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Bilabial Bilabials are produced when the lips come together as in the initialsofbab" "madrasa" , wagh and they are

represented by the symbols /b/ , /m/ , and/w/ .

Labio-dentalIn Arabic there is only one labio-dental sound .This is formed withthe upper teeth andthe lower lip. The sound is available in the initialoffares and this sound isrepresented by /f/.

Interdental These sounds are formed by the tongue between the upper and thelower teeth .Theyare the initial sounds ofthawr dhalekand they are represented by the

Symbols // , //

AlveolarThese sounds are formed with the front part of the tongue on the

alveolar ridge.Examples of the alveolar sounds are available in thewords radi" , "Laka" nour and they are representedby the symbols /r/ , /L/ and/n/

Dental They are sounds produced by the tongue tip behind the upper frontteeth. They are initial of "aleb "tamshi , domiah, abet , saif , abir , zaher and they arerepresented by the

symbols /t/ , // , /d/ , / / , /s / , // , /z/

.

PalatalPalatals are sounds which are pronounced by the front of the tongue

and hard palate. They are found in the words shams ,yawm , jamil and they are representedby symbols //

, /j/ , and // .

Velar Sounds produced with the back of the tongue against the velum.Velars are found in the beginning ofxadem , anikashef and they are symbolized by /x/ , // , and /k/ .

Glottal They are the sounds produced when the glottis is open and there isno manipulation of the air passing out through the mouth. Thesounds appear in the words huna ?nsaan and they arerepresented by the symbols /h/ and /?/

Pharyngeal

Pharynx is involved in the production of pharyngeal sounds with the

back of the tongue and the pharynx. They appear in the words dl

, ares and they are represented by the symbols/ /

and / /

Uvular There is only one Arabic consonant uvular, which is produced by the

back of the tongue with the uvula. This sound occurs in the

beginning of the wordqalb and it is represented by the symbol

/q/ .

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Bilabial The point of maximum constriction is made by the coming

together of the two lips, e.g./p/, /b/, /m/,/w/

Labio-dental The lower lip articulates with the upper teeth, e.g. /f/ and /v/.Dental The tip of the tongue articulates with the back or bottom of

the top teeth, e.g./ / and/ /.Alveolar The tip or the blade of the tongue articulates with the forward

part of the alveolar ridge, e.g./t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /n/ /l/ /r/.Post-alveolar The tip or the blade of the tongue articulates with the back

area of the alveolar ridge, e.g. // ,/ t/, // and /d/

Palatal The front of the tongue articulates with the domed part of the

hard palate, e.g. /j/

Velar The back of the tongue articulates with the soft palate, e.g. /k/,/g/ and //.

Glottal The vocal folds are brought together; in some cases, the

function of the vocal folds can be part of articulation as well

as phonation, as in the case of [ ] and [h] in many languages.