Between the Wars: Roaring Twenties & Revolutions –

1920s

Chapter 29, part1Pg. 672-678, 681-685

Bouncing Back?

Superficial prosperity marked mid-1920s Modernity → Fine art; Pop culture Women gained right to vote!

Alarming exceptions amidst frenzy Lasting economic weakness remains in

Western Europe Political extremism increases

Other Industrial Centers Some prewar trends continue in white

dominions & U.S. Dominions: independence, economic &

population growth

U.S.: expansion of economic & cultural influence – BUT diplomatic isolationism

Rise of Fascism - Italy

Ineffective liberal democracy & social unrest create atmosphere requiring conservative response for unity

Fascism & Mussolini created new Italian government National identity promoted over individual Corporate state w/ economic control

New Nations of Eastern Europe

Turn to authoritarian gov in response to nationalist excitement, territorial rivalry, & economies based on aristocratic export ag EX- Yugoslavia, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania

Revolution in Russia

Poor social conditions & political ineffectiveness led to strikes, riots, & eventually overthrowing tsarist rule

Western reforms & liberal democracy doomed to fail Weak liberal tradition, middle-class, & public

support Lenin & Bolshevik’s grab power &

establish communist state Soviet Union (USSR) is born

1 of 3

Revolution in Russia

Communists initially faced 2 major problems despite soviet support Humiliating treaty ending WWI Lack of broad support

Foreign hostility; Domestic resistance to loss of property, industrial nationalization, famine

Stability achieved through institutions Red Army New Economic Policy Supreme Soviet

2 of 3

Revolution in Russia

Ultimately, revolution of great success that kept some tsarist traditions, but propelled new group to power Societal change: education based on literacy,

science & communism

Stalin succeeds Lenin with pragmatic, nationalistic brand of socialism Sped industrialization & collectivization

3 of 3

Between the Wars: Depression & Authoritarianism –

1930s

Chapter 29, part2Pg. 690-694, 699-703

Causes & Debacle of Economic Depression

Stock market surge (based

on loans)

Post-War Inflation

(illusion ofprosperity)

Competition& Rising Efficiency

Over-production

Reduced prices & profits

LostConfidence

1929 stockmarket crash

Bank failures & dried upInvestment

Production slows

Risingunemployment

Economiccollapse

Shattered social &

political ideals

Economic Responses in Europe & U.S. W. Euro gov’ts responded ineffectively

High tariffs & spending cuts further slow economies

Inspired political polarization or overthrow EX – Popular Front

Scandinavia, the exception, increased spending which created a welfare state

U.S. initially duplicated European mistakes, but New Deal takes Scandinavian approach by increasing spending & reforming banking Restored faith in gov, preventing extreme

political change

Germany – Nazi Political Response

Depression & Treaty of Versailles make fascism a clear choice

Fascist, totalitarian gov, led by Hitler, quickly crafted Emphasized unity, strong leadership &

military, economic planning

Used personal hatred of Jews to create scapegoat for all Germany’s ills

Hitler speech before Reichstag (July 13, 1934) addressing his elimination of political opponents.

"I gave the order to shoot those who were the ringleaders in this treason, and I further gave the order to burn down to the raw flesh the ulcers of this poisoning of the wells in our domestic life. …I am ready to undertake the responsibility at the bar of history for … the dearest thing that has been given us in this world--the German people and the German Reich!"

Europe – Fascism Spreads in Response

Hitler’s success led to spread of fascist ideas in E. Europe Hungary, Romania

Spain experiences civil war as result of liberal feuds w/ authoritarian supporters Not fully fascist, but new authoritarian gov

takes root advancing conservatism W. Euro & U.S. respond weakly, fearing

another war & distracted by depression

Soviet Union - Stalinism

Buffered from depression effects by separate communist economy

Collectivization (collective farms)+’s: share expensive machines, controlled

peasants & free labor for industry-’s: messy transition = famine, central planning

w/ little incentives Industrialization (major goal)

Overwhelming success Five-year plans

Soviet Union - Stalinism

Industrialization met w/ incentives, welfare services, & problem-solving

Stalin exerted total control Controlled arts & sciences Used secret police & party purges ruthlessly

USSR gradually shift from inward focus to more active diplomacy