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Biobased Technologies
Janie Fouke
May 1, 1998
Employment in Bioengineering
Pharmaceutical IndustryMedical Device IndustryBiotechnology Industry
Biotechnology Industry Trends
Employment of 140,000 people: up 19% (1996 to 1997)
Sales of $13 B: up 20% (1996-1997)University royalties: 80% of $242M earned in 1996 in
biological/medical sciencesCompanies rank in top five for R&D expenditures per
employee (1995)Sources (Bio Report, June 1998; Business Week 1995
R&D Scoreboard)
Medical Technology Market
World wide market for medical devices and diagnostic products: $120 B (USD)
Single largest market: U S $58 B
Product segments
Commodity disposablesTechnology-intensive therapeutic devices Imaging equipment
Import/Export for United States
Manufacturing balance of trade not generally positive
Medical device sector +$ 7.1 BRapid growth rate
1989: $ 5.5 B 1997: $13.7 B
Employment Picture (US)
Medical device manufacturers registered with Food and Drug Administration: 7,000
Average # employees: ~ 40 peopleSalaries: >>>$$$
Social Impact of Permanent and Interventional Devices
Pacemakers/DefibrillatorsHeart valvesVascular graftsIntraocular lensesHip prosthesesNeurological stimulators
Impact of Monitoring and Diagnostic Industries
Exploratory surgery does not exist any more!
Threshold of the future
Yesterday, we leveraged existing technologies to create innovations
Tomorrow’s medical advances will incorporate breakthroughs from cellular and molecular biology
Implantable technology of the future
BiocompatibleBiointeractiveBiological mimicryEngineering structures/processes that
promote regrowth
Short term vision
Tissue engineered heart valvesIndividually grown new blood vesselsRegrowth of peripheral and spinal nerves
Explosion of Data from Biological Systems
e.g., Information Content in Genomics of Organisms, in Molecular Dynamics of Proteins, in Population Dynamics
Driving New Approaches to Data Analysis and Integration of Data
Biological Information
Three Types of Biological Information• 1-D Info. of chromosomes and genes• 3-D info. of protein molecular machines• 4-D info. (space+time) on complex biological
systems and networks
New Approaches to Human Disease Classification
Genomics/proteomicsPredicting an individual’s
susceptibility/resistance to disease/environmental agents
Designing therapeutics/health policiesCommon basis of biological systems
Arabidopsis human yeast Drosophila mouse
One-D Analysis needs Informatic Tools
Large Scale DNA SequencingGenome-wide GenotypingDNA arrays
Global Analysis needs Nano-technology
Mass SpectroscopySeparation TechniquesHigh Speed, Multi-parameter Cell Sorting
Miniaturization Parallelization
Global Analysis needs Computational Biology
The Protein-folding Problem: How does the amino acid sequence direct its folding in three dimensions?
The Protein Structure-Function Problem: How does the shape of a protein permit its function?
Global Tools Required to Decipher the Systems and their Networks
What are the components and their interconnections for various biological systems?
How is the information for these units regulated?
How to break up into subsystems whose properties reflect those of the entire system?
Challenge: Integration
Integration of the following to address the problem
MODERN BIOENGINEERING
Biology
Engineering
Mathematics
Computer ScienceChemistry
Orchid Biocomputer
By leveraging the same technologies used to design computer chips, Orchid is designing microchemical platform technologies capable of performing high-throughput chemical synthesis, biochemical assays, and DNA analysis for applications in drug discovery and diagnostics. Analogues/variants are available in hours or days.
Orchid’s Latest Want Ad
Molecular BiologyBiochemistryChemistryMicrofluidicsMicrofabrication
InstrumentationElectrical
EngineeringMechanical
EngineeringPhysics
Affymetrix
DNA chips . . . A scanning technologyUsing a large segment of human DNA as a
reference, investigators rapidly compared a sequence of 3400-base pairs with that of another primate
Faster than generating the DNA de novo
Food Safety: DNA probes
SalmonellaListseriaE. coli 0157:H7Mycotoxins
Biosensors
Highly specific actions of biological molecules can be exploited
Enzymes, antibodies, microbial cells can be immobilized on solid surfaces
The reactions they mediate can be detected by a variety of physical and chemical means
Bioelectronics
Use biological molecule in IC or in optical processor
Build devices on molecular level: high densities of data storage/nano-sized computers
Irradiate naturally occurring protein with visible light: it absorbs light. Since it exists in two states, it can be used in molecular electronics/switches, and the lithographic fabrication of nanometer-scale patterns.
Phytase
Pigs and chickens lack the enzyme to digest a certain sugar alcohol so they excrete phosphates.
The gene for the enzyme (created from a genetically modified microbial source) has been inserted into tobacco seed which is then fed to the animals.
Salt-tolerance gene
Gene for salt tolerance has been successfully introduced into tomato, tobacco, and Arabidopsis
Does seawater irrigation become a possibility?
U. S. Patent and Trademark Office
Number of requests to patent nucleic acid sequences: 1991 4,000
1996 500,000
More Wild Stuff
Medical prescriptions personalized to genotype
Neutriceutical foodsVaccines delivered through raw potatoesCosmetic companies merging with
pharmaceutical companies (biologically active cosmeceuticals)
World Economy
Biotech, chemical, pharmaceutical, and agribusiness: all invest in molecular technologies
Merger mania!
Life Sciences Industry
Chemicals
Agri-business Pharmaceuticals