Bio 345 - Animal Physiology

Dr. Neil F. Hadley

Office - DB 246

Office Hours: MW 1:30-3:00

Tel. No.: 962-7733

e-mail: hadleyn@uncwil.edu

Web Stuff - How to do it You can access my web page from home at http://people.uncw.edu/hadleyn

When you click on the link for the BIO 345, you will get a menu from which you can access lecture and lab syllabus

Access lecture syllabus and click on Lecture link (e.g., Lecture 1new)

or Click on Lecture Presentations, then specific lecture

What is Physiology?

Biochemistry&

Biophysics

Ecology&

Evolution

“how organisms function or work”

Historical Perspective

How did we get to where we are today regarding our knowledge of physiology?

What were some of the key developments? Hindrances?

Goal = develop working plan for body

Aristotle (384-322 BC) and Animal Biology

Student of Plato; teacher of Alexander the Great

Set the course for the study of animal biology

First to ask questions, seek appropriate data, provide answers

For Aristotle, human physiology essentially a black box

Correct on those things he could see; speculated on possible functions from opened cadaver

Recognized major organs of the body Believed food was transformed into blood; provided

nourishment to the various parts

Did not offer a working plan for the human body Uncertain as to reason for breathing…cool the body Thought heart was the seat of intelligence

GALEN - 129 – 200 AD

Galen

Last of renowned Greek physicians – last notable human biologist until the 16th century

Moved to Rome, became physician to the gladiators, then Emperor Marcus Aurelius

Importance: not his personal discoveries, but his summation of Greek medicine from Hippocrates to his own time

Galen’s Thoughts on Circulation

Blood formed in liver

Blood from liver flows to heart enroute to tissues

Blood passes back and forth through vessels

Blood seeps through intraventricular septum

Blood renewed with each beat

Galen’s contributions

•Produced enormous body of writings

•Major contributions to anatomy which were based on dissections of small monkeys (macaque)

•His description of human physiology is based on a 3-part plan:

–Liver (source of veins; nourish body with blood)

–Heart (source of arteries; provide “vital pneuma”)

–Brain (producer of “psychic pneuma; sensations)

Dark Ages

Why did Galen’s view survive for 1400 yrs?• Anatomy poorly known• Anatomy known dealt with containing

parts, not contents within parts• Poor communication• Absence of “controlled” experimentation

William Harvey (1578-1657)

William Harvey

16th Century English physician (personal

physician to King) Well educated (Univ of Padua in Italy) 1628 – de Motu Cordis et Sanquinis

(“On the Motion of the Heart and Blood

in Animals”) Still considered one of the most important

publications in history of physiology

Harvey’s Discoveries

Described muscular nature of heart Origin of heartbeat Basis for the “pulse” Described pulmonary and systemic circuits

(blow flow is unidirectional)

Harvey’s Experiments

Stroke volume (amt of blood pumped

per unit time)

Unidirectional blood flow

Garlic Test

Conclusions

Missing Information – How does blood flow from arteries to veins?

(Malpighi, microscope, frog lungs)

First “experimental physiologist”

Techniques as important as findings