Beginning of the Cold War 1945 to 1953 Truman Era Major Components of Cold War Who will be the new World Power? Communism vs Capitalism Nuclear Arms Race Space Race Aftermath of World War II Potsdam Conference (July 1945) Joint Occupational Zones in Germany & Austria US occupied Japan from 1945 to 1952 US (MacArthur) helps to stabilize Japan by ending Japanese militarism and establish political & economic reforms New Constitution adopted in 1947 Nuremberg Trials (began in Nov. 1945) First rulings in Sept 1946: 12 death sentences, 7 jail sentences, 3 acquitted International Military Tribunal for the Far East (May 46 to Nov 48) Prosecuted 20 leaders (including Hideki Tojo received death sentence) Creation of the United Nations Birth of Israel Troubleshooting US & SU Tensions US & GB failed to open up a second front immediately during WWII SU was kept in the dark about the Atomic Bomb US approved of a $3.75 bil. loan to GB in 1946 (rejected a $6 bil. loan to SU in 1945) SU expansion in Eastern Europe (breaking Yalta pledge of allowing free elections) Different political goals US vs SU Goals US wanted to Encourage democracy in other countries to help prevent rise of new totalitarian govts. Gain access to raw materials and markets for its booming industries Rebuild European govts to ensure stability and to create new markets for American goods Reunite Germany to lessen bitterness of defeat Soviet Union wanted to Encourage communism in other countries as apart of the worldwide struggle between workers and the wealthy Transfer to industrial equipment of Eastern Europe to the Soviet Union to help rebuild its war-ravaged economy Control Eastern Europe to balance US influence in Western Europe Keep Germany divided and weak Soviet Union Expansion & Influence from 1945 to 1948 Soviet Union disenchanted with Allies taking a while to establish a second front during WWII (strategy discussed again Teheran Conference in 1943 during WWII) Soviet Union breaks agreement made at Yalta Conference in Feb 1945 (free elections) and expands to establish buffer zone (eastern Europe) Potsdam Conference in July, Truman unsuccessful in stopping Stalins aggression and expansion Truman & Cold War Truman Doctrine Influenced by George Kennans Containment policy & Churchill's Iron Curtain Iron Curtain Speech- warned Americans of Soviet expansion (May 1946) Containment- prevent the spread of Communism (Kennan, an American Diplomat from Moscow, warned US that SU sought to expand its empire) It must be the policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures Set precedent for US foreign policy throughout the Cold War Marshall Plan March 1947 to $400 million to Turkey and Greece (Civil & Economic Distress & Internal Conflict) Feb Marshall Plan Allocated $12.5 billion over 4 years to 16 cooperating countries Debated in Congress until SU took over Czechoslovakia in Feb Eastern European pressured not to take money from US by SU Berlin Airlift (1948) West Germany created by US, France, and GB (Bonn becomes Capital) SU cuts off food and supplies into West Berlin (over 2.1 million hostages) Massive airlift by US & GB: 327 days 277,000 flights 2.3 mil. tons of supplies (Food, Fuel, Medicine, etc. Blockade lifted in May 1948 Reason for NATO NATO Created on April 4, 1949 by 12 countries US, France, GB, Italy, Belgium Netherlands, Luxemburg, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland, and Canada (later Turkey, Greece and WG by 1954) First major peacetime alliance joined by US Led to WARSAW Pact, established in 50s Communist China Nationalists (Chiang Kai- shek) vs Communists (Mao Zedong) US sent $2 bil. worth of military supplies & equipment to Nationalists but no US troops Should have the US done more? Nationalists fled to Formosa (Taiwan) in 1949 Major blow to US & capitalists Korean War North Korea (Communists led by Kim Il Sung) vs. South Korea (Syngman Rhee) 38 th parallel divides Korea after WWII June NK invades SK UN Security Council supports military aid to SK Back and forth over 38 th parallel August NK captures Seoul and push to Pusan Sept to Oct SK push into NK and take Pyongyang and advance to Yalu River Nov 1950 to Jan Chinese intervene and push SK to 38 th parallel MacArthur (No substitutions for victory) vs Truman (Limited War) Controversy led to MacArthurs Dismissal in April 1951 Negotiations for peace begin in July 1951 Cease Fire on July (Eisenhower) Results of Korean War Stalemate & 38 th parallel Over 50,000 US soldiers dead & over 20 billion in cost for US Over 3,000 other UN soldiers dead Approx. 100,000 UN & US soldiers wounded 2 million civilians dead Over 1.5 million NK, SK, and Chinese dead Loss of support for Democratic Party Increased fear of Communist aggression and prompted a hunt for spies on whom to blame Communist gains Communist Hysteria at Home Hysteria caused by Communist Party Popularity (80,000 during WWII) Soviet A-bomb in 1949 Spread of Communism around the World Similar Consequences of WWI (Red Scare) War w/ Korea from 1950 to 1953 and Hydrogen Bomb First tested in Enewetak, Marshall Islands in November,1952 Mike Approx. 1,000 to 6,000 times more powerful than Atomic Bomb Mushroom Cloud spread 100 miles wide & 25 miles high Comparable: Million tons of TNT Warheads as of 2005 Soviet Union: 16,000 United States: 10,350 China: 400 France: 350 Great Britain: 200 Israel: 200 Pakistan: 35 India: 30 North Korea: 8 South Africa: 5 Nuclear Testing to ,050 Tests (528 Atmospheric, 1522 Underground) Communist Hysteria at Home HUAC reorganized in 1945 Suspicious Communism in Hollywood and New Deal supporters Hollywood Ten (1947) Led to blacklists (over 500 actors, writers, producers, directors which led to career being ruined) National Security Act (1947) Creation of Department of Defense Creation of the Central Intelligence Agency & National Security Council Loyalty Review Board established in 1947 (Executive Order 9835) Investigated more than 3.2 mil. federal employees from 1947 to 1951 Approx. 3,000 resigned & 212 fired Loyalty Oaths used McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) Vetoed by Truman In a free country, we punish men for the crimes they commit, but never for the opinions they hold Against rise of communist ideals in US Required communist-front organizations to register w/ attorney general Alger Hiss & Rosenbergs Trial Alger Hiss Trial (1948) Former Communist Spy Whitaker Chambers accused Hiss for spying for SU Pumpkin Papers Hiss convicted of Perjury (5 yrs in Prison) Rosenbergs Trial (1949) GB physicists Klaus Fauchs admits giving SU info. about how to construct an atomic bomb & implicated Ethel & Julius as providing the info. Rosenbergs insisted that they were being persecuted because they were Jewish Found guilty & given death penalty (electric chair in 1953); judge labeled their crime as worse than murder McCarthyism McCarthy Era (1950 to 1954) Senator Joseph McCarthy (Wisconsin) 57, 81, 205 Names on the List? Unsupported Accusations of State Department & accusations against Democratic Party (guilty of 20 years of treason for allowing Communist infiltration & US Army 1954) After 1954 televised hearing against US Army, he was censured by the Senate in 1954 Arthur Millers The Crucible (1953) Nuclear Anxiety Billy Graham (Evangelists) Urged Americans to turn to God Church membership grew rapidly One Nation under God added to Pledge & In God We Trust to Coins Civil Defense Administration Began to educate public on what to do in case of nuclear attacks Duck and Cover Drills Construction of Fallout Shelters Include flashlights, first-aid kit, battery radio, portable toilet, two-week supply of food, and water Organization of SANE (Committee for Sane Nuclear Policy) by Benjamin Spock in 1957