different geography and varying climates and thus the biodiversity they support is different. The project area falls under the semi-arid biogeographic zone in the Gujarat Rajputana biotic province.

The agro climatic zone of the project area is Gujarat Plains and Hills region. The major type of forest found in Gandhar is tropical dry deciduous forest.

Location 21°53'14.00"N

72°47'5.00"E

Area of study site 191 Hectare

Bio-geographic zone

Semi-arid Code: 4

Biotic Province Semi-arid: Gujarat Rajputana Code: 4B

Agro-climatic zone

Gujarat Plains and Hills

Forest Type Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest

Figure 2: Location of Gandhar Plant on the Biogeographic Map of India

Figure 1: Represents the Google Earth imagery showing the location of the Gandhar Plant.

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Image: Duranta erecta

[3]


Objectives and Methodology

The primary objective of this study is to assess the biodiversity present in the GAIL premises (including the operational plant and residential colony). Through the rapid assessment of the biodiversity, the threats to their sustenance will be identified and suitable recommendations will be made. These outcomes are reflected in this report. Further to the biodiversity assessment, a comprehensive coffee table book comprised of the key features of biodiversity present at GAIL campus will be prepared.

Methodology:

The methodology for carrying out the biodiversity assessment at GAIL (India) Ltd. can be classified into two broad categories, viz., desk studies which are off the site and field studies which are on site (GAIL premises). Desk studies include identifying the bio-geographic and agro-climatic zones of the project site, studying the layout maps of the project site, etc. The analyzed data that is obtained from the field study and the secondary literature review will help in understanding the current state of biodiversity at GAIL and the threats to its sustenance. Based on these inferences, some recommendations as to how the biodiversity at GAIL can be improved will be suggested in the report. The key highlights of this report will be translated into a coffee table book which will be a pictorial representation of the biodiversity at GAIL (India) Ltd.

[4]


The layout map of the Gandhar plant and residential colony was studied to understand the land use of the project site. Sampling plots were taken in greenbelt of the plant excluding the battery limit. The colony in Bharuch was also visited to document the biodiversity.

Methodology for field studies:

To assess the biodiversity inside GAIL premises, stratified random sampling method was used. Stratified random sampling is a standard ecological method used when there is difference in the habitats in an area. Various micro-habitats were identified and representative samples were taken in each habitat. Further to this, the methods used to assess and document each taxa were different. For example; for birds, a circular plot of 50 m is sampled and the technique used to document the bird diversity is point center count method. In this method, the observer stands at the center of the circular plot and the birds seen in every direction (except birds in flight) in 50 m are noted. The sample plot dimensions are different for trees, shrubs and herbs (Table 1). The different dimensions for flora and fauna assessment along with the assessment method used are given in (Table 1). Apart from the sample plots, list count method was used to document all taxa.

Table 1 Methodology for field studies

Flora survey

Tree 10 m circular plot and List count method

Shrubs 5m circular plot and List count method

Herbs 1m x 1mplot and List count method

Fauna survey

Avifauna 50 m circular plot (Point center count)

Herpetofauna Intensive time constrained search method

Mammals Direct sighting (Visual encounter) Indirect sighting (droppings, scat, other tracts and signs)

Butterflies and other insects and arachnids

Opportunistic sightings

Figure 3: A team member noting the observations

Figure 4: Diagrammatic representation of the flora survey method

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Image: Ruddy Marsh Skimmer

[5]


Biodiversity Assessment – Survey and Observations

A total of 14 sampling points were assessed, out of which 13 were in the plant area and 1 was in the residential colony. The biodiversity observed during these sampling surveys was documented. Besides noting the species name, the individual count of birds, butterflies, trees, shrubs and herbs was also noted. This data was used to analyze the distribution pattern and diversity of birds, butterflies and the flora at GAIL premises. Other animal taxa like reptiles, amphibians, mammals and other invertebrates were noted but the individual count was not considered.

Habitat Assessment

The Gandhar plant, although an urban landscape as a whole; had many different types of habitats that supported different types of biodiversity. The presence of these habitats plays an important role as they form a different ecosystem. Some of these important habitats are described in this section. a. Greenbelt

The greenbelt in the Gandhar plant was present through all four sides and was spread out on a very large area. However, the greenbelt is dominated by Vilayti Kikkar (Prosopis juliflora). Vilayti Kikkar is one of the worst invasive species in India. It is a fast-growing tree species that barely supports biodiversity. Although, some birds like Black Drongo, Jungle Babbler, Indian Peafowl, etc. were observed here. By replacing this invasive species with native trees, the biodiversity in this region will improve greatly. b. Pond

The pond area present in the plant is one of the most diverse regions in terms of animal diversity. Although dominated by Prosopis juliflora on all sides, the dried pond supports many native herb species which are often found near water-bodies only. Plants like passion flower, dhatura, etc. were found in plenty here. This pond also supported many bird species like the Indian Eagle Owl, Asian Paradise Flycatcher, etc. The Indian Hare was also spotted at this pond. By proper removal of the invasive species, this area can be developed into a good hotspot for biodiversity. Measures for removal of invasive species are given in the following chapters. c. Miscellaneous plantation parallel to approach road

A patch of miscellaneous plantation along the approach road to the entrance of the plant supported various types of birds. Tree species like Acacia, Cassia fistula, etc. were planted in this region. This area supported a lot of Indian Peafowl. Such vegetation supports more diversity than monotonous plantations.

A habitat is the natural home or environment of an animal, plant or other organism. An ecosystem is a community of living organisms and their interaction with the non-living things in their environment (such as air, water, soil, etc.)

Figure 5: Survey location in Gandhar Plant

[6]


d. Gardens, nursery and roadside plantations In many places inside the operational area, plantations of hedges and trees have created a good habitat for animals. The nursery is home to many native plants that support good diversity from insects to birds and mammals. Besides giving an aesthetic appeal to the plant, the plantation supported many birds like Asian Koel, Coppersmith Barbet, Asian Palm Swift, Indian Roller, etc.

Figure 6: Nursery area in the Gandhar plant

[7]


Flora Observations

In Gandhar total 93 species were found belonging to 46 families. Out of these, 50 species were trees, 24 shrubs and climbers and 21 herbs

Fauna Observations

From the biodiversity survey, it was found that the Gandhar plant has 29 species of birds, 9 species of butterflies, 4 mammals, 2 reptiles, 1 amphibian and 2 other invertebrates. Most of the birds seen in this plant are well habituated to urban areas and frequently seen in urban landscapes. Although the number of butterflies is less, the density of butterflies was quite good. In mammals, indirect sightings of Indian Hare such as its droppings were found. The assessment team also came across quills of the Indian Porcupine. The common mammal in the project area was the squirrel.

Table 2: Habit wise distribution of flora

Taxa Species no. Trees 50 Shrubs and Climbers 24 Herbs 21 Total 95

Table 3: Taxa wise distribution of fauna

Taxa Species no.

Birds 29

Butterflies 9

Mammals 4

Herpetofauna 3

Other invertebrates 2

Total 47

Figure 7: Tawny coster butterfly in Gandhar Plant

[8]


Protected and Ecologically Important Species in the Project Area

For the purpose of this study, the international as well as national protection status of all species was recorded through secondary literature review. The Schedule list prepared according to the Wildlife (Protection) Act (WPA) is followed for the national protection status. For the international or global protection status, the Red list prepared by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) was followed. The details of each of these lists are given in this chapter. The Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972) categorizes the wildlife of India in six different schedules, five of which are for animals and the sixth for plants. Organisms listed in these schedules are accorded varying degrees of protection, with animals falling under Schedule I and part II of Schedule II being accorded maximum protection. The table explains the degree of protection for each schedule.

Table 4: Description of Schedule of Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act

Schedule Degree of protection

I and part II of Schedule II

Provided absolute protection - offences under these are prescribed the highest penalties

II, III and IV Protected, but the penalties are much lower

V Includes the animals which may be hunted

VI Plantation and Cultivation of plant species without licence are prohibited

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is widely recognized as the most comprehensive global approach for evaluating the conservation status of plant and animal species. The Red List has been created by applying a rigorous set of scientific quantitative criteria. It is widely recognized as the most comprehensive and reliable data on the conservation status of a species. The red list categorizes all the species in 8 broad categories with varying degrees of conservation importance. These categories are prepared based on certain criteria. The most critical categories are the “threatened categories” consisting of Vulnerable, Endangered and Critically Endangered Species. These categories and criteria are given in the figure.

Figure 8: Classification of threatened species of IUCN

[9]


The Indian Peafowl is the national bird of India. It is given utmost protection through the Wildlife Protection Act of India, wherein it is placed under Schedule I. Hunting the bird and possession of any part of the bird is prohibited and punishable. It was once a dwindling species as it was hunted for its colorful feathers. Habitat destruction was also a cause of concern for the reduction in numbers of the Indian Peafowl. However, after the protection status, the bird is now flourishing in its natural habitat. It has also adapted to living near human settlements and is abundantly found in rural areas with farms and grasslands.

No other species were found to be listed under Schedule I or in the IUCN threatened category. However, one bird species, the Indian Eagle Owl, was only found in the Gandhar Unit. It is a

large horned owl found in most of Indian Sub-continent. The habitat of the bird is hilly and rocky scrubs, but can also be found in excavated rock surfaces or old mines. They are nocturnal birds, becoming active during dusk. They feed on rodents and birds.

Figure 9: Criteria for Threatened category of IUCN

Figure 10: Indian Eagle Owl

Figure 11: Indian Peafowl gliding from the watch tower in Gandhar

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Image: Portulaca oleracea

[10]


Data Analysis and Results

The data obtained from the biodiversity survey was further analyzed to understand the distribution pattern of the flora and fauna in the project area. Analysis was also done to understand the varying diversity in different parts of the plant and township. The analysis was done for all components of flora (meaning trees, shrubs and herbs). In fauna however, this analysis was only done for birds and butterflies. This chapter includes the results and interpretation of this analysis. The following equations were used to calculate the frequency, density and abundance data for flora and fauna-

𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = �𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠�

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

= �𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠(𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠)

� × 100

𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = �𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠�

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = �𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠

� × 100

For vegetation analysis, density per unit area was also calculated as this density portrays number of individuals of a species present in a given area or unit area. Generally, for tree and shrub species the density of a species per hectare is calculated whereas, for herbs the density of species per m² is calculated. The following formula is used:

𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 =𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠(𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡)

𝐴𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = �𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑�

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐴𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = �𝐴𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠

� × 100

Distribution pattern shows geographical relationship between the members of a population within a habitat. Different species of populations are distributed either evenly or they are clumped in a particular area. The distribution of species varies due to various edaphic, climatic and biological factors. Distribution pattern aids in understanding the heterogeneity of distribution. Distribution pattern provides information about interaction of the species with each other and with the environment and hence help in deciding way forward with respect to plantation activity.

[11]


Flora – Population and Distribution

The Junglee Kikar Prosopis juliflora was found to be the most common, abundant and dominant tree species within the unit (279.80 individuals/ ha). The plant was introduced in India but now is become invasive throughout most of drier part of India, precisely semi-arid zone. It is also invading to various other regions as well. The other two common species were Neem Azadirachta indica and Peela Gulmohar Peltophorum pterocarpum. The Peela gulmohar is one of the most common avenue plants, while Neem has the medicinal as well as ecological value.

In shrubs, most dominant species occurred was Meswak Salvadora persica. Traditionally it was popularly used for teeth cleaning purpose. It also has various other medicinal properties. The most abundant species was Piliya Tecoma stans. It is one of the most common ornamental plants used for the purpose of hedge.

Figure 12: Density per ha of top 5 species Figure 13: Relative frequency of trees

Figure 15: Relative density of trees Figure 14: Relative Abundance of trees

Figure 16: Relative frequency of shrub

[12]


In herbs, the grasses were most abundant and dominant as ground cover. Doob Cynodon dactylon was abundant while, Dabh Desmostachya bipinnata was dominant. Tendency to survive in drought condition and its availability is the reason for preferring Doob Cynodon dactylon for preparation of lawns. Garundi Alternanthera sessilis was common around the campus.

Figure 17: Relative abundance of shrubs Figure 18: Relative density of shrubs

Figure 19: Relative frequency of herbs

Figure 20: Relative density of herbs Figure 21: Relative abundance of herbs

[13]


Fauna – Distribution Pattern

The analysis for the distribution pattern of birds revealed that the most frequent bird in the plant area was the Jungle Babbler. This bird is often found in large flocks of 5-10 individuals. It was present in many parts of the entire plant area. It is well habituated to the urban habitat and survives in many different kinds of habitats including wasteland. Jungle Babbler was also the most densely populated bird in the plant area. The most abundantly occurring bird was Common Myna, followed by Jungle Babbler. Other birds

commonly found in the plant area were Purple Sunbird, Red-vented Bulbul, Indian Peafowl, Rock Pigeon, etc.

In butterflies, the most frequently found species was Plain Tiger. This butterfly is present in plenty in many areas in the project area. The second most frequent butterfly was White Orange tip which was also found in most parts of the plant. White Orange tip was also the most densely populated butterfly in the project area. Emigrant was the most abundantly found and the second most densely populated butterfly in the plant area. Butterflies like Small Orange Tip, Common Mormon, Tawny Coster, Common Lime, etc. were also

seene.

Figure 22: Relative frequency of birds

Figure 24: Relative Abundance of Birds Figure 23: Relative density of birds

Figure 25: Relative frequency of butterflies

[14]


Diversity Analysis

A diversity index is a mathematical measure of species diversity in a community. In simple terms, a diversity index reflects upon how many different types of species are found in a given area and how they are distributed in the area. This helps ecologists in understanding the diversity of an area. It also helps in finding out which areas have poor diversity and species distribution. For this, the Shannon Wiener diversity index was used. The Shannon Wiener Index takes into account both species diversity and species abundance, thus indicating the distribution of all the species in an area. Thus, the Shannon Wiener Index will help to determine to most diverse region in the project area. This will help in further conservation activities to improve biodiversity in the project area.

Flora

Floral diversity was highest in the area opposite to the canteen across the road. Presence of diverse tree species is key feature of this particular spot. A junction before nursery is another diverse habitat; however, this area has presence of invasive species like, Subabul as well as important species such as Neem.

Figure 27: Relative density of butterflies Figure 26: Relative abundance of butterflies

Figure 28: Shannon Value of Flora

[15]


Fauna

The diversity index for birds and butterflies was done separately to understand the richness in biodiversity in the entire project area. In terms of bird diversity, the most diverse region in the plant area was point no, G6. This point was near the pond area. This pond was dry but the bird diversity in this region was very rich. Forest birds like Asian Paradise Flycatcher, Indian Eagle Owl and Spotted Dove were observed here. The Indian Hare was also spotted near this pond. Hence, it does not just support birds but other diversity also.

Figure 29: Shannon Value of Birds

Only 6 points out of 14 showed butterfly diversity. The most diverse region was point no. G11. Butterflies like White Orange tip, Plain Tiger, Common Lime and Common Mormon were found here. The overall butterfly diversity was low, possibly due to the summer season.

Figure 30: Shannon Values of Butterflies

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Image: Nelumbo nucifera

[16]


Invasive alien species are animals, plants or other organisms introduced by man into places out of their natural range of distribution, where they become established and disperse, generating a negative impact on the local ecosystem and species. These species can survive well in areas beyond their natural range of dispersal. These plants are adaptable, fast growing, and have a high reproductive capacity.

Issues and threats to biodiversity

A. Invasion by Alien species

Invasive species represent the second most significant cause of species extinction after habitat destruction. Their vigor combined with a lack of natural enemies such as native plants of a particular area often leads to outbreak population. These plants affect growth and distribution of native plants. Three species of invasive species were found in the Gandhar plant of GAIL. The tree species Subabhul (Leucaena leucocephala) and Vilayti Kikkar (Prosopis juliflora) have invaded many parts of the project area forming dense thickets. The shrub Lantana camara is also present in the plant which may pose a larger threat if left undisturbed. Invasive species do not let the native vegetation grow and thus hamper the biodiversity richness greatly. If not handled well in time, the loss of biodiversity is definite. Measures to eradicate these invasive species are given in the recommendations chapter.

Figure 31: Subabhul (Leucaena leucocephala) Figure 32: Vilayti Kikkar (Prosopis juliflora)

RECO

MM

END

ATION

S

Image: Bauhinia racemosa

[17]


Recommendations

A. REMOVAL OF ALIEN INVASIVE SPECIES

In the Gandhar plant of GAIL, 2 tree species of invasive plants are found, viz., Subabhul (Leucaena leucocephala) and Vilayti Kikkar (Prosopis juliflora). Both these species have dominated major parts of the project area. The spread of Vilayti Kikkar is such that it has formed dense monotonous patches of vegetation. One invasive shrub, Lantana camara is also found in the project area however the invasion of this species is not vast as of yet. Location: The invasive species are spread over the entire greenbelt area of the Gandhar plant. Impacts: Invasive species do not support much biodiversity largely because they don’t belong to that region. There are very few invasive species that support biodiversity. Subabhul does not support any biodiversity at all. No birds or butterflies or other animals are seen using this plant species. Thus, Subabhul not only stops native plants from growing but it also does not support any animal diversity. Therefore it is important that this Subabhul is removed from the premises. Prosopis juliflora, being a fast growing tree, spreads all over the landscape and forms impenetrable thickets. These thickets smother the native vegetation by leaving no space for them to grow. Many a times they affect the plants used for foraging for cattle and other livestock. The presence of the invasive Prosopis juliflora inhibits the growth of the native Prosopis cineraria. Commonly called as Khejri or Shami, Prosopis cineraria was also found in some patches in the plant area. Lantana camara grows individually in clumps or as dense thickets, thus making it difficult for native vegetation to grow. As the density of lantana in habitat increases, the species richness of that habitat decreases. Control Measures: Subabhul generally forms dense thickets wherein it becomes difficult to eradicate. Just cutting or pruning the plant is not very beneficial as it quickly resprouts. Therefore, the cut stumps should be treated with diesel or other chemicals. The best way to eradicate Subabhul is by uprooting the plants and subsequent treatment with chemicals to stop them from growing again.

For removal of Prosopis juliflora, continuous pruning of the trees and maintaining the understorey vegetation needs to be done. Pruning the high-canopy trees will help improving the understorey yield. Gradual replacement with other species can also help eradicate the nuisance caused by Prosopis juliflora. The principal method for management of Lantana camara is control of regrowth. As the plant has the ability to grow in any conditions, controlling the regrowth and new infestations is most important. Mechanical clearing and uprooting the plants are easy measures for smaller areas. Fire can also be used for larger areas.

Figure 33: Prosopis cineraria – a native tree

[18]


It is important that all these invasive species are removed simultaneously. If it is not done simultaneously, the other invasive species will grow while one is being replaced. After removal of invasive species, it is important that other native plants replace the area. This will ensure lack of space for the invasive species to re-grow. Competitive native species can be planted. A list of these plants is provided in the Annexure. Measures must be taken to make people aware of the impact of these invasive species on the native ecosystem – thus preventing them from using these species for plantation.

Figure 34: The dense thicket of Prosopis juliflora captured from a watch tower

[19]


B. IMPROVEMENT OF POND AREA

Location: The pond area present in Gandhar (Latitude: 21°53'1.02"N; Longitude: 72°46'35.36"E) for rain water harvesting is home to many birds, mammals and native vegetation. However it is also dominated by the invasive tree – Prosopis juliflora. Since there was a good amount of diversity present here, it is recommended that this area should be improved to sustain biodiversity.

Figure 35: Location of the pond area in Gandhar plant

Concept of development: The basic idea behind the development of this pond area is to create awareness among the employees at GAIL and also creating an aesthetic value to this pond. At present, there is no proper road that leads to this pond. A part of the Prosopis juliflora patch surrounding the pond area should be cleared to make an approach road to the pond area. Here, a watch tower should be built to have an entire view of the pond area. This watch tower can be a closed room or an open space with roof. It should be surrounded by trees of smaller height so that the watch tower is camouflaged. The apparent position of the watch tower without any foliage will scare away the animals. This watch tower will allow employees to visit the pond area and will provide pleasure by observing the biodiversity present in the pond. Awareness among the employees can be created by displaying some posters of biodiversity on the watch tower. These posters may be photos of the existing biodiversity or information regarding habitat, etc. The removal of the invasive species and subsequent plantation of native tree species that attract birds will ensure improvement of biodiversity in the region. During the wet season, the water in the pond will act as home for water birds and serve as a water source for the mammals present in the area. However, the pond remains dry during the dry season. Plantation of native trees nearby will provide shade and act as a food source for the birds and mammals in the dry season. Improvement of this pond will not only help to sustain the biodiversity but also increase aesthetic value of the pond area. Figure 24 is a representative image of the scheme of the developed pond with watch tower.

[20]


Figure 36: Representation of pond with watch tower and native vegetation

[21]


C. PREPARATION OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION PLAN

The plant area in Gandhar shows presence of large number of Indian Peafowl. As Indian Peafowl belongs to Schedule 1 of Wildlife Protection Act of India, a conservation plan for Indian Peafowl is essential. To provide habitat supplement to the existing population of wild animals in the plant and adjacent areas by implementation of habitat development activities after mainstreaming wildlife concerns. Location: Greenbelt area of Gandhar Plant Methodology: A comprehensive wildlife conservation plan (WCP) can be prepared in association with Forest department. The WCP would help in detailed study and understanding of the protected species in the plant and surrounding area. The WCP should contain some of the mentioned initiatives

1. Plantation of fruit and berries bearing species in the plant area 2. Grain feeding trays should be installed to provide food to the species 3. Awareness about the birds can be conducted through regular awareness programs regarding Pea-

fowl and through publicity by way of signage, posters, bill distributions, public meetings, student’s awareness sessions etc.

D. TREE INVENTORIZATION AND GREENBELT ASSESSMENT

A systematic mass plantation of pollution tolerant trees in order to mitigate air pollution by filtering, intercepting or absorbing air pollutants is known as “Greenbelt”. Greenbelt around industrial areas as a concept aims at creating pollution free, sustainable environment. A model greenbelt consists of species that can reduce pollution, accumulate dust and maintain the environment in an area. The purpose of a greenbelt is abatement of pollution produced by various operational activities in an industry. Greenbelt assessment is the process of analyzing the existing trees in an industry. This analysis is done by first making an inventory of all trees. Tree Inventory is gathering of accurate information on the health and diversity of a community. Information such as the tree species, its height, girth, age, health status, etc. is collected in the process. The GPS location of every tree is also noted. Tree inventory helps in primarily understanding the species of trees and their count. Based on the results obtained from tree inventory, the quantitative and qualitative significance of the green cover can be assessed. Quantitative details include the count of the species, count of trees, area covered by plantation and the geographical locations of each tree in the project area. Information such as the name of the tree, its indigenous status and protection status are assessed in the qualitative details.

A greenbelt should have particular type of plants in order to the serve the purpose of abating pollution. Most important of all, the tree species chosen for plantation should be pollution tolerant and native to the region. The trees should also be fast growing; have a round or spreading type of canopy with evergreen foliage and the ability of maintain regional ecological balance. It is important that the plantation done on a greenbelt

Figure 37: A representative image of team conducting tree inventorization

*This image is not site specific

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should be systematic. An ideal greenbelt should be surrounding the entire industry and thicker where the flow of pollutants is more. All these features are assessed during a greenbelt assessment and subsequent methods for its up gradation can be suggested.

The Gandhar plant has a thick greenbelt surrounding all four sides of the plant. During the rapid assessment, many floral species were recorded from the greenbelt of the plant. However, majority of the greenbelt is dominated by the invasive tree Prosopis juliflora. Such species do not support any biodiversity and also do not fulfill the role of a greenbelt. Fruiting trees, avenue trees, shade-giving trees support great amount of faunal diversity and also maintains the environmental balance. Although the green cover in the plant and township quantitatively very good, it is also important to have a qualitative significance. Therefore, it is essential to know the species of plants present in the project site.

The benefits derived from tree inventorization and green belt assessment will include: • The information regarding Identification of tree species (Common Name / Local Name), Girth, Height

(approximate), Age (approximate), Canopy diameter, Spatial location of tree (latitude and longitude), Health condition and Ecological significance (flowering and fruiting season, information about plant animal interaction, if any)

• Carbon sequestration potential of inventoried trees • Information related to distribution and species variation of trees • Calculation of Green cover • Information of the trees which could be damaged, diseased, etc.

E. MEDIATING HABITAT ENHANCEMENT TO INCREASE BIRD DIVERSITY

The bird diversity observed in the urbanized habitat is usually adapted to living in conditions different from their natural habitats. Many of the birds have adapted to a life completely different from their ancestral behavior and have adapted to the urban habitats. It is important that man extends a helping hand by providing close-to-nature kind of habitats to these urban birds. There are various ways by which man-made structures may enhance an urban habitat to support bird diversity. One such way is installation of bird baths, bird feeders and bird boxes. These interventions enhance the habitat of the area and attract more birds.

Bird baths are containers that hold water deep enough for birds to sit inside. As water is an essential necessity, many birds are attracted to bird baths as they provide water for drinking as well as bathing. A properly installed bird bath witnesses numerous birds during the morning and evening time taking baths are drinking water. Small urban birds such as House Sparrow, Purple-rumped Sunbird, Red-vented and Red-whiskered Bulbul are frequent visitors to bird baths. Bird baths play a very essential role in summers as the readily available water is very low. Many birds die of dehydration during summers. They can be built by making small depressions in concrete structures or using naturally occurring rocks with depressions and placed at certain places. A depression of around 2 inches is sufficient. Bird baths need to be maintained regularly. They should always have freshwater and it should be made sure that there is no algal growth or mosquito larvae in the water.

Figure 38: Representation of bird baths *This image is not site specific

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Containers with food material are called bird feeders. These bird feeders are of various shapes and sizes depending on the type of birds to be attracted. The type of food placed in the bird feeder is also dependent on the birds. The simplest type of bird feeder is the seed feeder. This type of bird feeder contains seeds of many species according to the preference of birds. Seeds like millet, safflower seeds, sunflower seeds, etc. can be placed in the bird feeders. Seed feeders can be made by placing a bottle/container full of seeds upside down with a plate underneath it; or simply by placing a bowl of seeds on a platform. These bird feeders ensure that the birds will not resort to garbage in search of food, thus reducing casualties.

In an urban setting, the places chosen by birds for nesting can be rather unsafe for the birds. For this reason, bird houses can be installed in safe parts of an area. Bird houses are essentially an artificial nest for birds. These boxes are commonly made up of wood, but sometimes a mixture of wood and concrete is also used. The birds that will use the bird houses will depend on the size of the bird houses. The size of the opening, the area inside the bird house, etc. are important factors to be taken into consideration. Bird houses need a lot of maintenance. The interior of the house should be cleaned after every time it is used. The bird houses will ensure safety of the birds, eggs and the chicks. It will increase the success rate of the nests and also help in increasing the population of the bird.

Location: It is recommended that the installations are placed in the township. The township for Gandhar unit is very new. Certain areas near the gardens and greenbelt region of the township will provide the ideal place for the bird baths, houses and feeders. Bird houses should be installed in areas with fewer disturbances from any activity and human presence. It is not recommended to install them in the plant area as they may face some minor threats from the operational activities. To monitor the number and diversity of birds, a bird survey can be conducted after a period one or two years.

Figure 39: Representation of bird feeders

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Image: Tawny Coster

[24]


Annexures

Flora

SN Botanical name Habit Common Hindi name

Family IUCN status

WPA status

Indigenous status

1 Acacia auriculiformis Benth.

Tree Earleaf Acacia Fabaceae Least Concern

VI Introduced

2 Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Tree Babool Fabaceae NA - Naturalized 3 Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa Tree Bel Rutaceae NA - Native 4 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Tree Saras Fabaceae NA VI Native 5 Azadirachta indica A.Juss. Tree Neem Meliaceae NA - Native 6 Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Tree Katmauli Fabaceae NA - Native 7 Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.

) Sw. Tree Guletura Fabaceae NA

- Native

8 Callistemon lanceolatus (Sm.) Sweet

Tree Cheel Myrtaceae NA -

Introduced

9 Carissa congesta Wight Tree Karonda Apocynaceae NA - Native 10 Cassia fistula L. Tree Amaltas Fabaceae NA - Native 11 Casuarina equisetifolia L. Tree Junglisaru Casuarinaceae NA - Native 12 Ceiba pentandra (L.)

Gaertn. Tree Safed semal Malvaceae NA

- Naturalized

13 Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Tree Nimbu Rutaceae NA - Native 14 Cocos nucifera L. Tree Nariyal Arecaceae NA - Native 15 Cordia dichotoma G.Forst. Tree Lasora Boraginaceae NA

Native

16 Cycas revoluta Thunb. Tree Sago palm Cycadaceae Least Concern

- Introduced

17 Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Tree Gulmohar Fabaceae Least Concern

- Naturalized

18 Dillenia indica L. Tree Karambel Dilleniaceae NA - Native 19 Erythrina variegata L. Tree Pangara Fabaceae Least

Concern -

Native

20 Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Tree Nilgiri Myrtaceae NA VI - 21 Ficus benjamina L. Tree Pukar Moraceae NA - Native 22 Ficus carica L. Tree Anjiri Moraceae Least

Concern Native

23 Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem.

Tree Rubber Tree Moraceae NA -

Native

24 Ficus exasperata Vahl Tree Moraceae NA - Native 25 Lagerstroemia indica

(L.) Pers. Tree Saona Lythraceae NA

Native

26 Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Tree Jarul Lythraceae NA - Native

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Forster

[25]



Family IUCN status

WPA status

Indigenous status

Pers. 27 Leucaena leucocephala (La

m.) de Wit Tree Safed babool Fabaceae NA

- Naturalized

28 Mangifera indica L. Tree Aam Anacardiaceae Data Deficient

VI Native

29 Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard

Tree Khirni Sapotaceae NA -

Native

30 Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen

Tree Chikoo Sapotaceae NA -

Introduced

31 Mimusops elengi L. Tree Maulsari Sapotaceae NA - Native 32 Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.

) Korth. Tree Kaim Rubiaceae NA

- Native

33 Morus alba L. Tree Shahtut Moraceae NA - Native 34 Neolamarckia cadamba (R

oxb.) Bosser Tree Kadamb Rubiaceae NA

- Native

35 Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K.Heyne

Tree Peela gulmohar

Fabaceae NA -

Introduced

36 Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Tree Sendhi Arecaceae NA - Native 37 Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb

.) Benth. Tree Vilayatichinch Fabaceae NA

- Naturalized

38 Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco

Tree Oriental Thuja Cupressaceae Near Threatened

- Introduced

39 Plumeria alba L. Tree Champa Apocynaceae NA - Introduced 40 Polyalthia longifolia Sonn. Tree Annonaceae NA

Native

41 Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce

Tree Khejri Fabaceae NA -

Native

42 Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Tree Junglee kikar Fabaceae NA - Introduced 43 Psidium guajava L. Tree Peru Myrtaceae NA VI Native 44 Ravenala madagascariensi

s Sonn. Tree Strelitziaceae NA

- Introduced

45 Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F.Cook

Tree Bottle palm Arecaceae NA -

Introduced

46 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Tree Jamun Myrtaceae NA VI Native 47 Tamarix aphylla (L.)

H.Karst. Tree Farash Tamaricacea NA

- Native

48 Tectona grandis L.f. Tree Sagun Verbenaceae NA VI Native 49 Terminalia catappa L. Tree Jangli badam Combretaceae NA - Native 50 Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Tree Ber Rhamnaceae Least

Concern -

Native

[26]



Family IUCN status

WPA status

Indigenous status

51 Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn.

Shrub Kodi Rose Polygonaceae NA

Introduced

52 Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd.

Shrub Booganbel Nyctaginaceae NA -

Introduced

53 Calliandra haematocephala Hassk.

Shrub Red Powder Puff

Fabaceae NA -

Introduced

54 Capparis sepiaria L. Shrub Kanthari Capparaceae NA - Native 55 Coccinia sp. Shrub Tandali Cucurbitaceae NA VI Native 56 Cocculus hirsutus (L.)

W.Theob. Shrub Farid buti Menispermace

ae NA

- Native

57 Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. ex A.Juss.

Shrub Euphorbiaceae NA VI

Introduced

58 Duranta erecta L. Shrub Pigeon Berry Verbenaceae NA

Introduced 59 Euphorbia milii Des Moul. Shrub Euphorbiaceae NA VI Introduced 60 Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis Shrub Gandhraj Rubiaceae NA - Native 61 Hamelia patens Jacq. Shrub Firebush Rubiaceae NA - Introduced 62 Helianthus annuus L. Shrub Surajmukhi Asteraceae NA - Naturalized 63 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Shrub Gurhal Malvaceae NA - Native 64 Ipomoea marginata (Desr.)

Verdc. Shrub Ban kalmi Convolvulacea

e NA

Native

65 Ixora coccinea L. Shrub Rugmini Rubiaceae NA - Native 66 Jasminum sambac (L.)

Aiton Shrub Madan mogra Oleaceae NA

- Native

67 Lantana camara L. Shrub Verbenaceae NA - Naturalised 68 Nerium oleander L. Shrub Kaner Apocynaceae Least

Concern -

Native

69 Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso

Shrub Nasottar Convolvulaceae

NA

Native

70 Passiflora foetida L. Shrub Passifloraceae. NA

Introduced 71 Rosa sp. Shrub Rosaceae NA

Introduced

72 Salvadora persica L. Shrub Meswak Salvadoraceae NA - Native 73 Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex

Kunth Shrub Piliya Bignoniaceae NA

- Introduced

74 Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill.

Shrub Makai Rhamnaceae NA -

Native

75 Achyranthes aspera L. Herb Chirchita Amaranthaceae

NA -

Native

76 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC.

Herb Garundi Amaranthaceae

Least concern

- Native

77 Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Herb Bans Poaceae NA - Native 78 Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Herb Chhoti-ari Verbenaceae NA VI Native

[27]



Family IUCN status

WPA status

Indigenous status

Gaertn. 79 Cymbopogon citratus (DC.)

Stapf Herb Gandhatrina Poaceae NA

- Native

80 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Herb Doob Poaceae NA VI Native 81 Datura stramonium L. Herb Datura Solanaceae NA - Native 82 Desmostachya bipinnata (L

.) Stapf Herb Dabh Poaceae Least

concern -

Native

83 Evolvulus alsinoides(Linn.) Linn.

Herb Visnukrantha Convolvulaceae

NA

Naturalised

84 Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W. T. Aiton

Herb Fabaceae NA

85 Musa × paradisiaca L. Herb Kela Musaceae NA - Native 86 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Herb Water lily Nymphaeacea

e NA

- Native

87 Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Herb Tulsi Lamiaceae NA - Native 88 Pancratium caribaeum L. Herb Amaryllidacea

e NA

-

89 Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir.

Herb Makhi Phyllanthaceae

NA

Native

90 Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.

Herb Bhui aonla Phyllanthaceae

NA -

Naturalised

91 Portulaca oleracea L. Herb Lunia Portulacaceae NA - Native 92 Sida veronicaefolia Lam. Herb Malvaceae

93 Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg.

Herb Baran Asteraceae NA VI

Native

94 Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell

Herb Raan bhendi Malvaceae NA -

Native

95 Wedelia urticaefolia (Blume) DC. ex Wight

Herb Wadelia Asteraceae NA -

Native

[28]


Fauna

A. Birds

SN Common Name Scientific Name Family IUCN Status WPA Status 1 Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus Cuculidae Least Concern IV 2 Asian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi Monarchidae Least Concern IV 3 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus Dicruridae Least Concern IV 4 Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia Columbidae Least Concern IV 5 Brown Rock Chat Oenanthe fusca Muscicapidae Least Concern - 6 Common Myna Acridotheres fuscus Sturnidae Least Concern IV 7 Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius Sylviidae Least Concern IV 8 Crow Pheasant Centropus sinensis Cuculidae Least Concern - 9 Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto Columbidae Least Concern IV 10 Green Bee eater Merops orientalis Meropidae Least Concern - 11 House Crow Corvus splendens Corvidae Least Concern V 12 House Sparrow Passer domesticus Passeridae Least Concern IV 13 Indian Eagle Owl Bubo bengalensis Strigidae Least Concern - 14 Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus Phasianidae Least Concern I 15 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii Ardeidae Least Concern - 16 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicatus Muscicapidae Least Concern - 17 Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis Coraciidae Least Concern IV 18 Jungle Babbler Turdoides striata Leiothrichidae Least Concern IV 19 Jungle Crow Corvus culminatus Corvidae Least Concern IV 20 Laughing Dove Spilopelia senegalensis Columbidae Least Concern IV 21 Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis Muscicapidae Least Concern IV 22 Plain Prinia Prinia inornata Cisticolidae Least Concern - 23 Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica Nectariniidae Least Concern IV 24 Purple-rumped Sunbird Nectarinia zeylonica Nectariniidae Least Concern IV 25 Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Pycnonotidae Least Concern - 26 Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda Corvidae Least Concern IV 27 Spotted Dove Spilopelia chinensis Columbidae Least Concern IV 28 Spotted Owlet Athene brama Strigidae Least Concern - 29 White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Alcedinidae Least Concern -

[29]


B. Butterflies

SN Common Name Scientific Name Family IUCN Status 1 Common Gull Larus canus Laridae Least Concern 2 Common Lime Papilio demoleus Papilionidae NA 3 Common Mormon Papilio polytes Papilionidae NA 4 Emigrant Catopsilia florella Pieridae NA 5 Grass Blue Pseudozizeeria maha Lycaenidae NA 6 Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus Nymphalidae NA 7 Small Orange tip Colotis evagore Pieridae NA 8 Tawny Coster Acraea terpsicore Nymphalidae NA 9 White Orange tip Ixias marianne Pieridae NA

C. Amphibian

SN Common name Scientific Name Family IUCN Status WPA Status 1 Indian Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis Dicroglossidae Least concern -

D. Reptiles

SN Common name Scientific Name Family IUCN Status WPA Status 1 Oriental Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor Agamidae NA - 2 Skink Eutropis carinata Scincidae Least concern -

E. Mammals

SN Common name Scientific Name Family IUCN Status WPA Status 1 Indian Hare Lepus nigricollis Leporidae Least concern IV 2 Indian Porcupine Hystrix indica Hystericidae NA IV 3 Three striped Palm Squirrel Funambulus palmarum Sciuridae Least concern Unlisted 4 Indian Field Mouse Mus boodunga Muridae Least Concern V

F. Other Invertebrates

SN Common Name Scientific Name Class IUCN WPA 1 Ground Skimmer Diplacodes trivialis Insecta Least concern - 2 Coromandel Marsh Dart Ceriagrion coromandelianum Insecta Least concern -

PHO

TOPLATES

Image: Phyla nodiflora


Amaltash (Cassia fistula) is one of the most beautiful of all tropical trees when it sheds its leaves and bursts into a mass of long, grape-bunches like yellow gold flowers. These flowers are attractive to bees and butterflies.

[30]

The fruits of Carissa congesta are edible, but only when fully ripe; they have a sweet flavor, but the milky sap of this plant – and its unripe fruit – is poisonous. It is planted along the roads in the Gandhar Unit


[31]

The Gray Pansy (Junonia atlites) was seen less frequently in the project area. This butterfly is usually seen in grassland type of habitat.

Belonging to the brush-footed butterflies family, the Tawny Coster is a small butterfly with weak, fluttery flight. It was seen in plenty in the nursery at the Gandhar Unit.


[32]

Neem (Azadirachta indica) is native to India and Burma. The plant is of medicinal as well as of religious importance.

Cadaba fruticosa is a native shrub mainly seen in tropical regions. The fruits of this plant turn red as the ripe. Many butterflies were seen on this plant.


[33]

The Indian Eagle Owl is a large owl species that is often found near rocky shrublands. They have a deep resonant booming call that may be heard at dawn and dusk.

The Grass Jewel belongs to Lycaenidae family which consists of the smallest butterflies in the world.


[34]

Ipomoea marginata Mainly grows in a swamp area. It was found growing in the dry pond area in the Gandhar unit


[35]

The bark and roots of Kanchan, Bauhinia variegata are of medicinal importance. The seeds of this plant are used in food.

Mitragyna parviflora, commonly called as Kaim, is a tree native to India. Mitragyna species are used medicinally as well as for their fine timber throughout the areas they grow.


[36]

Maulsari (Mimusops elengi) has a high medicinal value. Almost every part of this tree is used in medicine.

Indian Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), the national flower of India, is commonly cultivated in water gardens.

Project Name Biodiversity Assessment

at

GAIL Gandhar Complex

Prepared for GAIL (India) Limited

Prepared by

Corporate HSE Department, Noida GAIL (India) Limited

and

Terracon Ecotech Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai

Terracon Project Team Dr. Ninad Raut, Mr. Akshay Nachane, Ms. Amruta Dhamorikar, Ms. Ketaki Devasthali, Mr. Sadanand Gupta, Mr. Shailesh Kadam, Ms. Shivnetra Rampalli, Ms. Chinmayi Lele Authorized signature:

Dr. Ninad Raut (Head – Ecology and Biodiversity)

Final Report: August 2016

Documents

Biodiversity Assessment - gailcorintra.gail.co.in Assessment at... · Biodiversity is nothingbut the variety of life found on Earth. The number and variety of plants, animals and