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K. FUNGI Nutrition

Heterotrophic eukaryote Absorptive mode of nutrition:

hydrolytic enzymes Saprobic fungi- feed on dead/ non-

living organisms Parasitic fungi- feed on nutrients

from living hosts Mutualistic fungi- food from other

organisms but reciprocate with functions beneficial to others

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Form Unicellular: yeast Filamentous: molds Complex multicellular: mushrooms

Structure Cell wall: chitin Hyphae (filaments): can be septate

hyphae or coenocytic hyphae Mycelium (network of several

hyphae) Haustoria (nutrient absorbing hyphal

tips that penetrate tissue of hosts)

K. FUNGI

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Reproduction Asexual: binary fission/ budding as in

yeast Sexual: spore formation

Syngamy: sexual union of 2 cells from different individual ; with 2 stages: plasmogamy and karyogamy

Haplontic life cycle: adult: haploid

3 divisions Division Zygomycota – zygospore fungi Division Ascomycota – sac fungi Division Basidiomycota – club fungi

K. FUNGI

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Division Organism

Fungi Zygomycota Rhizopus stolonifer

Ascomycota Schizosaccharomyces

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Aspergillus niger

Penicillium notatum

Cookeina

Basidiomycota Auricularia

Dictyophora, Fomes

Polyporus

Lycoperdon

Lichens Crustose Paint-smear- like

Fruticose Shrub-like

Foliose Leaf-like

K. FUNGI

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Division Zygomycota Terrestrial, thrive on soil with

decaying plant and animal materials

Hyphae: coenocytic; reproductive structure: septated

Asexual reproduction: spores (sporangium and sporangiophore)

Sexual reproduction: zygospores Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread

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Division Zygomycota

sporangium

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Division Zygomycota

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Schizosaccharomyces and Saccharomyces: Yeast unicellular members; one reproduces

through fission, the other by budding economic uses: bread-making, beer-

making (alcohol fermentation) Aspergillus niger and Penicillium

notatum: ascomycetous mold fungi economic uses: cheese flavor, citric and

organic acids, antibiotics (penicillin); aspergillosis (lung disease), mold spoilage

Division Ascomycota

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Hyphae/ mycelium: septated Asexual reproduction: conidia

(conidiophore) Cookeina: cup fungus

sexual reproduction: ascospores (fruiting body: ascocarp with sac-like structures: ascus/asci

Division Ascomycota

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Division Ascomycota

Also known as the club fungi Ecological importance: decomposition

of plant litter Asexual reproduction: basidiospores (n)

Outside the club-shaped spore producing: basidia within the basidiocarp

Complex fungi: jelly fungus (Auricularia), pore fungus (Dictyophora, Fomes), gill fungus (Polyporus), puffball fungi (Lycoperdon, Calvatia)

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Division Basidiomycota

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Division Basidiomycotabasidiospore

basidia

Cap/ pileus

Annulus/ ring

gill

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Division Basidiomycota

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Division Basidiomycota

Relationships with fungi LICHENs

SYMBIOTIC relationship between a fungi and an algae (cyanobacteria) or green alga

Efficient in acquiring nutrients even at low moisture or low temperature; also good in abrorbing pollutants, and therefore cannot survive polluted areas--- bio-indicator of pollution

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Foliose lichens

Leaf-like

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Fruticose lichens

Shrub-like

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Crustose lichens

Flaky or crust-like

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Mycorrhizae Fungus roots Mutualistic relationship between

soil fungi and roots of most plants Plants with mycorrhizae grow

more successfully in poor soils– the relationship helps plants to acquire more mineral nutrients, in turn, the fungi get some carbohydrates

Relationships with fungi

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end

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