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Big Question: What more than anything shaped the lives of early humans???
Important Words
Prehistory: Hominid: Anthropologist: Paleontologist: Archaeologist: Artifact: Carbon Dating: Culture: Technology:
1. Australopithecus:2. Homo Habilis:3. Homo Erectus:4. Homo Sapiens/Neanderthal5. Homo Sapiens/Sapiens-CroMagnon
Australopithecus Afarensis
Time Period and Location4 million to 1
million BCEPrimarily
found in East Africa
Australopithecus Afarensis
Appearance Brain 1/3 size of modern humans Long arms, but humanlike legs. Walked
upright
Capabilities and Skills Bipedal: walked on two feet Small social groups Nomadic: travelled from place to place in
search of food
LUCY When: Where: What: Who discovered
her?
http://science.discovery.com/videos/100-greatest-discoveries-shorts-lucy.html
Australopithecus afarensis
Pictures from the museum in Ethiopia January 2011
Homo habilis
Also known as “Handy Man” Time Period and Location
2.5-1.5 million BCE Africa
Fossil Discoveries Various pieces found around Africa from 1959
on 1987: partial skeleton discovered by Johanson
Homo Habilis
Appearance Face like AA, but
larger brain Apelike arms
Capabilities and Skills Scavenger: gathered
plants and ate meat First to use stone
tools Cut meat and crack
bones
Homo erectus Time Period and
Location 1.6 million-30,000
BCE Asia, Africa, Europe
Fossil Discoveries Various discoveries
in Asia and Africa throughout 20th century
Homo erectus
Also known as “Upright Man” Appearance
Large brain Fully upright stance
Capabilities and Skills Developed new ways of using tools
Digging, scraping First group to control/use FIRE First thought to create spoken/oral
language
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (Neanderthals)
Time Period and Location 100,000 to 400,000 yrs ago Europe, western Asia and the Near East
Fossil Discoveries First hominid skeletons found extensively in
Europe (Germany, France)
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (Neanderthals)
Appearance Brain larger than modern humans Stocky and short-limbed
Capabilities and skills Hunters and gatherers Sophisticated tools (stone knives, spears) Fire for protection and cooking Burials for the dead Nomadic
Homo sapiens sapiens (Cro-Magnons)
Time Period and Location 100,000 yrs ago to the present Over time—all around the world
Fossil Discoveries 1860s: First discovered in France
First early modern human
Homo sapiens sapiens (Cro-Magnons)
Appearance Large brain Relatively slender bones
Skills Hunters and gatherers
Men: meat Women: berries
Advanced tools using bone, antler, and ivy Nomadic Cave paintings
1. Paleolithic: Old stone age 2.5 million years ago-12,000 BCE
2. Neolithic: New stone age 8,000BCE- 5,000BCE
1. When:2 million years ago2. Effects:: As we get more ice the oceans begin to sink. As the oceans sink land is
exposed. This created 4 large land bridges:1. Japan and Korea were connected2. Great Britain and Ireland were connected to Europe3. Malay Peninsula-Indonesian Islands and Australia were connected4. Asia and North America were connected
3. Human Responses: (1) migration to warmer places (2) new ideas for keeping warm, fire, clothes (3) none=death!
Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)
--begins with the start of Early Man1. People were nomadic 2. Invention of the first tools 3. Learned how to make fire 4. Lived in clans 5. Developed oral language 6. Created “cave art”
And then something happened…
What major advancement by man led to the advancement of civilization? Settled agriculture
How did it happen? Warmer climates led to more
crop growth Why did it help man?
Agriculture led to permanent settlements
STOP: North turn to South – explain this!South turn to North – what else may happen?
Neolithic Age (New Stone Age)
Definition: Began about 10,000 years ago
(8,000 BCE)1. Developed agriculture2. Domesticated animals3. Used advanced tools4. Made pottery5. Developed weaving skills
Çatalhöyük: Neolithic settlement currently under excavation in Anatolia (modern Turkey)
CHANGE Social Consequence
People lived in one place and no longer carried all possessions
(A) Villages, towns, and eventually cities develop. (B) People who could afford material goods begin to accumulate them
Farmers could grow more food than they needed
(A) People could do other jobs (specialization of labor) (B) Trade develops between areas.
Land and water became valuable economic resources
Warfare develops
Male warriors competed for land, water, and power.
Women lost power they had in hunter-gatherer societies to male warriors who could protect them, their children and possessions.
1. First village…that we have discovered. Probably
had around 200 people or so.
2. Jericho began around…8000 BCE in the West Bank region. Fertile land and abundant water
3. Catal Huyuk began around… 7000-6300 BCE in Turkey. Possibly housed
up to 6,000 people. Houses were windowless and had flat roofs. WHY?
1.Plow: domesticated oxen to plow
2.Fertilizer: ashes, fish, manure
3.Loom: weaving: linen and wool
4.Wheel: transportation
5.Baked clay bricks: construction
6.Calendars: measure seasons for planting
Definition:
1. Cities: grew out of Neolithic farming villages in river valleys where resources were close enough to allow development
2. Governments: (1) to organize defense (2) to make laws to regulate behavior and (3) to supervise construction of public buildings and projects
3. Religion: to explain the workings of nature and the reasons for existence (2) often used by the rulers to justify their decisions
4. Family: provides new membership5.Economy: Provides GOODS and SERVICES (2) New Social Structure based on
Economic Power develops: (1) Monarchs, priests, government officials, warriors (2) farmers, artisans and craftspeople (3) slaves
6.Education: (1) train new members (2) writing develops: primarily for record keeping
