Bell Ringer 1) What was the divine right of kings? 2) Who were the Puritans? 3) Who lead Parliament’s military efforts against the King?

Bell RingerBell Ringer

1) What was the divine right of 1) What was the divine right of kings?kings?

2) Who were the Puritans?2) Who were the Puritans? 3) Who lead Parliament’s 3) Who lead Parliament’s

military efforts against the military efforts against the King?King?

Chapter 7 Section 3:Chapter 7 Section 3:Response to Crisis: AbsolutismResponse to Crisis: Absolutism

France Under Louis XIV:France Under Louis XIV:

One response to the crises of the One response to the crises of the seventeenth century was to seek stability seventeenth century was to seek stability by increasing the monarchy’s power.by increasing the monarchy’s power.

This response historians call This response historians call absolutism, a system in which the absolutism, a system in which the ruler has total power.ruler has total power.

King Louis XIVKing Louis XIV


It also includes the idea of the It also includes the idea of the divine right of kings.divine right of kings.

Absolute monarchs could make Absolute monarchs could make laws, levy taxes, administer laws, levy taxes, administer justice, control the state’s justice, control the state’s officials, and determine foreign officials, and determine foreign policy.policy.


The best example of seventeenth-The best example of seventeenth-century absolutism is the reign of century absolutism is the reign of Louis XIVLouis XIV of France. of France.

French power and culture spread French power and culture spread throughout Europe. throughout Europe.

Other courts imitated the court of Other courts imitated the court of Louis XIV.Louis XIV.


Louis XIII and Louis XIV were only boys Louis XIII and Louis XIV were only boys when they came to power.when they came to power.

A royal minister held power for each A royal minister held power for each up to a certain age, Cardinal up to a certain age, Cardinal Richelieu for Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu for Louis XIII and Cardinal Mazarin for Louis XIV.Mazarin for Louis XIV.

These ministers helped preserve the These ministers helped preserve the monarchy.monarchy.


Richelieu took political and military Richelieu took political and military rights from the Huguenots, a rights from the Huguenots, a perceived threat to the throne, and perceived threat to the throne, and thwarted a number of plots by thwarted a number of plots by nobles through a system of spies, nobles through a system of spies, executing the conspirators.executing the conspirators.


Louis XIV came to the throne in 1643 at Louis XIV came to the throne in 1643 at age four.age four.

During Mazarin’s rule, nobles rebelled During Mazarin’s rule, nobles rebelled against the throne, but their efforts against the throne, but their efforts were crushed. were crushed.

Many French people concluded that Many French people concluded that the best chance for stability was with the best chance for stability was with a monarch.a monarch.


Louis XIV took power in 1661 at age 23Louis XIV took power in 1661 at age 23.. He wanted to be–and was to be–sole He wanted to be–and was to be–sole

ruler of France.ruler of France. All were to report to him for orders or All were to report to him for orders or

approval of orders. approval of orders. He fostered the myth of himself as the He fostered the myth of himself as the

Sun King–the source of light for his Sun King–the source of light for his peoplepeople..


The royal court Louis established at The royal court Louis established at Versailles served three purposes.Versailles served three purposes.

It was the king’s household, the location It was the king’s household, the location of the chief offices of the state, and a of the chief offices of the state, and a place where the powerful could find place where the powerful could find favors and offices for themselves.favors and offices for themselves.

From Versailles, Louis controlled the central From Versailles, Louis controlled the central policy-making machinery of government.policy-making machinery of government.

France Under Louis XIV:France Under Louis XIV: Louis deposed nobles and princes from the Louis deposed nobles and princes from the

royal council and invited them to Versailles royal council and invited them to Versailles where he hoped court life where he hoped court life would distract them from politics.would distract them from politics.

This tactic often worked.This tactic often worked.

Louis’s government ministers were to obey his Louis’s government ministers were to obey his every wish.every wish.

He ruled with absolute authority in the He ruled with absolute authority in the three traditional areas of royal authority: three traditional areas of royal authority: foreign policy, the Church, and taxes.foreign policy, the Church, and taxes.


Louis had an anti-Huguenot policy, Louis had an anti-Huguenot policy, wanting the Huguenots to convert wanting the Huguenots to convert to Catholicism.to Catholicism.

He destroyed Huguenot churches and closed He destroyed Huguenot churches and closed Huguenot schools.Huguenot schools.

As many as two hundred thousand As many as two hundred thousand Protestants fled France.Protestants fled France.

The mercantilist policies of the brilliant The mercantilist policies of the brilliant Jean-Baptiste Colbert helped Louis with Jean-Baptiste Colbert helped Louis with the money he needed for maintaining his the money he needed for maintaining his court and pursuing his wars.court and pursuing his wars.


Louis developed a standing army of four Louis developed a standing army of four hundred thousand.hundred thousand.

He wanted the Bourbon dynasty to He wanted the Bourbon dynasty to dominate Europe. dominate Europe.

To achieve this goal, he waged four To achieve this goal, he waged four wars between 1667 and 1713, causing wars between 1667 and 1713, causing many other nations to form alliances many other nations to form alliances against him. against him.


He did add some lands to France and set He did add some lands to France and set up a member of his dynasty on Spain’s up a member of his dynasty on Spain’s throne.throne.

The Sun King died in 1715.The Sun King died in 1715.

France was debt-ridden and France was debt-ridden and surrounded by enemies.surrounded by enemies.

On his deathbed he seemed remorseful On his deathbed he seemed remorseful for not caring for the people more.for not caring for the people more.

ReviewReview

1) What is absolutism?1) What is absolutism? 2) Who was Louis XIV?2) Who was Louis XIV? 3) Where did Louis XIV 3) Where did Louis XIV

establish his royal court?establish his royal court? 4) What 3 areas did Louis XIV 4) What 3 areas did Louis XIV

rule with absolute control?rule with absolute control?

BELL RINGERBELL RINGER

1) What is absolutism?1) What is absolutism? 2) Who was Louis XIV?2) Who was Louis XIV? 3) Where did Louis XIV 3) Where did Louis XIV

establish his royal court?establish his royal court? 4) What 3 areas did Louis XIV 4) What 3 areas did Louis XIV

rule with absolute control?rule with absolute control?

Absolutism in Central and Absolutism in Central and Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

After the Thirty Years’ War, two German After the Thirty Years’ War, two German states–Prussia and Austria–emerged in the states–Prussia and Austria–emerged in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as great powers.great powers.

Frederick William the Great Elector laid the Frederick William the Great Elector laid the basis for the Prussian state.basis for the Prussian state.

He built an efficient standing army of forty He built an efficient standing army of forty thousand men, the fourth-largest army in thousand men, the fourth-largest army in Europe.Europe.


Frederick William set up the General Frederick William set up the General War Commissariat to oversee the War Commissariat to oversee the army.army.

It soon became a bureaucratic machine It soon became a bureaucratic machine for civil government as well. for civil government as well.

Frederick William used it to govern the Frederick William used it to govern the statestate. .


Many members were landed Many members were landed aristocracy known as Junkers, aristocracy known as Junkers, who also served in the army.who also served in the army.

Frederick William’s son Frederick William’s son became King Frederick I in became King Frederick I in 1701.1701.

Frederick WilliamFrederick William


The Austrian Hapsburgs had long been The Austrian Hapsburgs had long been Holy Roman emperors.Holy Roman emperors.

After the Thirty Years’ War, they created After the Thirty Years’ War, they created a new empire in eastern and southeastern a new empire in eastern and southeastern Europe. Europe.

Its core was in present-day Austria, the Czech Its core was in present-day Austria, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. Republic, and Hungary.

After the defeat of the Turks in 1687, After the defeat of the Turks in 1687, Austria took control of Transylvania, Austria took control of Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia as well.Croatia, and Slavonia as well.


The Austrian monarchy never was a The Austrian monarchy never was a centralized, absolutist state, howevercentralized, absolutist state, however..

It was made up of many national groups. It was made up of many national groups. The empire was a set of territories held The empire was a set of territories held

together by the Hapsburg emperor, who together by the Hapsburg emperor, who was archduke of Austria, king of Bohemia, was archduke of Austria, king of Bohemia, and king of Hungary.and king of Hungary.

Each area had its own laws and political Each area had its own laws and political life.life.

Russia under Peter the GreatRussia under Peter the Great

In the sixteenth century, In the sixteenth century, Ivan IV became Ivan IV became the first Russian ruler to take the title the first Russian ruler to take the title of czar, Russian for caesarof czar, Russian for caesar..

Called Ivan the Terrible for his Called Ivan the Terrible for his ruthlessness, he expanded Russia ruthlessness, he expanded Russia eastward and crushed the power of eastward and crushed the power of the Russian boyars (the nobility).the Russian boyars (the nobility).

Ivan IV (aka The Terrible)Ivan IV (aka The Terrible)


The end of Ivan’s rule in 1598 was The end of Ivan’s rule in 1598 was followed by a period of anarchy followed by a period of anarchy called the Time of Troubles.called the Time of Troubles.

It ended when the national assembly It ended when the national assembly chose Michael Romanov as czar in chose Michael Romanov as czar in 1613. 1613.

The Romanov dynasty lasted until The Romanov dynasty lasted until 1917.1917.


Its most prominent member was Its most prominent member was Peter Peter the Great, an absolutist who believed the Great, an absolutist who believed in the divine right of kings.in the divine right of kings.

He became czar in 1689.He became czar in 1689. Peter soon made a trip to the West, Peter soon made a trip to the West,

and he returned determined to and he returned determined to Europeanize Russia.Europeanize Russia.


He wanted European technology He wanted European technology to create a great army to support to create a great army to support Russia as a great power. Russia as a great power.

By Peter’s death in 1725, By Peter’s death in 1725, Russia was an important Russia was an important European stateEuropean state..

Peter the GreatPeter the Great


To create his army, Peter drafted To create his army, Peter drafted peasants for 25-year stints.peasants for 25-year stints.

He also formed the first Russian navy.He also formed the first Russian navy. He divided Russia into provinces to He divided Russia into provinces to

rule more effectively.rule more effectively. He wanted to create a “police state,” He wanted to create a “police state,”

by which he meant a well-ordered by which he meant a well-ordered community governed by law.community governed by law.

Russia under Peter the GreatRussia under Peter the Great Peter introduced Western customs and Peter introduced Western customs and

etiquette.etiquette. At court, Russian beards had to be shaved and At court, Russian beards had to be shaved and

coats shortened, for example, as were the coats shortened, for example, as were the customs in Europe.customs in Europe.

Upper-class women gained much from Upper-class women gained much from Peter’s reforms. Peter’s reforms.

He insisted they remove their veils, and he He insisted they remove their veils, and he held gatherings for conversation and held gatherings for conversation and dancing where the genders mixed, as in dancing where the genders mixed, as in Europe.Europe.


Peter’s goal was to make Russia a great Peter’s goal was to make Russia a great power.power.

An important part of this was finding a An important part of this was finding a port with access to Europe through port with access to Europe through the Baltic Sea.the Baltic Sea.

At the time, Sweden controlled the Baltic. At the time, Sweden controlled the Baltic. Peter warred with Sweden, and he Peter warred with Sweden, and he

acquired the lands he needed.acquired the lands he needed.


On the Baltic in 1703, he On the Baltic in 1703, he began construction of a began construction of a new city, St. Petersburg. new city, St. Petersburg.

It was the Russian capital It was the Russian capital until 1918until 1918..

ReviewReview

1) Who was Frederick 1) Who was Frederick William?William?

2) Who was Ivan the 2) Who was Ivan the Terrible?Terrible?

3) Who was Peter the Great?3) Who was Peter the Great?

Documents

Bell Ringer 1) What was the divine right of kings? 2) Who were the Puritans? 3) Who lead Parliament’s military efforts against the King?