Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 1 Projected Changes: Prospect of digitized movies already has some mourning loss of film (SF Chronicle, 3/5/00)

Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 1

Projected Changes: Prospect of digitized movies already has some mourning loss of film

(SF Chronicle, 3/5/00)


Video Technology to Make the Head Spin (NYT 3/2/00)


ECI - Hole in Space (both)


ECI - 84-locations


ECI - 84-Community Memory


ECI - 84-MOCA


ECI - Avatars & Humans


ECI - Avatar Stage


Complexity of Rich Media

_ Works often have artistic nature (including video games)

_ Enormous number of elements can, at times, be very important to preserve (pacing, original artifact, elements used to construct the artifact)

_ Too complex to save every one of these aspects for every type of material

_ Importance of saving documentation


Rich Media Technologies

_ Streaming media vs. Downloaded files_ Bandwidth and compression_ Need to offload functions onto clients


The Inter-relation Problem

-Info is increasingly inter-related to other info

-How do we make our own Info persist when it points to and integrates with Info owned by others?

-What is the boundary of a set of information (or even of a digital object)?


The Translation Problem

Content translated into new delivery devices changes meaning– -A photo vs. a painting– -If Info is produced originally in digital form in

one encoded format, will it be the same when translated into another format?

– Behaviors


Problems of Rich Media

_ Complexity of formats (storage & compression)_ Synchronicity between media/streams_ Pieces and Boundaries_ Persistent IDs_ Interactivity_ Historical context_ Content_ Recontextualization (Postmodernism)


Opportunities--a scenario

_ Huge stable online DB of rich media (Prelinger Archives)

_ Creators create new works that consist mainly of links to and transitions btwn pieces of the rich media DB

_ Works are not really assembled until run-time_ Securing IP permission may shift from capital-intensive

producer to end-user_ Economics of media production may change drastically


Structural Metadata for Complex Objects-

_ MPEG 4_ SMIL


Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL)

_ For repurposing and reuse in different ways_ Use XML to reference various pieces in different

ways_ Supported by Realmedia but not Microsoft or

Macromedia


MPEG 4

_ Object-oriented_ Very low level of granularity (even objects vs

backgrounds)_ Scaleable bandwidth use_ Binary Format for Scenes (BIFS) borrows

concepts from VRML


Indexing ofMoving Image Materials

_ Whole works vs. parts of Works_ MPEG 7_ Approaches to segmentation & thumbnail

representation_ Closed caption indexing_ Audio description indexing_ Semiotics


Other Types of Metadata-

_ Longevity_ Identification/Provenance_ Rights Management


The Short Life of Digital Info: Digital Longevity Problems-

Disappearing Information The Viewing Problem The Scrambling Problem The Inter-relation Problem The Custodial Problem The Translation Problem


The Viewing Problem

Digital Info requires a whole infrastructure to view it

Each piece of that infrastructure is changing at an incredibly rapid rate

How can we ever hope to deal with all the permutations and combinations


The Scrambling Problem

Dangers from: Compression to ease storage & delivery Container Architecture to enhance digital

commerce


The Inter-relation Problem

-Info is increasingly inter-related to other info

-How do we make our own Info persist when it points to and integrates with Info owned by others?

-What is the boundary of a set of information (or even of a digital object)?


The Custodial Problem

How do we decide what to save? Who should save it? How should they save it?

– -methods for later access: emulation, migration, etc.

– -issues of authenticity and evidence


The Translation Problem

Content translated into new delivery devices changes meaning– -A photo vs. a painting– -If Info is produced originally in digital form in

one encoded format, will it be the same when translated into another format?

– Behaviors


Pieces of the Solution (1/2)

-We need to insist upon clearly readable standardized ways for digital objects to self-identify their formats

-We should discourage scrambling -We need to better understand information

inter-relates to other Info, and what constitutes “boundaries” of Info objects


Pieces of the Solution (2/2)

-People and organizations wishing to make information persist need guidelines of how to go about doing it

-We need to better understand how translating from one storage or display format to another affects the meaning of a work

-We need to save the “behaviors” of a digital object, not just it’s “contents”


Metadata can be the first line of defense

Can tell you– where the file is (if you can’t find the file)– where more info about the file is (if you have the

file but most other metadata has become separated)

– what the file format is– what the compression scheme is– what application program and version is needed

for the file


Groups Working onthe Big Longevity Problem

http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/Imaging/Databases/Longevity/

CPA Task Force CPA Study Group Getty “Time & Bits” Conference-

Internet Archive Long Now


Migration/Refreshing

Impact on evidential value


Emerging Standards for Complex Works_ Howard Besser_ UCLA School of Education & Information

_ http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/image-meta.html_ http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/moa2/ http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Classes/287-moving.html http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Classes/287-mov-index-bib.html_ http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Metadata/UC-May00/_ http://www.getty.edu/gri/standard/intrometadata/_ http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/Imaging/Databases/#standards_ http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/Longevity/_ http://www.ifla.org/II/metadata.htm_ http://purl.oclc.org/metadata/dublin_core/_ http://purl.oclc.org/corc/_ http://lcweb.loc.gov/ead/_ http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Metadata/sp2000.html


Data Structures:The VRA Core

28 elements specifically for visual resource collections

Work Description Categories- Visual Document Description Categories- http://www.oberlin.edu/~art/vra/dsc.html


VRA Core:Work Description Categories

Work type Title Measurements Material Technique Creator Role Date Repository name Repository place

_ Repository number_ Current site_ Original site_ Style/period/group/

movement_ Nationality/culture_ Subject_ Related work_ Relationship type_ Notes


VRA Core:Visual Document Description

Categories Visual document type Visual document format Visual document measurements Visual document date Visual document owner Visual document owner number Visual document view description Visual document subject Visual document source


Thesaurus for Graphic Materials

designed for subject indexing of pictorial materials, particularly large general collections of historical images

for cataloging and retrieval good for general audiences and broad approaches

to the material TGM-I: Subject Terms & TGM-II: Genre and

Physical Characteristic Terms http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/tgm/toc.html


AAT

120,000 terms for describing objects, textual materials,

images, architecture, and material culture from antiquity to present

large and complex http://www.getty.edu/gri/vocabularies/


ULAN

name authority http://www.getty.edu/gri/vocabularies/


Thesaurus of Geographic Names

over 1 million records hierarchical and global throughout history most records include coordinates and

descriptive notes


Semantics/Syntax/Structure

_ Semantics– meaning, as defined by a community to meet their particular needs

(DC)

_ Syntax– a systematic arrangement of data elements for machine processing

– facilitates the exchange and use of metadata among various applications (HTML, XML, RDF)

_ Structure– a formal arrangement of the syntax with the goal of consistent

representation of the semantics (rules defining field contents like 1/11/99)


Metadata Mapping-

Crosswalks Resource Description Framework (RDF)


Crosswalks

mapping btwn differing metadata structures eliminate the need for monolithic,

universally adopted standards focus on flexibility and interoperatiblity RDF-based metadata registries


Crosswalk ExampleCDWAObject IDCIMISchema FDAVRA CoreCategories USMARCDUBLINCOREOBJECT/WORK (core) DocumentClassification-CatalogLevel (core)DocumentClassification-Group Type

Object/Work-Type (core) Type ofObject objectNAMEDocumentClassification- DocumentType (core)Purpose-Purpose(Broad) (core)Purpose-Purpose(Narrow)

W1. WorkType 655 Genre-Form Type

Object/Work-Components quantity DocumentClassification-Extent 300a PhysicalDescription-Extent ORIENTATION/ARRANGEMENT

DescriptionTITLES ORNAMES(core)

Title objectTitlebibliographicTitleGroup/ItemIdentification-RepositoryTitleGroup/ItemIdentification-DescriptiveTitle (core)Group/ItemIdentification-InscribedTitle

W2. Title 24Xa Titleand Title-RelatedInformationTitle


Resource Description Framework (RDF, spec released 2/99)

_ W3C Metadata activity_ designed to move the Web beyond simple links to

semantically-rich relationships btwn resources_ metadata application using XML as a common syntax for

exchange and processing_ flexible architecture for managing diverse application-

specific metadata packets that can be processed by machines_ associates resources, property types, and corresponding

values_ http://www.w3.org/RDF/


RDF

_ Resources (character strings, names, digital objects)

_ Property (“is the author of”)_ Value

_ resources+properties=relationships_ many different relationships can be reflected


XML-encoded RDF

_ <?xml:namespace ns=http://www.w3.org/RDF/RDF prefix="RDF" ?>

_ <?xml:namespace ns=http://purl.oclc.org/DC/ prefix="DC" ?>

_ <RDF:RDF>_ <DC:Creator>Howard Besser</DC:Creator>_ </RDF:Description>_ </RDF:RDF>


Documents

Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 1 Projected Changes: Prospect of digitized movies already has some mourning loss of film (SF Chronicle, 3/5/00)