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Beginners' guideFrom ArchWiki

This document will guide you through the process of installing Arch Linuxusing the Arch Install Scripts (https://projects.archlinux.org/arch-install-scripts.git/). Before installing, you are advised to skim over the FAQ.

The community-maintained ArchWiki is the primary resource that should beconsulted if issues arise. The IRC Channel (irc://irc.freenode.net/#archlinux)and the forums (https://bbs.archlinux.org/) are also excellent resources if ananswer cannot be found elsewhere. In accordance with the Arch Way, you areencouraged to type man command to read the man page of any commandyou are unfamiliar with.

Contents1 Preparation

1.1 System requirements1.2 Prepare the latest installation medium

1.2.1 Installing over the network1.2.2 Install from an existing Linux system1.2.3 Installing on a virtual machine1.2.4 Boot the installation medium

1.2.4.1 Testing if you are booted into UEFI mode1.2.5 Troubleshooting boot problems

2 Installation2.1 Change the language2.2 Establish an internet connection

2.2.1 Wired2.2.2 Wireless

2.2.2.1 Without wifi-menu2.2.3 Analog modem, ISDN, or PPPoE DSL2.2.4 Behind a proxy server

2.3 Prepare the storage drive2.3.1 Choose a partition table type2.3.2 Partitioning tool2.3.3 Erase partition table2.3.4 Partition scheme2.3.5 Example

2.3.5.1 Using cgdisk to create GPT partitions2.3.5.2 Using fdisk to create MBR partitions

2.3.6 Create filesystems2.4 Mount the partitions2.5 Select a mirror2.6 Install the base system2.7 Generate an fstab2.8 Chroot and configure the base system

2.8.1 Locale

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2.8.2 Console font and keymap2.8.3 Time zone2.8.4 Hardware clock2.8.5 Kernel modules2.8.6 Hostname

2.9 Configure the network2.9.1 Wired

2.9.1.1 Dynamic IP2.9.1.2 Static IP

2.9.2 Wireless2.9.2.1 Adding wireless networks2.9.2.2 Connect automatically to known networks

2.9.3 Analog modem, ISDN or PPPoE DSL2.10 Create an initial ramdisk environment2.11 Set the root password2.12 Install and configure a bootloader

2.12.1 For BIOS motherboards2.12.1.1 Syslinux2.12.1.2 GRUB

2.12.2 For UEFI motherboards2.12.2.1 Gummiboot2.12.2.2 GRUB

2.13 Unmount the partitions and reboot3 Post-installation

Preparation

Note: If you wish to install from an existing GNU/Linux distribution, please see this article. This can beuseful particularly if you plan to install Arch via VNC or SSH remotely. Users seeking to perform theArch Linux installation remotely via an SSH connection should read Install from SSH for additional tips.

System requirements

Arch Linux should run on any i686 compatible machine with a minimum of 64 MB RAM. A basicinstallation with all packages from the base (https://www.archlinux.org/groups/x86_64/base/)group should take less than 800 MB of disk space. If you are working with limited space, this can betrimmed down considerably, but you will have to know what you're doing.

Prepare the latest installation medium

The latest release of the installation media can be obtained from the Download(https://archlinux.org/download/) page. Note that the single ISO image supports both 32 and 64-bitarchitectures. It is highly recommended to always use the latest ISO image.

Install images are signed and it is highly recommended to verify their signature before use. Dowloadthe .sig file from the download page (or one of the mirrors listed there) to the same directory as the.iso file. On Arch Linux, use pacman-key -v iso-file.sig as root; in other environments makeuse, still as root, of gpg2 directly with gpg2 --verify iso-file.sig. The file integritychecksums md5 and sha1 are also provided.

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Note: The gpg2 verification will fail if you haven't downloaded the public key corresponding tothe RSA key ID. See http://sparewotw.wordpress.com/2012/10/31/how-to-verify-signature-using-sig-file/ for details.

Burn the ISO image on a CD or DVD with your preferred software. On Arch, that's covered inOptical Disc Drive#Burning.

Note: The quality of optical drives and the discs themselves varies greatly. Generally, using a slowburn speed is recommended for reliable burns. If you are experiencing unexpected behaviour fromthe disc, try burning at the lowest speed supported by your burner.

Or you can write the ISO image to a USB stick. For detailed instructions, see USB Flash InstallationMedia.

Installing over the network

Instead of writing the boot media to a disc or USB stick, you may alternatively boot the ISO image overthe network. This works well when you already have a server set up. Please see the PXE article for moreinformation, and then continue to boot the installation medium.

Install from an existing Linux system

Alternatively, it is possible to install from an already running Linux system. See Install from ExistingLinux.

Installing on a virtual machine

Installing on a virtual machine is a good way to become familiar with Arch Linux and its installationprocedure without leaving your current operating system and repartitioning the storage drive. It will also letyou keep this Beginners' Guide open in your browser throughout the installation. Some users may find itbeneficial to have an independent Arch Linux system on a virtual drive, for testing purposes.

Examples of virtualization software are VirtualBox, VMware, QEMU, Xen, Varch, Parallels.

The exact procedure for preparing a virtual machine depends on the software, but will generally followthese steps:

1. Create the virtual disk image that will host the operating system.2. Properly configure the virtual machine parameters.3. Boot the downloaded ISO image with a virtual CD drive.4. Continue with Boot the installation medium.

The following articles may be helpful:

Arch Linux as VirtualBox guestArch Linux as VirtualBox guest on a physical driveArch Linux as VMware guestMoving an existing install into (or out of) a virtual machine

Boot the installation medium

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Most modern systems allow you to select the boot device during the POST phase, usually by pressing the F12 key while the BIOS splash screen is visible. Select the device which contains the Arch ISO.Alternatively, you may need to change the boot order in your computer's BIOS. To do this, press a key(usually Delete, F1, F2, F11 or F12) during the POST phase. This will take you into the BIOSsettings screen where you can set the order in which the system searches for devices to boot from. Set thedevice which contains the Arch ISO as the first device from which boot is attempted. Select "Save & Exit"(or your BIOS's equivalent) and the computer should then complete its normal boot process. When theArch menu appears, select "Boot Arch Linux" and press Enter to enter the live environment where youwill run the actual installation (if booting from a UEFI boot disk, the option may look more like "ArchLinux archiso x86_64 UEFI").

Testing if you are booted into UEFI mode

In case you have a UEFI motherboard and UEFI Boot mode is enabled (and is preferred overBIOS/Legacy mode), the CD/USB will automatically launch Arch Linux via Gummiboot. To test if youhave booted into UEFI mode, first make sure efivars is mounted:

# mount -t efivarfs efivarfs /sys/firmware/efi/efivars

Then run:

# efivar -l

If efivar lists the UEFI variables properly, then you have booted in UEFI mode. If not check whether allthe requirements listed in Unified Extensible Firmware Interface are met.

Troubleshooting boot problems

If you are using an Intel video chipset and the screen goes blank during the boot process, theproblem is likely an issue with Kernel Mode Setting. A possible workaround may be achieved byrebooting and pressing e over the entry that you are trying to boot (i686 or x86_64). At the end ofthe string type nomodeset and press Enter. Alternatively, try video=SVIDEO-1:d which, if itworks, will not disable kernel mode setting. You can also try i915.modeset=0. See the Intelarticle for more information.

If the screen does not go blank and the boot process gets stuck while trying to load the kernel, press Tab while hovering over the menu entry, type acpi=off at the end of the string and press Enter.

InstallationYou are now presented with a shell prompt, automatically logged in as root. Your shell is Zsh; this willprovide you advanced Tab completion, and other features as part of the grml config (http://grml.org/zsh/).For editing text files, the console editor nano is suggested. If you are not familiar with it, see nano#nanousage. If you have (or plan on having) a dual boot setup with Windows, see Windows and Arch DualBoot.

Change the language

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Tip: These are optional for the majority of users. Useful only if you plan on writing in your ownlanguage in any of the configuration files, if you use diacritical marks in the Wi-Fi password, or if youwould like to receive system messages (e.g. possible errors) in your own language. Changes here onlyaffect the installation process.

By default, the keyboard layout is set to us. If you have a non-US keyboard layout, run:

# loadkeys layout

...where layout can be fr, uk, dvorak, be-latin1, etc. See this wikipedia article for a 2-lettercountry code list. Use the command localectl list-keymaps to list all available keymaps.

The font should also be changed, because most languages use more glyphs than the 26 letter Englishalphabet. Otherwise some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as other symbols. Note thatthe name is case-sensitive, so please type it exactly as you see it:

# setfont Lat2-Terminus16

By default, the language is set to English (US). If you would like to change the language for the installprocess (German, in this example), remove the # in front of the locale you want from /etc/locale.gen, along with English (US). Please choose the UTF-8 entry.

# nano /etc/locale.gen

en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8de_DE.UTF-8 UTF-8

# locale-gen# export LANG=de_DE.UTF-8

Establish an internet connection

Warning: As of v197 (http://cgit.freedesktop.org/systemd/systemd/tree/NEWS?id=dee4c244254bb49d1ffa8bd7171ae9cce596d2d0), udev no longer assigns network interface namesaccording to the wlanX and ethX naming scheme. If you are coming from a different distribution or arereinstalling Arch and not aware of the new interface naming style, please do not assume that yourwireless interface is named wlan0, or that your wired interface is named eth0. You can use the commandip link to discover the names of your interfaces.

Note: Since the ISO released on 2014.04 (but maybe even on previous ones) there seems to be aproblem in getting an IP address with DHCP if you are using the family of routers "FritzBox!". At thistime models 7390[1] (http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/126526/archlinux-2014-04-64bit-and-connectivity-problem-during-instalation) and 7112[2](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/126694/enabling-wired-internet-connection-with-dhcp-during-arch-linux-installation/126709) seem to have this issue, but other models may be affected. Theissue seems to be between the Dhcpcd (https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Dhcpcd) client and theFritzBox! routers and the way they assign IP addresses. The solution to the problem seems to be asfollows: in your FritzBox! settings, manually delete the entry related to the IP address that identifies yourmachine. Also, disable the option "Assign always the same IP address to this machine". Now restart the

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DHCP proccess or simply reboot your computer and you should get an IP address as usual. If it doesn'twork, try also to reboot your FrtizBox!. Once your computer gets the IP address, you can re-enable thepreviously disabled option.

The dhcpcd network daemon starts automatically during boot and it will attempt to start a wiredconnection. Try to ping a server to see if a connection was established. For example, Google's webservers:

# ping -c 3 www.google.com

PING www.l.google.com (74.125.132.105) 56(84) bytes of data.64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=1 ttl=50 time=17.0 ms64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=2 ttl=50 time=18.2 ms64 bytes from wb-in-f105.1e100.net (74.125.132.105): icmp_req=3 ttl=50 time=16.6 ms

--- www.l.google.com ping statistics ---3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003msrtt min/avg/max/mdev = 16.660/17.320/18.254/0.678 ms

If you get a ping: unknown host error, first check if there is an issue with your cable or wireless signalstrength. If not, you will need to set up the network manually, as explained below. Once a connection isestablished move on to Prepare the storage drive.

Wired

Follow this procedure if you need to set up a wired connection via a static IP address.

First, disable the dhcpcd service which was started automatically at boot:

# systemctl stop dhcpcd.service

Identify the name of your Ethernet interface.

# ip link

1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:002: enp2s0f0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000 link/ether 00:11:25:31:69:20 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff3: wlp3s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DORMANT qlen 1000 link/ether 01:02:03:04:05:06 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

In this example, the Ethernet interface is enp2s0f0. If you are unsure, your Ethernet interface is likely tostart with the letter "e", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "w".

You also need to know these settings:

Static IP address.Subnet mask.Gateway's IP address.Name servers' (DNS) IP addresses.Domain name (unless you are on a local LAN, in which case you can make it up).

Activate the connected Ethernet interface (e.g. enp2s0f0):

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# ip link set enp2s0f0 up

Add the address:

# ip addr add ip_address/mask_bits dev interface_name

For example:

# ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev enp2s0f0

For more options, run man ip.

Add your gateway like this, substituting your own gateway's IP address:

# ip route add default via ip_address

For example:

# ip route add default via 192.168.1.1

Edit resolv.conf, substituting your name servers' IP addresses and your local domain name:

# nano /etc/resolv.conf

nameserver 61.23.173.5nameserver 61.95.849.8search example.com

Note: Currently, you may include a maximum of three nameserver lines. In order to overcome thislimitation, you can use a locally caching nameserver like Dnsmasq.

You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, check the detailed Networkconfiguration page.

Wireless

Follow this procedure if you need wireless connectivity (Wi-Fi) during the installation process.

First, identify the name of your wireless interface.

# iw dev

phy#0 Interface wlp3s0 ifindex 3 wdev 0x1 addr 00:11:22:33:44:55 type managed

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In this example, wlp3s0 is the available wireless interface. If you are unsure, your wireless interface islikely to start with the letter "w", and unlikely to be "lo" or start with the letter "e".

Note: If you do not see output similar to this, then your wireless driver has not been loaded. If this is thecase, you must load the driver yourself. Please see Wireless network configuration for more detailedinformation.

Now use netctl's wifi-menu to connect to a network:

# wifi-menu wlp3s0

You should now have a working network connection. If you do not, try #Without wifi-menu or check thedetailed Wireless network configuration page.

Without wifi-menu

Bring the interface up with:

# ip link set wlp3s0 up

To verify that the interface is up, inspect the output of the following command:

# ip link show wlp3s0

3: wlp3s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state DOWN mode DORMANT group default qlen 1000 link/ether 00:11:22:33:44:55 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

The UP in <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> is what indicates the interface is up, not the later state DOWN.

Most wireless chipsets require firmware in addition to a corresponding driver. The kernel tries to identifyand load both automatically. If you get output like SIOCSIFFLAGS: No such file or directory, thismeans you will need to manually load the firmware. If unsure, invoke dmesg to query the kernel log for afirmware request from the wireless chipset. For example, if you have an Intel chipset which requires andhas requested firmware from the kernel at boot:

# dmesg | grep firmware

firmware: requesting iwlwifi-5000-1.ucode

If there is no output, it may be concluded that the system's wireless chipset does not require firmware.

Warning: Wireless chipset firmware packages (for cards which require them) are pre-installed under /usr/lib/firmware in the live environment (on CD/USB stick) but must be explicitly installed toyour actual system to provide wireless functionality after you reboot into it! Package installation iscovered later in this guide. Ensure installation of both your wireless module and firmware beforerebooting! See Wireless network configuration if you are unsure about the requirement of correspondingfirmware installation for your particular chipset.

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Next, scan for available networks using iw dev wlp3s0 scan | grep SSID, then connect to a networkwith:

# wpa_supplicant -B -i wlp3s0 -c <(wpa_passphrase "ssid" "psk")

You need to replace ssid with the name of your network (e.g. "Linksys etc...") and psk with your wirelesspassword, leaving the quotes around the network name and password.

Finally, you have to give your interface an IP address. This can be set manually or using dhcp:

# dhcpcd wlp3s0

If that does not work, issue the following commands:

# echo 'ctrl_interface=DIR=/run/wpa_supplicant' > /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf# wpa_passphrase ssid passphrase >> /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf# ip link set interface up# wpa_supplicant -B -D nl80211 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -i interface# dhcpcd -A interface

Setting the interface up at step 3 may not be needed, but does no harm in any case.

If wpa_supplicant complains about an unsupported driver at step 4, just leave out the "-D nl80211"parameter:

# wpa_supplicant -B -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -i interface

Analog modem, ISDN, or PPPoE DSL

For xDSL, dial-up, and ISDN connections, see Direct Modem Connection.

Behind a proxy server

If you are behind a proxy server, you will need to export the http_proxy and ftp_proxy environmentvariables. See Proxy settings for more information.

Prepare the storage drive

Warning: Partitioning can destroy data. You are strongly cautioned and advised to backup any criticaldata before proceeding.

Note: If you are installing to a USB flash key, see Installing Arch Linux on a USB key.

Tip: If you want to create any stacked block devices for LVM, disk encryption or RAID, do it now.

Choose a partition table type

You have to choose between GUID Partition Table (GPT) and Master Boot Record (MBR), see alsoPartitioning#Choosing between GPT and MBR.

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It is recommended to always use GPT for UEFI boot, as some UEFI firmwares do not allow UEFI-MBR boot.Some BIOS systems may have issues with GPT. See http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/8035.html andhttp://rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html for more info and possible workarounds.

Partitioning tool

Absolute beginners are encouraged to use a graphical partitioning tool. GParted is a good example, and isprovided as a live CD (http://gparted.sourceforge.net/livecd.php). A drive should first be partitioned andafterwards the partitions should be formatted with a file system.

While gparted may be easier to use, if you just want to create a few partitions on a new disk you can getthe job done quickly by just using one of the fdisk variants which are included on the install medium. Inthe next section short usage instructions for both gdisk and fdisk follow.

Erase partition table

If you want to start from scratch, and do not intend to keep existing partitions, erase the partition table withthe following command. This simplifies creating new partitions and avoids problems with converting disksfrom MBR to GPT and vice versa.

# sgdisk --zap-all /dev/sda

Partition scheme

You can decide into how many partitions the disk should be split, and for which directory each partitionshould be used in the system. The mapping from partitions to directories (frequently called 'mount points')is the Partition scheme. The simplest, and not a bad choice, is to make just one huge / partition. Anotherpopular choice is to have a / and a /home partition.

Additional required partitions:

If you have a UEFI motherboard, you will need to create an extra EFI System Partition.If you have a BIOS motherboard (or plan on booting in BIOS compatibility mode) and you want tosetup GRUB on a GPT-partitioned drive, you will need to create an extra BIOS Boot Partition ofsize 1 or 2 MiB and EF02 type code. Syslinux does not need one.If you have a requirement for a Disk encryption of the system itself, this must be reflected in yourpartition scheme. It is unproblematic to add encrypted folders, containers or home directories afterthe system is installed.

See Swap for details if you wish to set up a swap partition or swap file. A swap file is easier to resize thana partition and can be created at any point after installation, but cannot be used with a Btrfs filesystem.

If you have already created your partitions, proceed to #Create filesystems.

Otherwise, see the following example.

Example

The Arch Linux install media includes the following partitioning tools: fdisk, gdisk, cfdisk, cgdisk and parted.

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Tip: Use the lsblk -f or lsblk -o NAME,FSTYPE,SIZE,LABEL command to list the hard disksattached to your system, along with the sizes of their existing partitions. This will help you to beconfident you are partitioning the right disk.

The example system will contain a 15 GB root partition, and a home partition for the remaining space.Choose either MBR or GPT, as described above. Do not choose both!

It should be emphasized that partitioning is a personal choice and that this example is only for illustrativepurposes. See Partitioning.

Using cgdisk to create GPT partitions

Launch cgdisk with:

# cgdisk /dev/sda

Tip: If cgdisk can't change your disk to GPT, parted (https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=parted) can.

Root

Choose New (or press N) – Enter for the first sector (2048) – type in 15G – Enter for thedefault hex code (8300) – Enter for a blank partition name.

Home

Press the down arrow a couple of times to move to the larger free space area.Choose New (or press N) – Enter for the first sector – Enter to use the rest of the drive (or youcould type in the desired size; for example 30G) – Enter for the default hex code (8300) – Enterfor a blank partition name.

Here is what it should look like:

Part. # Size Partition Type Partition Name---------------------------------------------------------------- 1007.0 KiB free space 1 15.0 GiB Linux filesystem 2 123.45 GiB Linux filesystem

Double check and make sure that you are happy with the partition sizes as well as the partition table layoutbefore continuing.

If you would like to start over, you can simply select Quit (or press Q) to exit without saving changes andthen restart cgdisk.

If you are satisfied, choose Write (or press Shift+W) to finalize and to write the partition table to thedrive. Type yes and choose Quit (or press Q) to exit without making any more changes.

Using fdisk to create MBR partitions

Note: There is also cfdisk, which is similar in UI to cgdisk, but it currently does not automatically alignthe first partition properly. That is why the classic fdisk tool is used here.

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Launch fdisk with:

# fdisk /dev/sda

Create the partition table:

Command (m for help): type o and press Enter

Then create the first partition:

1. Command (m for help): type n and press Enter2. Partition type: Select (default p): press Enter3. Partition number (1-4, default 1): press Enter4. First sector (2048-209715199, default 2048): press Enter

5. Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-209715199....., default209715199):type +15G and press Enter

Then create a second partition:

1. Command (m for help): type n and press Enter2. Partition type: Select (default p): press Enter3. Partition number (1-4, default 2): press Enter4. First sector (31459328-209715199, default 31459328): press Enter

5. Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (31459328-209715199....., default209715199):press Enter

Now preview the new partition table:

Command (m for help): type p and press Enter

Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectorsUnits = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytesSector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytesI/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytesDisk identifier: 0x5698d902

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 2048 31459327 15728640 83 Linux/dev/sda2 31459328 209715199 89127936 83 Linux

Then write the changes to disk:

Command (m for help): type w and press Enter

If everything went well fdisk will now quit with the following message:

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.Syncing disks.

In case this does not work because fdisk encountered an error, you can use the q command to exit.

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Create filesystems

Simply partitioning is not enough; the partitions also need a filesystem. To format the partitions with anext4 filesystem:

Warning: Double check and triple check that it is actually /dev/sda1 and /dev/sda2 that you wantto format. You can use lsblk to help with this.

# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2

If you have made a partition dedicated to swap (code 82), do not forget to format and activate it with:

# mkswap /dev/sdaX# swapon /dev/sdaX

For UEFI, you should format the EFI System Partition (for example /dev/sdXY) with:

# mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/sdXY

Mount the partitions

Each partition is identified with a number suffix. For example, sda1 specifies the first partition of the firstdrive, while sda designates the entire drive.

To display the current partition layout:

# lsblk -f

Note: Do not mount more than one partition to the same directory. And pay attention, because themounting order is important.

First, mount the root partition on /mnt. Following the example above (yours may be different), it wouldbe:

# mount /dev/sda1 /mnt

Then mount the home partition and any other separate partition (/boot, /var, etc), if you have any:

# mkdir /mnt/home# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/home

In case you have a UEFI motherboard, mount the EFI System Partition to /boot. Whilst othermountpoints are viable, using /boot is recommended as explained in the EFISTUB article.

# mkdir /mnt/boot# mount /dev/sdXY /mnt/boot

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Select a mirror

Before installing, you may want to edit the mirrorlist file and place your preferred mirror first. A copyof this file will be installed on your new system by pacstrap as well, so it is worth getting it right.

# nano /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist

#### Arch Linux repository mirrorlist## Sorted by mirror score from mirror status page## Generated on 2012-MM-DD##

Server = http://mirror.example.xyz/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch...

If you want, you can make it the only mirror available by deleting all other lines, but it is usually a goodidea to have a few more, in case the first one goes offline.

Tip:

Use the Mirrorlist Generator (https://www.archlinux.org/mirrorlist/) to get an updated list for yourcountry. HTTP mirrors are faster than FTP, because of something called keepalive. With FTP,pacman has to send out a signal each time it downloads a package, resulting in a brief pause. Forother ways to generate a mirror list, see Sorting mirrors and Reflector.Arch Linux MirrorStatus (https://archlinux.org/mirrors/status/) reports various aspects about themirrors such as network problems with mirrors, data collection problems, the last time mirrors havebeen synced, etc.

Note:

Whenever in the future you change your mirrorlist, refresh all package lists with pacman -Syy,to ensure that the package lists are updated consistently. See Mirrors for more information.If you are using an older installation medium, your mirrorlist might be outdated, which might leadto problems when updating Arch Linux (see FS#22510 (https://bugs.archlinux.org/task/22510)).Therefore it is advised to obtain the latest mirror information as described above.Some issues have been reported in the Arch Linux forums (https://bbs.archlinux.org/) regardingnetwork problems that prevent pacman from updating/synchronizing repositories (see [3](https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=68944) and [4](https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=65728)). When installing Arch Linux natively, theseissues have been resolved by replacing the default pacman file downloader with an alternative (seeImprove pacman performance for more details). When installing Arch Linux as a guest OS inVirtualBox, this issue has also been addressed by using "Host interface" instead of "NAT" in themachine properties.

Install the base system

The base system is installed using the pacstrap script. The -i switch can be omitted if you wish to installevery package from the base (https://www.archlinux.org/groups/x86_64/base/) group withoutprompting. You may also want to include base-devel(https://www.archlinux.org/groups/x86_64/base-devel/), as you will need these packagesshould you want to build from the AUR.

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# pacstrap -i /mnt base

Note:

If in the middle of the installation of base packages you get a request to import a PGP key, agree todownload the key to proceed. This is likely to happen if the Arch ISO you are using is out of date.If pacman fails to verify your packages, stop the process with Ctrl+C and check the system timewith cal. If the system date is invalid (e.g. it shows the year 2010), signing keys will beconsidered expired (or invalid), signature checks on packages will fail and installation will beinterrupted. Make sure to correct the system time, using the command ntpd -qg, and retryrunning the pacstrap command. Refer to Time page for more information on correcting systemtime.If pacman complains that error: failed to commit transaction (invalid or corrupted package), run thefollowing command:

# pacman-key --init && pacman-key --populate archlinux

This will give you a basic Arch system. Other packages can be installed later using pacman.

Generate an fstab

Generate an fstab file with the following command. UUIDs will be used because they have certainadvantages (see fstab#Identifying filesystems). If you would prefer to use labels instead, replace the -Uoption with -L.

# genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab# nano /mnt/etc/fstab

Warning: The fstab file should always be checked after generating it. If you encounter errors runninggenfstab or later in the install process, do not run genfstab again; just edit the fstab file.

A few considerations:

The last field determines the order in which partitions are checked at start up: use 1 for the (non-btrfs) root partition, which should be checked first; 2 for all other partitions you want checked atstart up; and 0 means 'do not check' (see fstab#Field definitions).All btrfs partitions should have 0 for this field. Normally, you will also want your swap partition tohave 0.

Chroot and configure the base system

Next, chroot into your newly installed system:

# arch-chroot /mnt /bin/bash

Note: Leave out /bin/bash to chroot into the sh shell.

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At this stage of the installation, you will configure the primary configuration files of your Arch Linux basesystem. These can either be created if they do not exist, or edited if you wish to change the defaults.

Closely following and understanding these steps is of key importance to ensure a properly configuredsystem.

Locale

Locales are used by glibc and other locale-aware programs or libraries for rendering text, correctlydisplaying regional monetary values, time and date formats, alphabetic idiosyncrasies, and other locale-specific standards.

There are two files that need editing: locale.gen and locale.conf.

Uncomment as many lines as needed. Remove the # in front of the line(s) you want to use. Using UTF-8is highly recommended over ISO-8859:

# nano /etc/locale.gen

#en_PH.UTF-8 UTF-8#en_PH ISO-8859-1#en_SG.UTF-8 UTF-8#en_SG ISO-8859-1en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8#en_US ISO-8859-1#en_ZA.UTF-8 UTF-8#en_ZA ISO-8859-1

Note: The locale.gen file has everything commented out by default.

Generate the locale(s) specified in /etc/locale.gen:

# locale-gen

Note: This will also run with every update of glibc.

Create the /etc/locale.conf file substituting your chosen locale:

# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf

Note:

The locale specified in the LANG variable must be uncommented in /etc/locale.gen.The locale.conf file does not exist by default. Setting only LANG should be enough as it willact as the default value for all other variables.

Export substituting your chosen locale:

# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8

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Tip: To use other locales for other LC_* variables, run locale to see the available options and addthem to locale.conf. It is not recommended to set the LC_ALL variable. See Locale#Setting thelocale system-wide for details.

Console font and keymap

If you set a keymap at the beginning of the install process, load it now, as well, because the environmenthas changed. For example:

# loadkeys de-latin1# setfont Lat2-Terminus16

To make them available after reboot, edit vconsole.conf (create it if it does not exist):

# nano /etc/vconsole.conf

KEYMAP=de-latin1FONT=Lat2-Terminus16

KEYMAP – Please note that this setting is only valid for your TTYs, not any graphical windowmanagers or Xorg.

FONT – Available alternate console fonts reside in /usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/. Thedefault (blank) is safe, but some foreign characters may show up as white squares or as othersymbols. It is recommended that you change it to Lat2-Terminus16, because according to /usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/README.Lat2-Terminus16, it claims to support "about 110language sets".

Possible option FONT_MAP – Defines the console map to load at boot. Read man setfont.Removing it or leaving it blank is safe.

See Fonts#Console fonts and man vconsole.conf for more information.

Time zone

Available time zones and subzones can be found in the /usr/share/zoneinfo/Zone/SubZonedirectories.

To view the available zones, check the directory /usr/share/zoneinfo/:

# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/

Similarly, you can check the contents of directories belonging to a subzone:

# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe

Create a symbolic link /etc/localtime to your zone file /usr/share/zoneinfo/Zone/SubZoneusing this command:

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# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Zone/SubZone /etc/localtime

Example:

# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Minsk /etc/localtime

Hardware clock

Set the hardware clock mode uniformly between your operating systems. Otherwise, they may overwritethe hardware clock and cause time shifts.

You can generate /etc/adjtime automatically by using one of the following commands:

UTC (recommended)

Note: Using UTC for the hardware clock does not mean that software will display time in UTC.

# hwclock --systohc --utc

localtime (discouraged; used by default in Windows)

Warning: Using localtime may lead to several known and unfixable bugs. However, there are noplans to drop support for localtime.

# hwclock --systohc --localtime

Kernel modules

Tip: This is just an example, you do not need to set it. All needed modules are automatically loaded byudev, so you will rarely need to add something here. Only add modules that you know are missing.

For kernel modules to load during boot, place a *.conf file in /etc/modules-load.d/, with a namebased on the program that uses them.

# nano /etc/modules-load.d/virtio-net.conf

# Load 'virtio-net.ko' at boot.

virtio-net

If there are more modules to load per *.conf, the module names can be separated by newlines. A goodexample are the VirtualBox Guest Additions.

Empty lines and lines starting with # or ; are ignored.

Hostname

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Set the hostname to your liking (e.g. arch):

# echo myhostname > /etc/hostname

Add the same hostname to /etc/hosts:

# nano /etc/hosts

## /etc/hosts: static lookup table for host names#

#<ip-address> <hostname.domain.org> <hostname>127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost myhostname::1 localhost.localdomain localhost

# End of file

Configure the network

You need to configure the network again, but this time for your newly installed environment. Theprocedure and prerequisites are very similar to the one described above, except we are going to make itpersistent and automatically run at boot.

Note:

For more in-depth information on network configration, visit Network configuration and Wirelessnetwork configuration.If you would like to use the old interface naming scheme (ie. eth* and wlan*) you can accomplishthis by creating an empty file at /etc/udev/rules.d/80-net-setup-link.rules which willmask the file of the same name located under /usr/lib/udev/rules.d.

Wired

Dynamic IP

Using dhcpcd

If you only use a single fixed wired network connection, you do not need a network management serviceand can simply enable the dhcpcd service:

# systemctl enable dhcpcd.service

Note: If it does not work, use: # systemctl enable dhcpcd@interface_name.service

Using netctl

Copy a sample profile from /etc/netctl/examples to /etc/netctl:

# cd /etc/netctl# cp examples/ethernet-dhcp my_network

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Edit the profile as needed (update Interface from eth0 to match network adapter ID as shown byrunning ip link):

# nano my_network

Enable the my_network profile:

# netctl enable my_network

Note: You will get the message "Running in chroot, ignoring request.". This can be ignored for now.

Using netctl-ifplugd

Warning: You cannot use this method in conjunction with explicitly enabling profiles, such as netctl enable <profile>.

Alternatively, you can use netctl-ifplugd, which gracefully handles dynamic connections to newnetworks:

Install ifplugd (https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=ifplugd), which is required for netctl-ifplugd:

# pacman -S ifplugd

Then enable for interface that you want:

# systemctl enable netctl-ifplugd@<interface>.service

Tip: Netctl also provides netctl-auto, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunctionwith netctl-ifplugd.

Static IP

Using netctl

Copy a sample profile from /etc/netctl/examples to /etc/netctl:

# cd /etc/netctl# cp examples/ethernet-static my_network

Edit the profile as needed (modify Interface, Address, Gateway and DNS):

# nano my_network

Notice the /24 in Address which is the CIDR notation of a 255.255.255.0 netmask

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Enable above created profile to start it at every boot:

# netctl enable my_network

Using systemd-networkd

See systemd-networkd.

Wireless

Note: If your wireless adapter requires a firmware (as described in the above Establish an internetconnection section and also in the article Wireless network configuration#Device driver), install thepackage containing your firmware. Most of the time, the linux-firmware(https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=linux-firmware) package will contain theneeded firmware. Though for some devices, the required firmware might be in its own package. Forexample:

# pacman -S zd1211-firmware

See Wireless network configuration#Installing driver/firmware for more info.

Install iw (https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=iw) and wpa_supplicant(https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=wpa_supplicant) which you will need to connectto a network:

# pacman -S iw wpa_supplicant

Adding wireless networks

Using wifi-menu

Install dialog (https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=dialog), which is required for wifi-menu:

# pacman -S dialog

After finishing the rest of this installation and rebooting, you can connect to the network with wifi-menu interface_name (where interface_name is the interface of your wireless chipset).

# wifi-menu interface_name

Warning: This must be done *after* your reboot when you are no longer chrooted. The processspawned by this command will conflict with the one you have running outside of the chroot.Alternatively, you could just configure a network profile manually using the following templates so thatyou do not have to worry about using wifi-menu at all.

Using manual netctl profiles

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Copy a network profile from /etc/netctl/examples to /etc/netctl:

# cd /etc/netctl# cp examples/wireless-wpa my-network

Edit the profile as needed (modify Interface, ESSID and Key):

# nano my-network

Enable above created profile to start it at every boot:

# netctl enable my-network

Connect automatically to known networks

Warning: You cannot use this method in conjunction with explicitly enabling profiles, such as netctl enable <profile>.

Install wpa_actiond (https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=wpa_actiond), which isrequired for netctl-auto:

# pacman -S wpa_actiond

Enable the netctl-auto service, which will connect to known networks and gracefully handle roamingand disconnects:

# systemctl enable netctl-auto@interface_name.service

Tip: Netctl also provides netctl-ifplugd, which can be used to handle wired profiles in conjunctionwith netctl-auto.

Analog modem, ISDN or PPPoE DSL

For xDSL, dial-up and ISDN connections, see Direct Modem Connection.

Create an initial ramdisk environment

Tip: Most users can skip this step and use the defaults provided in mkinitcpio.conf. The initramfsimage (from the /boot folder) has already been generated based on this file when the linux(https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=linux) package (the Linux kernel) was installedearlier with pacstrap.

Here you need to set the right hooks if the root is on a USB drive, if you use RAID, LVM, or if /usr ison a separate partition.

Edit /etc/mkinitcpio.conf as needed and re-generate the initramfs image with:

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# mkinitcpio -p linux

Note: Arch VPS installations on QEMU (e.g. when using virt-manager) may need virtio modulesin mkinitcpio.conf to be able to boot.

# nano /etc/mkinitcpio.conf

MODULES="virtio virtio_blk virtio_pci virtio_net"

Set the root password

Set the root password with:

# passwd

Install and configure a bootloader

For BIOS motherboards

For BIOS systems, several boot loaders are available, see Boot loaders for a complete list. Choose one asper your convenience. Here, two of the possibilities are given as examples:

Syslinux is (currently) limited to loading only files from the partition where it was installed. Itsconfiguration file is considered to be easier to understand. An example configuration can be found inthe syslinux article.

GRUB is more feature-rich and supports more complex scenarios. Its configuration file(s) is moresimilar to 'sh' scripting language, which may be difficult for beginners to manually write. It isrecommended that they automatically generate one.

Syslinux

If you opted for a GUID partition table (GPT) for your hard drive earlier, you need to install the gptfdisk(https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=gptfdisk) package now for the installation ofsyslinux to work.

# pacman -S gptfdisk

Install the syslinux (https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=syslinux) package and thenuse the syslinux-install_update script to automatically install the bootloader (-i), mark thepartition active by setting the boot flag (-a), and install the MBR boot code (-m):

# pacman -S syslinux# syslinux-install_update -i -a -m

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After installing Syslinux, configure syslinux.cfg to point to the right root partition. This step is vital. Ifit points to the wrong partition, Arch Linux will not boot. Change /dev/sda3 to reflect your rootpartition (if you partitioned your drive as in the example, your root partition is /dev/sda1). Do the samefor the fallback entry.

# nano /boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg

...LABEL arch ... APPEND root=/dev/sda3 rw ...

For more information on configuring and using Syslinux, see Syslinux.

GRUB

Install the grub (https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=grub) package and then run grub-install to install the bootloader:

# pacman -S grub# grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck /dev/sda

Note:

Change /dev/sda to reflect the drive you installed Arch on. Do not append a partition number(do not use sdaX).For GPT-partitioned drives on BIOS motherboards, you also need a "BIOS Boot Partition". SeeGPT-specific instructions in the GRUB page.A sample /boot/grub/grub.cfg gets installed as part of the grub package, and subsequent grub-* commands may not over-write it. Ensure that your intended changes are in grub.cfg,rather than in grub.cfg.new or some such file.

While using a manually created grub.cfg is absolutely fine, it is recommended that beginnersautomatically generate one:

Tip: To automatically search for other operating systems on your computer, install os-prober(https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=os-prober) (pacman -S os-prober) beforerunning the next command.

# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg

Note: It is possible that multiple redundant menu entries will be generated. SeeGRUB#Redundant_menu_entries.

For more information on configuring and using GRUB, see GRUB.

For UEFI motherboards

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For UEFI systems, several boot loaders are available, see Boot loaders for a complete list. Choose one asper your convenience. Here, two of the possibilities are given as examples:

gummiboot is a minimal UEFI Boot Manager which provides a menu for EFISTUB kernels andother UEFI applications.GRUB is a more complete bootloader, useful if you run into problems with Gummiboot.

Note: For UEFI boot, the drive needs to be GPT-partitioned and an EFI System Partition (512 MiB orlarger, gdisk type EF00, formatted with FAT32) must be present. In the following examples, thispartition is assumed to be mounted at /boot. If you have followed this guide from the beginning, youhave already done all of these.

Gummiboot

First make sure efivars is mounted:

# mount -t efivarfs efivarfs /sys/firmware/efi/efivars

Then install the gummiboot (https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=gummiboot) packageand run gummiboot install to install the bootloader to the EFI System Partition:

# pacman -S gummiboot# gummiboot install

You will need to manually create a configuration file to add an entry for Arch Linux to the gummibootmanager. Create /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf and add the following contents, replacing /dev/sdaX with your root partition, usually /dev/sda2:

# nano /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf

title Arch Linuxlinux /vmlinuz-linuxinitrd /initramfs-linux.imgoptions root=/dev/sdaX rw

For more information on configuring and using gummiboot, see gummiboot.

GRUB

First make sure efivars is mounted:

# mount -t efivarfs efivarfs /sys/firmware/efi/efivars

Then install the grub (https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=grub) and efibootmgr(https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=efibootmgr) packages and run grub-install toinstall the bootloader:

# pacman -S grub efibootmgr# grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id=arch_grub --recheck

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Next, while using a manually created grub.cfg is absolutely fine, it is recommended that beginnersautomatically generate one:

Tip: To automatically search for other operating systems on your computer, install os-prober(https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=os-prober) before running the next command.However os-prober is not known to properly detect UEFI OSes.

# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg

For more information on configuring and using GRUB, see GRUB.

Unmount the partitions and reboot

Exit from the chroot environment:

# exit

Since the partitions are mounted under /mnt, use the following command to unmount them:

# umount -R /mnt

Reboot the computer:

# reboot

Tip: Be sure to remove the installation media, otherwise you will boot back into it.

Post-installationYour new Arch Linux base system is now a functional GNU/Linux environment ready to be built intowhatever you wish or require for your purposes. You are now strongly advised to read Generalrecommendations#System administration and General recommendations#Package management.

See the rest of the General recommendations article for post-installation tutorials like setting up a graphicaluser interface, sound or a touchpad.

For a list of applications that may be of interest, see List of applications.

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This page was last modified on 7 May 2014, at 06:26.Content is available under GNU Free Documentation License 1.3 or later unless otherwise noted.