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The Origin of Stars
The Origin of Stars
Christopher W. Ashcraft M.S., M.Ed.Christopher W. Ashcraft M.S., M.Ed.
Big Bang vs. Creation
Origin of Stars
Solar System: Evidence of Design
Age of the Cosmos
Are we being told all the evidence or just selected information to support a
particular idea?
Creation CosmologyCreation Cosmology
The Origin of StarsThe Origin of Stars
The Bible Earth created on day 1
The sun, moon, and stars on day 4
The Bible Earth created on day 1
The sun, moon, and stars on day 4
EvolutionStars evolved billions of years before
the earth
EvolutionStars evolved billions of years before
the earth
Theistic evolutionStars evolved billions of years before the earth
Theistic evolutionStars evolved billions of years before the earth
Is this statement consistent with the Bible?
Hugh Ross (Astronomer), “Species Development: Natural Process or Divine Action,” Audiotape (Pasadena, CA: Reasons to Believe, 1990).
Hugh Ross (Astronomer), “Species Development: Natural Process or Divine Action,” Audiotape (Pasadena, CA: Reasons to Believe, 1990).
The Origin of StarsThe Origin of Stars
“The entire process of stellar evolution is by natural process alone. We do not have to invoke Divine intervention at any stage in the history of the life-cycle of the stars that we observe.”
When I consider thy heavens, the work of thy fingers, the moon and the stars,
which thou hast ordained; Psalms 8:3
When I consider thy heavens, the work of thy fingers, the moon and the stars,
which thou hast ordained; Psalms 8:3
And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also. (Genesis 1:16)
Lift up your eyes on high, and behold who hath created these things, that bringeth out their host by number:… (Isaiah 40:26)
And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also. (Genesis 1:16)
Lift up your eyes on high, and behold who hath created these things, that bringeth out their host by number:… (Isaiah 40:26)
The Origin of StarsThe Origin of Stars
By the word of the Lord were the heavens made; and all the host of them. (Ps 33:6)
Praise him, sun and moon, praise him, all you shining stars….for he commanded and they were created. (Ps 148:3-5)
Thou, even thou, are Lord alone; thou hast made heaven, the heaven of heavens, with all their host… (Nehemiah 9:6)
By the word of the Lord were the heavens made; and all the host of them. (Ps 33:6)
Praise him, sun and moon, praise him, all you shining stars….for he commanded and they were created. (Ps 148:3-5)
Thou, even thou, are Lord alone; thou hast made heaven, the heaven of heavens, with all their host… (Nehemiah 9:6)
The Origin of StarsThe Origin of Stars
He determines the number of the stars and calls them each by name.
(Psalm 147:4)
He determines the number of the stars and calls them each by name.
(Psalm 147:4)
Stellar lifecycleStellar lifecycle
NebulaNebula
Nebular solar system formation
Nebular solar system formation
NebulaNebula
Gas and dust clouds will expand
NOT contract
Star Formation and PhysicsStar Formation and PhysicsThe popular theory is that stars form from vast clouds of gas and dust through gravitational contraction.
Don DeYoung (Ph.D. in Physics), Astronomy and the Bible, 2000, p. 84.Don DeYoung (Ph.D. in Physics), Astronomy and the Bible, 2000, p. 84.
continued
Star FormationStar Formation
“The complete birth of a star has never been observed. The principles of physics demand some special conditions for star formation and also for a long time period. A cloud of hydrogen gas must be compressed to a sufficiently small size so that gravity dominates.
In space, however, almost every gas cloud is light-years in size, hundreds of times greater than the critical size needed for a stable star. As a result, outward gas pressures cause these clouds to spread out farther, not contract.”
In space, however, almost every gas cloud is light-years in size, hundreds of times greater than the critical size needed for a stable star. As a result, outward gas pressures cause these clouds to spread out farther, not contract.”
Fred Whipple, The Mystery of Comets, (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1985), pp. 211, 213.
Fred Whipple, The Mystery of Comets, (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1985), pp. 211, 213.
Star FormationStar Formation
“Precisely how a section of an interstellar cloud collapses gravitationally into a star … is still a challenging theoretical problem… Astronomers have yet to find an interstellar cloud in the actual process of collapse.”
Danny Faulkner, Ph.D. AstronomyDanny Faulkner, Ph.D. Astronomy
Star FormationStar Formation
continued
“Most astronomers believe that the clouds gradually contract under their own weight to form stars. This process has never been observed, but if it did occur, it would take many human lifetimes.
It is known that clouds do not spontaneously collapse to form stars. The clouds possess considerable mass, but they are so large that their gravity is very feeble. Any decrease in size would be met by an increase in gas pressure that would cause a cloud to re-expand.”
Star Formation TheoriesStar Formation Theories
Contraction Cooling Collision
Contraction Cooling Collision
Supernova and Star BirthSupernova and Star Birth
Galaxy CollisionGalaxy Collision
Hannes Alfven (Nobel prize winner), Gustaf Arrhenius, “Evolution of the Solar System”, NASA, 1976, p. 480.
Hannes Alfven (Nobel prize winner), Gustaf Arrhenius, “Evolution of the Solar System”, NASA, 1976, p. 480.
Star FormationStar Formation
“There is general belief that stars are forming by gravitational collapse; in spite of vigorous efforts no one has yet found any observational indication of conformation. Thus the ‘generally accepted’ theory of stellar formation may be one of a hundred unsupported dogmas which constitute a large part of present-day astrophysics.”
Charles Lada and Frank Shu (both astronomers), “The Formation of Sunlike Stars,” Science, 1990, p. 572.
Charles Lada and Frank Shu (both astronomers), “The Formation of Sunlike Stars,” Science, 1990, p. 572.
Star FormationStar Formation
“Despite numerous efforts, we have yet to directly observe the process of stellar formation…. The origin of stars represents one of the fundamental unsolved problems of contemporary astrophysics.”
Eagle nebulaEagle nebula
Do pictures confirm stars are
forming?
Do pictures confirm stars are
forming?
Star NurseriesStar Nurseries
Star NurseriesStar NurseriesMartin Rees (A leading researcher on cosmic evolution), Before the Beginning, 1998, p. 19.Martin Rees (A leading researcher on cosmic evolution), Before the Beginning, 1998, p. 19.
“Stars are still forming today. About 1500 light-years away lies the Orion Nebula: enough gas and dust to make millions of stars…. It even contains protostars that are still condensing …”
Images taken by the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope in January 2002 of the Horsehead Nebula in Orion verified that the structures are
Images taken by the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope in January 2002 of the Horsehead Nebula in Orion verified that the structures are
Star Formation and NebulaStar Formation and Nebula
Star NurseriesStar NurseriesRon Cowen, “Rethinking an Astronomical Icon: The Eagle’s EGG, Not So Fertile,” Science News, Vol. 161, 16 March 2002, pp. 171–172.
Ron Cowen, “Rethinking an Astronomical Icon: The Eagle’s EGG, Not So Fertile,” Science News, Vol. 161, 16 March 2002, pp. 171–172.
What did they find?
“NASA’s claim in 1995 that these pictures showed hundreds to thousands of stars forming was based on the speculative ‘EGG-star formation theory.’ It has recently been tested independently with two infrared detectors that can see inside the dusty pillars.
Few stars were there, and 85% of the pillars had too little dust and gas to support star formation. ‘The new findings also highlight how much astronomers still have to learn about star formation.’”
Few stars were there, and 85% of the pillars had too little dust and gas to support star formation. ‘The new findings also highlight how much astronomers still have to learn about star formation.’”
No star nurseriesNo star
nurseries
200 billion stars per galaxy (2x1011) Universe 20 billion years old (2x1010)
200 billion stars per galaxy (2x1011) Universe 20 billion years old (2x1010)
100 Billion x 200 Billion
20 billion
1 trillion stars per
year
2.7 billion stars per day 2.7 billion stars per day 31,700 stars per second 31,700 stars per second
100 billion galaxies (1011) 100 billion galaxies (1011)
Star Formation and TimeStar Formation and Time
“The truth is that we don’t understand star formation at a fundamental level.”“The truth is that we don’t understand star formation at a fundamental level.”
Abraham Loeb, (Harvard Center for Astrophysics), quoted by Marcus Chown, “Let there be Light”, New Scientist, Feb 7, 1998,
Abraham Loeb, (Harvard Center for Astrophysics), quoted by Marcus Chown, “Let there be Light”, New Scientist, Feb 7, 1998,
Conclusion on Star FormationConclusion on Star Formation
Heavens DeclareSun
Heavens DeclareSun
Our Sun: Mediocre?
“Who are we? What are we? We find that we live on an insignificant planet of a humdrum star lost in a galaxy tucked away in some forgotten corner of a universe in which there are far more galaxies than people.”
Carl Sagan
Sun Power and SizeSun Power and Size
A Special Place
Type G: only 9 percent of all stars. About 80 percent of all stars are Class M, which flare often and would kill us from radiation.
Sun FlaresSun Flares
Unusually Quiet and Gentle
One recent 30-year study: photosphere is “constant in temperature”
“Sun-like stars normally produce a bright superflare about once a century…Why a superflare has not occurred on the Sun in recorded history is unclear. ‘I think a consensus is emerging that our Sun is extraordinarily stable’, suggests Galen Gisler, an astronomer at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico.”
‘Thank our lucky star’, New Scientist, 161(2168):15, 1999
Designed Just for Us
If too massive: would be unstable. If not massive enough: Earth would have to be too close, would be tidally locked.
Its position in the galaxy is vital for life. Its galactic orbit is more nearly circular than about 80 percent of nearby stars.
V838 Mon
The Alternative
About 85 Percent of Stars are in Binary or Multiple Systems
Binary star systemBinary star system
Betelgeuse in the Orion
Constellation
Betelgeuse in the Orion
Constellation
• 1,180 times the diameter of the sun.
• It could contain more than 1.6 billion suns.
640 light years away
Canis MajorisCanis
Majoris
Almost twice the size of Betelgeuse2100 times the diameter of the sun.
Canis MajorisCanis
Majoris
23,100 times the diameter of the Earth, 7 quadrillion times Earth’s volume
Observed: 2 km/sRequired: over 400 km/s
Angular MomentumAngular Momentum
Angular Momentum and the Solar System
“There is a fundamental and insuperable difficulty with the model as described. A striking characteristic of the solar system is that the planets with about 1/700th of the mass of the system, in their orbital motion account for over 99% of its angular momentum. There seems to be no way in which an initially diffuse nebula could evolve so as to partition mass and angular momentum in that way. It turns out… that the angular momentum problem is one of the most important hurdles to be negotiated by any plausible theory for the origin of the solar system.”
Dormand and Woolfson, The Origin of the Solar System: the capture theory, 1989, p. 14
“The problem of the outward transfer of angular momentum has been a vexing dilemma for models attempting to explain the origin of the solar system…
“This is the rock on which most theories for the formation of the solar system have foundered…
“Theories for the origin of the solar system have, in general, failed to deal with this fundamental question.”
Stuart Ross Taylor, Solar System Evolution: A New Perspective, 1992, p. 54
An Old Problem
“During the 1970s the solar nebula concept became established as a fundamental assumption of astronomy, notwithstanding that its two-hundred-year-old problems had not been resolved.”
Dormand and Woolfson, p. 47
The Early Faint Sun ParadoxThe Early Faint Sun Paradox
Energy by thermonuclear fusion Energy by thermonuclear fusion The core of the sun should alter and the
sun should grow brighter with age The core of the sun should alter and the
sun should grow brighter with age If the sun is 4.6 billion years old, it should
have brightened by about 40%
If the sun is 4.6 billion years old, it should have brightened by about 40%
40% Brighter
40% Brighter
The Early Faint Sun ParadoxThe Early Faint Sun Paradox
Earth average temperature (59O F or 15O C)Earth average temperature (59O F or 15O C)
A 25% increase in brightness increases the average temperature by about 32O F (18O C)A 25% increase in brightness increases the average temperature by about 32O F (18O C)
(59o – 32o = 27o F (-2.78o C) Avg. temp(59o – 32o = 27o F (-2.78o C) Avg. temp
The Origin of Stars
The Origin of Stars
Christopher W. Ashcraft M.S., M.Ed.Christopher W. Ashcraft M.S., M.Ed.
Chris AshcraftChris AshcraftNorthwest Creation Network
www.nwcreation.netNorthwest Creation Network
www.nwcreation.net
Galaxy FormationGalaxy Formation
M51 The Whirlpool Galaxy
M51 The Whirlpool Galaxy
Spiral Galaxy M101
Spiral Galaxy M101
Formation of GalaxiesFormation of Galaxies
“Many aspects of the evolution of galaxies cannot yet be determined with any certainty.”
“Many aspects of the evolution of galaxies cannot yet be determined with any certainty.”
Joseph Silk (Professor of Astronomy at the University of Oxford), The Big Bang, 2001, p. 195.Joseph Silk (Professor of Astronomy at the University of Oxford), The Big Bang, 2001, p. 195.
GalaxiesGalaxies
“There shouldn’t be galaxies out there at all, and even if there are galaxies,…
The problem of explaining the existence of galaxies has proved to be one of the thorniest in cosmology.”
“There shouldn’t be galaxies out there at all, and even if there are galaxies,…
The problem of explaining the existence of galaxies has proved to be one of the thorniest in cosmology.”
James Trefil, Ph.D. Physics, The Dark Side of the Universe, 1988, p. 3 & 55.James Trefil, Ph.D. Physics, The Dark Side of the Universe, 1988, p. 3 & 55.
Galaxy FormationGalaxy Formation
“Galaxies must have condensed out of the gases expanding from the big bang….Details of the formation of galaxies are still highly uncertain, as is their subsequent evolution.”
“Galaxies must have condensed out of the gases expanding from the big bang….Details of the formation of galaxies are still highly uncertain, as is their subsequent evolution.”
The Facts on File Dictionary of Astronomy, 1994, p. 172.The Facts on File Dictionary of Astronomy, 1994, p. 172.
Why is this any more scientific than:Why is this any more scientific than:
In the beginning God created…
