Benefits of Gene Technology

8/10/2019 Benefits of Gene Technology

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Benefits ofGeneTechnologyAngga Sendiputra

Christian Chandra


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The Role of Recombinant DNATechnology in Biotechnology

Recombinant DNA Technology

Intentional modification of organisms

genomes for practical purposes

Three goals

Eliminate undesirable phenotypic traits

Combine beneficial traits of two or more

organismsCreate organisms that synthesize

products humans need


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The Tools of Recombinant DNATechnology

Mutagens

Physical and chemical agents that

produce mutations

Scientists utilize mutagens to

Create changes in microbes genomes to

change phenotypes

Select for and culture cells with beneficialcharacteristics


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The Use of Reverse Transcriptase to Synthesize

cDNA

Isolated from retroviruses

Uses RNA template to transcribe molecule

of cDNA

Easier to isolate mRNA molecule for desired

protein first mRNA of eukaryotes has introns removed

Allows cloning in prokaryotic cells


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SyntheticNucleicAcids

Molecules of DNA and RNA produced in

cell-free solutions

Uses of synthetic nucleic acids

Elucidating the genetic code

Creating genes for specific proteins

Synthesizing DNA and RNA probes tolocate specific sequences of nucleotides

Synthesizing antisense nucleic acid

molecules


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RestrictionEnzymes

Bacterial enzymes that cut DNAmolecules only at restriction sites

Categorized into two groups basedon type of cut

Cuts with sticky endsCuts with blunt ends


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Vectors

Nucleic acid molecules that deliver a gene

into a cell

Useful properties

Small enough to manipulate in a lab

Survive inside cells

Contain recognizable genetic marker

Ensure genetic expression of gene

Include viral genomes and plasmids


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Gene Libraries

A collection of bacterial or phageclones

Each clone in library often containsone gene of an organisms genome

Library may contain all genes of a singlechromosome

Library may contain set of cDNAcomplementary to mRNA


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Pharmaceutical andTherapeutic Applications

Protein Synthesis

Vaccines

Genetic Screening

DNA Fingerprinting

Gene Therapy

Medical Diagnosis Xenotransplants


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Protein Synthesis

Scientists have insertedsynthetic genes for insulin,interferon, and other proteins tobacteria and yeast cells so that

the microbes synthesize theseproteins in vast quantities.


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Vaccines

Scientists now use recombinant DNAtechnology to produce safer vaccines.After they insert the genes that codes fora phatogens antigens to a vector, theyinject recombinant vector or the proteins

it produces into a patient. Thus thepatients immune is exposed to a subunitof pathogen, not the pathogen itself.


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DNA Fingerprinting

DNA profiling (also called DNA testing,DNA typing, or genetic fingerprinting) is atechnique employed by forensicscientists to assist in the identification ofindividuals by their respective DNA

profiles. DNA profiles are encrypted setsof letters that reflect a person's DNAmakeup, which can also be used as theperson's identifier.


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Gene Therapy

An existing use of recombinant DNAtechnology is gene therapy, in whichmissing or defective genes are replacedwith normal copies. A researcher couldremove a few defective genetically

defective cells from a patient, insertnormal genes, and replace the cells intopatient.


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Medical Diagnosis

Clinical microbiologists use PCR,fluorescent genetic probes, and DNAmicroarrays in diagnostic applications.They examine specimens from patientsfor the presence of viruses or bacterial

phatogens.


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Xenotransplants

Xenotransplants are animal cells,

tissues, or organs introduced into thehuman body. Because of the existenceof recombinant DNA technology, it istheoretically feasible to insert functional

human genes into animals to direct themto produce organs and tissues fortransplantation into human.


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Agricultural Applications

Herbicide Resistance

Salt Tolerance

Freeze Resistance

Pest Resistance

Improvements in Nutritional Value andYield


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Herbicide Resistance

One of the most famous kinds of GM

crops is glyphosate-resistant trait.Glyphosate, kills plants by interfering withthe shikimate pathway in plants, which isessential for the synthesis of the aromatic

amino acids. Glyphosate inhibits theenzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS).


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Herbicide Resistance (cont.)

Some micro-organisms have a version

of EPSPS that is resistant to glyphosateinhibition. One of these was isolated froman Agrobacterium strain CP4 (CP4 EPSPS)that was resistant to glyphosate. This CP4

EPSPS gene was cloned and transfectedinto soybeans.


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Salt Tolerance

Scientists have successfully removed

the gene for salt tolerance from theinedible salt-tolerant plants and insertedit to tomato and canola plants to createfood crops that can grow in salty soil. The

transgenic plant can also remove saltfrom soil and make it suitable tounmodified crops as well.


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Agricultural Applications Freeze resistance

Abiotic stress like frost is limiting factor to

the growth of tomatoes. While no geneticallymodified stress tolerant plants are currentlycommercialised, transgenic approacheshave been researched. An early tomato wasdeveloped that contained an antifreezegene (afa3) from the winter flounder with theaim of increasing the tomato's tolerance tofrost.


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Agricultural Applications Pest Resistance

Tomatoes resistant to a root knot

nematode have been created by inserting acysteine proteinase inhibitor gene from taro.

A chemically synthesised ceropin B gene,

usually found in the giant silk moth

(Hyalophora cecropia), has been introducedinto tomato plants and in vivo studies show

significant resistance to bacterial wilt and

bacterial spot.


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Agricultural Applications Improvements in Nutritional Value and

Yield

Recently scientists have increased theproduction of anthocyanin, anantioxidant in tomatoes in several ways.One group added a transcription factorfor the production of anthocyanin from

Arabidopsisthaliana, whereas anotherused transcription factors fromsnapdragon (Antirrhinum)

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Benefits of Gene Technology