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The Influence of Europeans The Spanish--Introduced the Horse Initially many native groups were unchanged by the horse and continued to farm. Initially many native groups were unchanged by the horse and continued to farm. Slowly, more and more became nomadic and followed the buffalo herds. Slowly, more and more became nomadic and followed the buffalo herds. Indians began to raid other tribes and warfare replaced peaceful coexistence. Indians began to raid other tribes and warfare replaced peaceful coexistence. The number of settled villages Declined The number of settled villages Declined
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Beyond the MississippiBeyond the Mississippi
1800-18601800-1860
The Plains IndiansThe Plains Indians
The Influence of EuropeansThe Influence of Europeans
The Spanish--Introduced the HorseThe Spanish--Introduced the Horse Initially many native groups were unchanged Initially many native groups were unchanged
by the horse and continued to farm.by the horse and continued to farm. Slowly, more and more became nomadic and Slowly, more and more became nomadic and
followed the buffalo herds.followed the buffalo herds. Indians began to raid other tribes and warfare Indians began to raid other tribes and warfare
replaced peaceful coexistence.replaced peaceful coexistence. The number of settled villages DeclinedThe number of settled villages Declined
Hispanic North AmericaHispanic North America
OverviewOverview
Initially, most considered the Louisiana Initially, most considered the Louisiana Purchase “Indian Country,” but Americans Purchase “Indian Country,” but Americans continued to want more and more land. continued to want more and more land. The Spanish holdings in North America The Spanish holdings in North America were looked at increasingly.were looked at increasingly.
Spain’s Empire in North Spain’s Empire in North AmericaAmerica
Consisted of Mexico, New Mexico, Texas Consisted of Mexico, New Mexico, Texas and California.and California.Spanish had colonized the territories by Spanish had colonized the territories by building a network of mission-forts building a network of mission-forts (presidios).(presidios).
Mexican IndependenceMexican Independence
1821 Mexico won independence from 1821 Mexico won independence from SpainSpainThe new government secularized the The new government secularized the missionsmissionsNew Mexico, California and Texas began New Mexico, California and Texas began to trade more with the US. This created to trade more with the US. This created strong economic ties.strong economic ties.
Texas and IndependenceTexas and Independence
1822 The first group of American settlers led 1822 The first group of American settlers led by Stephen Austin entered the Texas Territory by Stephen Austin entered the Texas Territory with the permission of the Mexican with the permission of the Mexican government.government.Initially Mexicans encouraged the American Initially Mexicans encouraged the American colonization of TX.colonization of TX.1830--Worried they’d lose TX, Mexico 1830--Worried they’d lose TX, Mexico prohibited any more Americans from entering prohibited any more Americans from entering TX and banned slave importation.TX and banned slave importation.
Stephen AustinStephen Austin
1835--More than 30,000 Americans were 1835--More than 30,000 Americans were living in TX and began to demand more living in TX and began to demand more political power.political power.1835--General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna 1835--General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna became dictator of Mexico and stripped the became dictator of Mexico and stripped the territories of their self government rights.territories of their self government rights.1835--Soon after Texans and Mexicans 1835--Soon after Texans and Mexicans clashed and the Texas War for Independence clashed and the Texas War for Independence began.began.
General General Antonio Antonio Lopez de Lopez de Santa Santa AnnaAnna
Texas War for IndependenceTexas War for Independence
Santa Anna sought to squash the rebellion Santa Anna sought to squash the rebellion quickly.quickly.The AlamoThe Alamo Spanish mission in San AntonioSpanish mission in San Antonio Texans had taken it and 200 were holed up Texans had taken it and 200 were holed up
there.there. Santa Anna attacked with 4,000 men and laid Santa Anna attacked with 4,000 men and laid
siege to the for for 13 days.siege to the for for 13 days.
The flag that was flown at the Alamo
The Alamo
No prisoners were taken and 180 Texans and No prisoners were taken and 180 Texans and Americans died including Col. William Travis, Americans died including Col. William Travis, Jim Bowie, and Davy Crockett.Jim Bowie, and Davy Crockett.
The Goliad PresidioThe Goliad Presidio 300 Texans surrendered under the 300 Texans surrendered under the
guaranteed of being treated as POW’s.guaranteed of being treated as POW’s. Santa Anna violated the agreement and had Santa Anna violated the agreement and had
them shot.them shot.
March 2, 1836, Texas declared the March 2, 1836, Texas declared the founding of the Republic of Texas. The founding of the Republic of Texas. The outlook, however, was dim.outlook, however, was dim.San Jacinto RiverSan Jacinto River April 21, 1836--800 Texans under Sam April 21, 1836--800 Texans under Sam
Houston surprised Santa Anna.Houston surprised Santa Anna. Crying “Remember the Alamo,” they routed Crying “Remember the Alamo,” they routed
the Mexicans in minutes.the Mexicans in minutes. Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign
a treaty granting Texas independence.a treaty granting Texas independence.
Fall 1836, Sam Houston was elected as Fall 1836, Sam Houston was elected as the first President of Texas.the first President of Texas.
Sam Houston
Trails to the WestTrails to the West
OverviewOverview
After the Lewis and Clark Expedition, After the Lewis and Clark Expedition, many Americans became interested in the many Americans became interested in the Oregon CountryOregon Country
Missionaries and TradersMissionaries and Traders
Churches began to send missionaries to Churches began to send missionaries to the region to convert the natives.the region to convert the natives.Mountain Men—began to roam the Mountain Men—began to roam the Rockies and trap fur. Many lived like Rockies and trap fur. Many lived like Indians.Indians.
Oregon TrailOregon Trail
1843—Settlers starting heading to the Oregon 1843—Settlers starting heading to the Oregon Country along Indian trails explored by the Country along Indian trails explored by the mountain men.mountain men.Left from Independence, MissouriLeft from Independence, MissouriTraveled 2,000 miles across the Great Plains Traveled 2,000 miles across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains for 4-6 weeks.and the Rocky Mountains for 4-6 weeks.Motivated by:Motivated by: LandLand TradeTrade The ChallengeThe Challenge
Achieving Manifest DestinyAchieving Manifest Destiny
OverviewOverview
1840s—Americans began dreaming of an 1840s—Americans began dreaming of an empire that stretched from the Atlantic to empire that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific—Manifest Destinythe Pacific—Manifest Destiny
Annexation of TexasAnnexation of Texas
1836—Texans voted to be annexed by the 1836—Texans voted to be annexed by the US.US.Southerners welcomed it. Northerners Southerners welcomed it. Northerners opposed it.opposed it.Santa Anna warned the annexation would Santa Anna warned the annexation would be considered a declaration of war.be considered a declaration of war.March 1845 Congress approved the March 1845 Congress approved the AnnexationAnnexationDec. 1845 Texas became the 28Dec. 1845 Texas became the 28thth state. state.
Mexican WarMexican War
Prelude to WarPrelude to War March 1845—Mexico broke diplomatic relations with March 1845—Mexico broke diplomatic relations with
the US.the US. US claimed the Rio Grande was the border. Mexico US claimed the Rio Grande was the border. Mexico
claimed the Nueces River was the border.claimed the Nueces River was the border. President Polk hoped to gain the territory b/w TX and President Polk hoped to gain the territory b/w TX and
the Pacific.the Pacific. Polk Sent 3K under Zachary Taylor into the disputed Polk Sent 3K under Zachary Taylor into the disputed
border area.border area. Mexico saw the advance as an invasion, and Mexico saw the advance as an invasion, and
engaged the Americans.engaged the Americans. May 13, 1846—Congress declared warMay 13, 1846—Congress declared war
Bear Flag RevoltBear Flag Revolt While Congress declared war, a force under While Congress declared war, a force under
John C. Fremont moved into CA.John C. Fremont moved into CA. B/4 the news of the war came, American B/4 the news of the war came, American
settlers in CA attacked the Mexican forces settlers in CA attacked the Mexican forces and declared the Republic of CA (Flag w/ a and declared the Republic of CA (Flag w/ a grizzly bear and a star)grizzly bear and a star)
The rebels and US forces defeated the The rebels and US forces defeated the Mexicans and took control of New Mex. and Mexicans and took control of New Mex. and CA.CA.
Fighting in MexicoFighting in Mexico Gen. Taylor defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of Gen. Taylor defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of
Buena Vista in Feb 1847.Buena Vista in Feb 1847. Sept. 14 1847—Gen. Winfield Scott took Mexico City.Sept. 14 1847—Gen. Winfield Scott took Mexico City.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Feb 2, 1848Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Feb 2, 1848 Mexico gave up TX and the Rio Grande became the Mexico gave up TX and the Rio Grande became the
border.border. Mexico gave New Mex and CA (2/5 of its terr.) to the Mexico gave New Mex and CA (2/5 of its terr.) to the
US.US. The US paid Mexico $15 millionThe US paid Mexico $15 million US agreed to pay claims made by Americans against US agreed to pay claims made by Americans against
Mexico.Mexico.
General Winfield Scott General Winfield Scott
Mormons Settle UtahMormons Settle Utah
Settled Utah under the leadership of Settled Utah under the leadership of Brigham YoungBrigham YoungFounded Salt Lake CityFounded Salt Lake City
California Gold RushCalifornia Gold Rush
Jan 1848—gold was discovered on John Jan 1848—gold was discovered on John Sutter’s land.Sutter’s land.Americans rushed west by the thousands Americans rushed west by the thousands and became known as “forty-niners.”and became known as “forty-niners.”Boom towns appeared overnight and Boom towns appeared overnight and became ghost towns just as quickly.became ghost towns just as quickly.
A boom town; Silver Cliff-1883