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Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe
Student mobility in EuropeCouncil of Europe
Vienna, 26-27 June 2012
Student mobility in Europe. Trends and challenges
Bernd Wächter, Director, ACA
Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe
Roadmap
1. Introduction and methodological considerations
2. Europe on the global student mobility map
3. Student flows between EU members states and “Eastern Partnership countries” (including Moldova)
4. Concluding assessment
Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe
Introduction (1)
No such thing as student mobility as such. We are faced with ‘mobilities’ and must differentiate
• By type: degree vs. credit (i.e. non-degree, temporary, exchange)
• By direction: inbound vs. outbound• By ‘nature’: vertical vs. horizontal • By level of study: ISCED 5B, 5A (Bachelor + Master), 6• By the method of measurement: yearly basis (census-type
statistics) vs. ‘event’ of mobility in the course of study (surveys)
• By funding mechanism: mobility within programmes vs. free-mover (self-organised and funded) mobility
Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe
Introduction (2)
• Coverage of this presentation – degree mobility• Measured by nationality (imperfect proxy for mobility) -
foreign students & study abroad students• Data source: UOE data collection (UIS - UNESCO Institute
of Statistics; OECD; EUROSTAT):- Strength: internationally comparable, same definitions - Weaknesses: high level of aggregation – ISCED 5A; less recent
(2006/07)
• Analyses taken from ACA study Mapping mobility in European higher education (Bonn, 2011)
Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe
2. The EU on the global mobility map (2006/07)
Foreign students in the EU (+ 4 countries)(N = 1 507 475)
57 525 (3.8%)
874 457 (58.0%)
575 493 (38.2%)
Foreign students with EUnationalities studying in the EU (in other countries than theircountry of origin)
Foreign students with non-EUnationalities studying in the EUarea
Unknown nationalities
Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe
Outbound: Europe-31 on the global mobility map (2006/07) (2)
(N = 672 786)
Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe
Inbound: Europe -31 on the global mobility map (2006/07) (3)
• The common feature of the Europe 31 area is: heterogenity.
• Overall, Europe attracts 51% of global student mobility.
• Close to 2/3 of all foreign students in the EU are concentrated in 3 countries only: the UK, Germany and France.
• Net importer countries: Western and Northern Europe - net exporter countries: Central and Eastern as well as Southern Europe).
Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe
Examples of heterogenity
• Average share of foreign students in Europe-31 is 6.9%.
• Wide spread: UK, AT and CH near 20%. In PL, TR and SK, the share is under 1%.
• Similar differences in study abroad: more Cypriots study abroad than in their own country (138:100).
• But: only 1 in 100 UK student does.
Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe
Student flows between EU members states and “Eastern Partnership countries” (1)
Eastern Partnership Countries
2006/07
From the EU to... From ... to the EU
Armenia 15 1 175
Azerbaijan 11 806
Belarus 431 3 505
Georgia 5 3 972
Moldova 434 6 786
Ukraine n.a. 16 190
TOTAL 896 32 434
Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe
Student flows between EU members states and Eastern Partnership countries (2006/07) (2)
Country of origin
Total number of study abroad
students
% of study abroad students that go to the EU countries
Armenia 3 907 30%
Azerbaijan 4 731 17%
Belarus 14 809 24%
Georgia 8 225 48%
Moldova 10 034 68%
Ukraine 26 696 61%
TOTAL 68 402 47%
Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe
Student flows between the EU members states and Eastern Partnership countries (2006/07) (3)
Country of origin
Top 3 EU destinations Top 2 non-EU destinations
Armenia Germany, France, Greece Russian Federation, US
Azerbaijan Germany, France, UK Turkey, Russian Federation
Belarus Germany, Poland, FranceRussian Federation, The Republic of Moldova
Georgia Germany, France, Greece Russian Federation, Armenia
Moldova Romania, France, Germany Russian Federation, Ukraine
Ukraine Germany, Poland, Hungary Russian Federation, US
Bernd Wächter, Student mobility in Europe
Concluding assessment
• Across Europe 31: heterogenity• Eastern partnership countries/Moldova: exodus of
students (high outbound degree mobility) - also and in particular to EU and Europe as a whole.
• Push factors• Eastern Partnership countries/Moldova: hardly any
inbound degree mobility (severe in-out imbalance) • Degree mobility: only part of mobility picture• Credit mobility: very little information. Assumption: low
outbound rates from Eastern Partnership countries. Credit mobility a sign of mature HE systems.
