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BiodiversityLearning TargetLearning Target
BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY
What is biodiversity?What is biodiversity? The variety of life on earthThe variety of life on earth
Focus of BiodiversityFocus of Biodiversity1.1. Different species of plants & animalsDifferent species of plants & animals
2.2. Diversity of genes (genetics)Diversity of genes (genetics)
3.3. Different ecosystems on the planetDifferent ecosystems on the planet
BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY
Why is biodiversity important?Why is biodiversity important?1.1. Ecosystem survivalEcosystem survival
2.2. Human societyHuman society
3.3. Continue evolutionContinue evolution
1. Ecosystem Survival1. Ecosystem Survival
Which is more diverse?Which is more diverse?
Which is more stable? Which is more stable?
1. Ecosystem Survival1. Ecosystem Survival
Why is biodiversity important to ecosystems?Strengthens the food web!!Resist disturbancesRebound from natural disasters & human
interactions
2. Human Society2. Human Society
We are the smartest species on EarthWe are the smartest species on Earth
But we are the most dependent!But we are the most dependent!
How does biodiversity help human society?How does biodiversity help human society? Food – ex: bacteria help our food growFood – ex: bacteria help our food grow Economy - $$Economy - $$ Medicines – plants & bacteriaMedicines – plants & bacteria Wood productsWood products Pollution break downPollution break down ResearchResearch
3. Continued Evolution3. Continued Evolution
Why do things evolve?Why do things evolve? So they can survive & adapt!So they can survive & adapt! The rate of evolution has slowed dramaticallyThe rate of evolution has slowed dramatically The amount of biodiversity has decreasedThe amount of biodiversity has decreased Without biodiversity, many more animals will Without biodiversity, many more animals will
go extinctgo extinct Diversity helps organisms evolve to fight Diversity helps organisms evolve to fight
disease & survive in their surroundingsdisease & survive in their surroundings
SPECIES EXTINCTIONSPECIES EXTINCTION
Threatened = Species that are still abundant in Threatened = Species that are still abundant in their natural range, but are declining in their natural range, but are declining in numbers and are likely to become endangerednumbers and are likely to become endangered
Examples in Pennsylvania: Osprey, Sedge Wren, Examples in Pennsylvania: Osprey, Sedge Wren, Yellow-bellied FlycatcherYellow-bellied Flycatcher
SPECIES EXTINCTIONSPECIES EXTINCTION
Endangered = Species that have few individual Endangered = Species that have few individual survivors and therefore could soon become survivors and therefore could soon become extinct over most or all of the species’ natural extinct over most or all of the species’ natural rangerange
Examples from Pennsylvania: Bald Eagle, Short-Examples from Pennsylvania: Bald Eagle, Short-eared Owleared Owl
SPECIES EXTINCTIONSPECIES EXTINCTION
Extinct = Species that have completely Extinct = Species that have completely disappeared from the Earth.disappeared from the Earth.
Example from Pennsylvania: Passenger PigeonExample from Pennsylvania: Passenger Pigeon
Species Species ExtinctionExtinctionExtinct – Giant Extinct – Giant Short Face BearShort Face Bear
Endgangered - Endgangered - OrangutanOrangutan
Threatened – King Threatened – King CobraCobra
SPECIES EXTINCTION and SPECIES EXTINCTION and DESTRUCTION OF BIODIVERSITYDESTRUCTION OF BIODIVERSITY
1.1. Human Population GrowthHuman Population GrowthA.A. 1000 B.C. = 50 million people1000 B.C. = 50 million people
B.B. 2012 = 7 BILLION people2012 = 7 BILLION people
C.C. The more our population growsThe more our population grows1)1) Need more resourcesNeed more resources
2)2) Produce more pollutionProduce more pollution
2.2. Resource UseResource UseA.A. Natural resources = anything in the environment Natural resources = anything in the environment
used by peopleused by people
B.B. Renewable (trees, sunlight) & nonrenewable (coal, Renewable (trees, sunlight) & nonrenewable (coal, oil)oil)
SPECIES EXTINCTION and SPECIES EXTINCTION and DESTRUCTION OF BIODIVERSITYDESTRUCTION OF BIODIVERSITY
3.3. PollutionPollutionA.A. Soil < Water < AirSoil < Water < Air
1)1) ChemicalsChemicals
2)2) WasteWaste
3)3) NoiseNoise
4)4) Heat Heat
5)5) LightLight
SPECIES EXTINCTION and SPECIES EXTINCTION and DESTRUCTION OF BIODIVERSITYDESTRUCTION OF BIODIVERSITY
4.4. Habitat DestructionHabitat DestructionA.A. Deforestation – cutting down the forestDeforestation – cutting down the forest
B.B. Habitat fragmentation – ex: building a highway Habitat fragmentation – ex: building a highway or road through a forestor road through a forest
C.C. Plowing GrasslandsPlowing Grasslands
5.5. Poaching – illegal hunting or removal of Poaching – illegal hunting or removal of wildlifewildlife
6.6. OverfishingOverfishing
SPECIES EXTINCTION and SPECIES EXTINCTION and DESTRUCTION OF BIODIVERSITYDESTRUCTION OF BIODIVERSITY
7.7. Native vs. Exotic/Invasive Native vs. Exotic/Invasive SpeciesSpecies
A.A. Species that is introduced by Species that is introduced by humans and is not native to that humans and is not native to that habitathabitat
B.B. Introduction by accident or on Introduction by accident or on purposepurpose
C.C. Throws off ecosystem & food webThrows off ecosystem & food web1)1) How does this happen?How does this happen?
2)2) Take over habitat, food sources, Take over habitat, food sources, no natural predatorsno natural predators
D.D. Ex: Kudzu vineEx: Kudzu vine
LIMITING FACTORSLIMITING FACTORS
Limiting factors = Limiting factors = environmental factor that environmental factor that causes a population to causes a population to decreasedecrease
1.1. Food & waterFood & water
Example: A giraffe needs 10 Example: A giraffe needs 10 kilograms of leaves a day. kilograms of leaves a day. The trees can only produce The trees can only produce 100 kilograms of leaves100 kilograms of leaves
What is the carrying capacity?What is the carrying capacity?
LIMITING FACTORSLIMITING FACTORS
2.2. SpaceSpaceA.A. Nesting spaceNesting space
B.B. TerritoryTerritory
C.C. Trees need enough room to get light, Trees need enough room to get light, nutrients, etcnutrients, etc
3.3. WeatherWeatherA.A. Temperature Temperature
B.B. RainfallRainfall
How can we protect How can we protect biodiversity?biodiversity?
1.1. Captive breedingCaptive breedingA.A. Mating animals in zoos, etc.Mating animals in zoos, etc.
B.B. Release into the wildRelease into the wild
2.2. Laws & treatiesLaws & treatiesA.A. Endangered Species Act – protects endangered Endangered Species Act – protects endangered
species from hunting & tradespecies from hunting & trade
B.B. CITES – international treaty - not mandatory!CITES – international treaty - not mandatory!
3.3. Habitat preservationHabitat preservationA.A. 1872 – Yellowstone National Park1872 – Yellowstone National Park
B.B. 7,000 preservation parks today7,000 preservation parks today
SymbiosisSymbiosis
Mutualism – both species benefit (+/+)Mutualism – both species benefit (+/+)
Parasitism – parasite feeds off the host Parasitism – parasite feeds off the host (+/-)(+/-)
Commensalism – one species benefits Commensalism – one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor and the other is neither helped nor harmed (+/o)harmed (+/o)
Predation – one species eats another (+/-)Predation – one species eats another (+/-)
Competition – one species is the better Competition – one species is the better competitor (+/-)competitor (+/-)
