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Biochemistry
Molecules of Life
Task
• On the following pages is a series of images that you are probably familiar with. With your partner/group, classify the pictures into groups. Be ready to explain why you grouped them the way you did.
The FOUR groups of Macromolecules
• Lipids (Fats)
• Carbohydrates– Sugars– Starches
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
ExpectationExpectation
• Compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.[9.A]
Food provides the human body with all of the following
except:
A. Calories
B. Nucleic Acids
C. Hydrochloric Acid
D. Lipids
Food provides the human body with all of the following
except:
A. Calories
B. Nucleic Acids
C. Hydrochloric Acid
D. Lipids
Fats
• Long-term energy storage• Hold a lot of energy but harder to break
it down to get the energy out• Building blocks:
– Glycerol– Fatty acid
• Saturated (“full” of single bonds)• Unsaturated (not “full” of single bonds)
Lots of C-H bonds!
Energy is stored in bonds!
Fats have a lot of stored energy. But they are harder to break down.
These chains are “full” of single bonds. They are saturated.
A saturated fat is “full” of single bonds. This causes the tails to be relatively straight. When the tails are straight, the fat tends to be a solid at room temperature.
Can you think of any fats that are solid at room temperature?
Fats• Unsaturated- tails are
not “full” of single bonds..there are many double bonds which cause the tails to bend.
Therefore they are usually liquids at room temperature because the tails aren’t as close.
• How does the chemical structure of a saturated fatty acid differ from the structure of the unsaturated fatty acid shown here?
A. A saturated fatty acid has more oxygen than an unsaturated fatty acid.
B. A saturated fatty acid is more oily and can withstand higher temperatures.
C. There are no double bonds in a saturated fatty acid; all the positions are saturated with hydrogen.
D. The fatty acid is saturated with double bonds, making the molecule twist and curl.
For each of the following molecules, tell if it is saturated
or unsaturated.
A=SaturatedB=Unsaturated
HINT
HINT
Lipids
• Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
• For example, the phosophlipid:
Carbohydrates
• Simple Sugars and Starches• Used for quick energy!
– Just think…what happens when you eat a LOT of sugar??
• Most carbohydrates have an approximate ratio of (CH2O). For example C6H12O6.
• Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.
Simple Sugars
• The most commonly used one in Biology:
C6H12O6
This is also called a MONOSACCHARIDE
Disaccharides
• “Di”=Two rings This is SUCROSE,
It’s formula is C12H22O11.
It is also a simple sugar.
Polysaccharides or Starches
• By adding simple sugars together, it is easy to store the energy in them.
• “Poly”=many
There are “Many” rings of sugars in a polysaccharide.
Which of the following is a monosaccharide?
A
B
C
D
Which of the following is a saturated fat?
Proteins
• The functions of proteins include:– control the rate of reactions and regulate
cell processes. – build tissues such as bone and muscle– transport materials– help to fight disease
Proteins
• Proteins are made up of Amino Acids. There are 20 amino acids.
• Amino acids are like the alphabet, you can put letters together to make a sentence that makes sense. Amino acids can go together in a certain order to make a protein that does a certain job.
• BONUS: Where/What are the instructions on how to make a protein located????
Protein Structure
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.
• The two main types are:– Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)– Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
• More to come on these two in the Genetics Chapters.
Nucleic Acids
• Building block are called nucleotides.
Nucleotide
MacroMolecules of Life
Function Building Blocks
Lipids Longer-term energy storage.
Glycerol and fatty acids.
Carbohydrates Short term energy storage or for some structural purposes.
Simple Sugars
Proteins Control reaction; build tissue; defend body; etc.
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids Store and transmit hereditary info.
Nucleotides
Food provides the human body with all of the following
except:
A. Calories
B. Nucleic Acids
C. Hydrochloric Acid
D. Lipids
Food provides the human body with all of the following
except:
A. Calories
B. Nucleic Acids
C. Hydrochloric Acid
D. Lipids
