BiochemistryChapter 2

Matter Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Mass The quantity of matter an object has

The Atom Atom

The basic unit of matter Subatomic parts of the

atom Proton (positively

charged particle in nucleus)

Neutron (neutral particle in nucleus)

Electron (negatively charged particle found on valences outside the nucleus)

electron

neutron

proton

Element Element

A pure substance that is comprised of a single atom

Each element has its own atomic number equaling the number of protons it has

4 most common elements are C,H,O,N (96% of all living things)

http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html

Isotopes Isotope

An element that has different numbers of neutrons

Carbon 12, Carbon 13, Carbon 14 Because they have the same number of

electrons, all isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties

Radioactive isotopes are isotopes that are unstable and breakdown over time

Chemical Compounds When two or more elements are combined

they form a compound Compounds are formed when elements

form bonds between them Ionic (electrons are transferred) NaCl Covalent (electrons are shared) H20 Van der Waals Forces (polarity)

Ionic and Covalent Bonds

Properties of Water Polarity

An uneven distribution of electrons causing positive and negative poles in one molecule

Water Cont’d Hydrogen bonding

Weak bonds that hold water molecules together Adhesion (attraction between molecules of

different substances) Cohesion (attraction between molecules of the

same substance) Allows for capillary action (water can defy gravity)

Props of H20 Cont’d Solutions and suspensions

Mixtures are 2 or more elements or compounds physically put together but do not chemically combine (salt and pepper)

Solution – mixture in which the all components are evenly distributed in the solution

Combination of solute (what is being dissolved) and solvent (what is doing the dissolving)

i.e. saline solution

More Water Acid, bases, and pH

Acid: compound that forms H+ ions in a solution. pH level 0-6

Base: compound that forms OH- ions in a solution. pH level 8-14

Buffers: weak acids or bases that react with strong acids and bases to prevent sudden changes in pH

Still More Water Properties Density (ice is less dense as a solid) High specific heat (takes a lot of energy to

raise or lower temperature of water 1C) Surface tension (due to cohesion) Transparency (allows light to penetrate to

aquatic plants)

Organic Chemistry Study of all compounds that contain bonds

between carbon atoms Macromolecules (giant molecules) make up

living things. Macromolecules are formed through

polymerization Monomers join together to make polymers Basic math (add parts to make a whole)

4 Organic Compounds Macromolecules or biomolecules found in

living things Carbohydrates (sugars) Lipids (fats and oils) Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) Proteins (chains of amino acids)

Carbohydrates Compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio Main source of energy for living things 3 types of sugars (saccharide)

Monosaccharide (simple sugar – glucose) Disaccharide (2 sugars – sucrose) Polysacchride (many sugars – glycogen and

starches)

Carbs

Lipids Biomolecules that are generally not soluble

in water (don’t dissolve) Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen

atoms Fats, oils, and waxes Used to store energy and form parts on

biological membranes (lipid bi-layers) Saturated and unsaturated

Lipid

Nucleic Acids Molecules containing C,H,O,N,P Polymer made up of monomers called nucleotides

5 carbon sugar A phosphate group Nitogenous base

Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information

Two types DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Nucleotide

DNA

Proteins Biomolecule made from C,H,O,N Polymer made up of monomers called amino

acids Proteins have numerous responsibilities in living

things Enzymatic Regulate cell processes Structural Transport Immune

Amino Acid

Protein

Chemical Reactions Process that changes one set of chemicals

into another set of chemicals Involve breaking the bonds in reactants and

the formation of new bonds in products

Reactants and Products Reactants go into a chemical reaction Products are formed by a chemical reaction Examples

CO2 + H2O H2CO3

H2CO3 CO2 + H2O Identify which are the reactants and products in

the above equations

Types of Reactions Energy Absorbing Reaction (Endergonic)

Products have more energy than reactants Energy is stored

Energy Releasing Reaction (Exergonic) Reactants have more energy than products Energy is given off

Activation Energy Energy need to start a reaction

Which is Which?

Effect of Enzymes on Rxns A catalyst is a substance that speeds up

the rate of a chemical reaction Enzymes are biological catalysts Therefore…enzymes speed up chemical

reactions in cells

Enzymes on Rxns

The EndFinally!