Becoming a World Becoming a World Power 1890-1913Power 1890-1913

The Pressure to The Pressure to Expand Ch. 18, Expand Ch. 18,

Sec. 1Sec. 1

ImperialismImperialism•Policy by a Policy by a

stronger nation stronger nation to create an to create an empire by empire by dominating dominating weaker nations weaker nations economically, economically, politically, politically, culturally, or culturally, or militarilymilitarily

Pressures for Pressures for ExpansionExpansion•1. Overproduction of food 1. Overproduction of food

and goodsand goods•2. business and farmers 2. business and farmers

needed new marketsneeded new markets•3. To spread democracy3. To spread democracy•4. To spread Christianity4. To spread Christianity•5. Social Darwinism5. Social Darwinism

VocabularyVocabulary•NationalismNationalism: devotion to : devotion to

one’s countryone’s country•AnnexAnnex: to join or attach: to join or attach•Banana republicBanana republic: term used : term used

to describe a Central to describe a Central American nation dominated American nation dominated by U.S. business interestsby U.S. business interests

Reasons for Reasons for ImperialismImperialism

• 1. 1. Economic factorsEconomic factors: countries needed : countries needed natural resources such as rubber and natural resources such as rubber and petroleum and new markets for petroleum and new markets for manufactured goods due to manufactured goods due to overproductionoverproduction

• 2. 2. Nationalist factorsNationalist factors: competition : competition among nations for empires resulted among nations for empires resulted from nationalismfrom nationalism

• 3. 3. Military factorsMilitary factors: advances in : advances in technology and the need for military technology and the need for military bases for fuel and suppliesbases for fuel and supplies

• 4. 4. Humanitarian factorsHumanitarian factors: spread : spread Western civilization, including law, Western civilization, including law, medicine, and Christian religionmedicine, and Christian religion

Time LineTime Line

• 1796: Washington said, 1796: Washington said, “ steer clear of “ steer clear of permanent alliances”permanent alliances”

• 1853: Commodore 1853: Commodore Matthew C. Perry Matthew C. Perry opened Japan to tradeopened Japan to trade

• 1866: 50,000 American 1866: 50,000 American soldiers sent to Mexico soldiers sent to Mexico to stop French from to stop French from placing an emperor on placing an emperor on the thronethe throne

• 1867: Seward bought 1867: Seward bought Alaska from RussiaAlaska from Russia

• 1867: annexed Midway 1867: annexed Midway IslandsIslands

Matthew C. Perry in Matthew C. Perry in Japan 1853Japan 1853

U. S. Foreign U. S. Foreign AffairsAffairs• Began trade with China in 1860sBegan trade with China in 1860s

• Treaty with Hawaii 1870s to sell sugar to the Treaty with Hawaii 1870s to sell sugar to the U.S. duty-freeU.S. duty-free

• 1913 Minor C. Keith of United Fruit Company 1913 Minor C. Keith of United Fruit Company dominated the governments of Costa Rica, dominated the governments of Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras; known as Guatemala, and Honduras; known as “banana republics”“banana republics”

• Growth of U.S. Navy: Alfred T. Mahan wrote Growth of U.S. Navy: Alfred T. Mahan wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-17831660-1783; stated that economy needed ; stated that economy needed markets abroad; by 1900 the U.S. had a markets abroad; by 1900 the U.S. had a powerful navypowerful navy

U. S. Navy U. S. Navy

Security: Naval Security: Naval PowerPower•Naval Act 1890Naval Act 1890: construct : construct battleships, gunboats, battleships, gunboats, torpedo boats, and cruiserstorpedo boats, and cruisers

•Great White FleetGreat White Fleet – one of – one of the most powerful navies in the most powerful navies in the worldthe world

United States and United States and ImperialismImperialism

• Promote economic Promote economic growth: expand growth: expand markets for sale of markets for sale of overproduction of overproduction of goodsgoods

• Protect American Protect American security; Large security; Large Navy and need for Navy and need for Pacific basesPacific bases

• Preserve American Preserve American spirit; social spirit; social DarwinismDarwinism

QuestionQuestion

• What factors influenced the What factors influenced the United States government to United States government to expand abroad?expand abroad?

Write a paragraph in your notes Write a paragraph in your notes describing the pressures that led to U.S. describing the pressures that led to U.S. imperialism. Include a topic sentence and imperialism. Include a topic sentence and a concluding sentence. a concluding sentence.

The Spanish-The Spanish-American War Ch. American War Ch.

18, Sec. 218, Sec. 2

Key WordsKey Words•ArbitrationArbitration: settlement of a : settlement of a dispute by a person chosen dispute by a person chosen to listen to both sides and to listen to both sides and come to a decisioncome to a decision

•JingoismJingoism: intense burst of : intense burst of national pride and desire for national pride and desire for an aggressive foreign policyan aggressive foreign policy

Key WordsKey Words•Spheres of InfluenceSpheres of Influence:: areas of areas of economic and political control in economic and political control in ChinaChina

•Open Door PolicyOpen Door Policy: American : American approach to China, favoring open approach to China, favoring open trade relations between China and trade relations between China and others others

U.S. Involvement in U.S. Involvement in Latin AmericaLatin America• Chile: forced Chile to pay Chile: forced Chile to pay

money to families of slainmoney to families of slain

U.S. sailorsU.S. sailors

• Brazil: U.S. Navy put down Brazil: U.S. Navy put down

rebellion to protect U.S. rebellion to protect U.S.

business interestsbusiness interests

Defending the Defending the Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine•In a dispute between In a dispute between

Britain and Venezuela, the Britain and Venezuela, the U.S. forced them to go to U.S. forced them to go to arbitration to settle the arbitration to settle the dispute over territory dispute over territory between Venezuela and between Venezuela and British GuianaBritish Guiana

Cuban RebellionCuban Rebellion• 1895 Cuba rebelled against Spain1895 Cuba rebelled against Spain

• 150,000 Spanish troops under 150,000 Spanish troops under General Valeriano Weyler, “The General Valeriano Weyler, “The Butcher,” were sent by Spain to stop Butcher,” were sent by Spain to stop the rebellionthe rebellion

• Concentration Camps were set up for Concentration Camps were set up for Cubans; 200,000 Cubans dieCubans; 200,000 Cubans die

• Jose Marti: Cuban journalist Jose Marti: Cuban journalist

describes the horrors in Cubadescribes the horrors in Cuba

U. S. PositionU. S. Position• Cuban rebels attacked sugar Cuban rebels attacked sugar

plantations and mills to get U.S. help. plantations and mills to get U.S. help. Business owners increased pressure Business owners increased pressure on the U.S. government to help the on the U.S. government to help the Cubans.Cubans.

• American newspapers used “yellow American newspapers used “yellow journalism” to get U. S. support for journalism” to get U. S. support for Cuba. The Cuba. The New York WorldNew York World and the and the New York Morning JournalNew York Morning Journal competed. competed.

Causes of WarCauses of War

•1. Explosion of the 1. Explosion of the MaineMaine

•2. Yellow journalism2. Yellow journalism

•3. The de Lome Letter3. The de Lome Letter

•4. Sympathy for the 4. Sympathy for the CubansCubans

MaineMaine• U.S. battleship U.S. battleship U.S.S. U.S.S.

MaineMaine blew up and blew up and sank in Havana Harbor, sank in Havana Harbor, killing 250 Americans.killing 250 Americans.

• Americans believed Americans believed that Spain had blown that Spain had blown up the shipup the ship

• (Ships boiler blew up)(Ships boiler blew up)

• Pressure to declare warPressure to declare war

from American citizensfrom American citizens

William Randolph William Randolph HearstHearst

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

De Lome LetterDe Lome Letter• Letter written by ambassador to Letter written by ambassador to

Washington, Dupuy de Lome, Washington, Dupuy de Lome, describing President McKinley as describing President McKinley as “weak and a bidder for the “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd” was stolen admiration of the crowd” was stolen and published.and published.

• U. S. citizens are angeredU. S. citizens are angered

BattlesBattles•May 1, 1898, Admiral George May 1, 1898, Admiral George

Dewey attacked the Spanish Dewey attacked the Spanish Pacific Fleet in Manila Bay, Pacific Fleet in Manila Bay, PhilippinesPhilippines

•Spanish fleet sunk in seven Spanish fleet sunk in seven hours.hours.

•U.S. controlled the areaU.S. controlled the area

PhilippinesPhilippines

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

•Filipino leader who Filipino leader who helped the U.S. contain helped the U.S. contain Spanish troops, hoping Spanish troops, hoping for independencefor independence

•U.S. did not grant U.S. did not grant independence until 1946independence until 1946

Battle in CubaBattle in Cuba• Navy attacked the Navy attacked the

Spanish Atlantic Spanish Atlantic Fleet in Santiago, Fleet in Santiago, Cuba, sinking the Cuba, sinking the shipsships

• Land war: Rough Land war: Rough Riders, under Riders, under Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt charged up San charged up San Juan HillJuan Hill

• ““A splendid little A splendid little war” John Haywar” John Hay

Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris 18981898•Cuba gains independenceCuba gains independence

•U.S. gains Philippines, U.S. gains Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam as Puerto Rico, and Guam as unincorporated territoriesunincorporated territories

•U.S. paid Spain $20 millionU.S. paid Spain $20 million

Results of WarResults of War•The U.S. fought Aguinaldo for The U.S. fought Aguinaldo for

three years, resulting in many three years, resulting in many Filipino deaths; The Philippines Filipino deaths; The Philippines remained a U.S. possession until remained a U.S. possession until 1946.1946.

•Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment promised that promised that the U.S. would not annex Cubathe U.S. would not annex Cuba

•Constitution of Cuba 1900Constitution of Cuba 1900

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment

•Cuban government could not Cuban government could not enter foreign agreementsenter foreign agreements

•Had to give the U.S. two Had to give the U.S. two bases (Guantanamo Bay)bases (Guantanamo Bay)

•U.S. had right to intervene if U.S. had right to intervene if necessary; in effect until necessary; in effect until 19341934

Puerto RicoPuerto Rico• No independence No independence

• People given citizenship in 1917People given citizenship in 1917

• May vote on statehood again in a few May vote on statehood again in a few yearsyears

PacificPacific• Trade agreement – Hawaiian sugar Trade agreement – Hawaiian sugar

sold duty free in the U.S.sold duty free in the U.S.• Hawaii: U.S. leased Pearl HarborHawaii: U.S. leased Pearl Harbor -Queen Liliuokalani: pineapple guru -Queen Liliuokalani: pineapple guru

Sanford B. Dole removed her from the Sanford B. Dole removed her from the throne in 1893throne in 1893

-Annexed in 1898-Annexed in 1898• Samoa: Divided islands with Samoa: Divided islands with

Germany; U.S. got harbor, Pago PagoGermany; U.S. got harbor, Pago Pago

"Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that in a little while, you will be as glad to be here as they are!"

Queen LiliuokalaniQueen Liliuokalani

ChinaChina•Vast marketVast market

•Spheres of InfluenceSpheres of Influence

•John Hay developed “Open Door John Hay developed “Open Door PolicyPolicy

•““Boxer” Rebellion - 1900 Boxer” Rebellion - 1900 rebellion against foreigners; rebellion against foreigners; “Righteous and Harmonious “Righteous and Harmonious Fists”- 300 killedFists”- 300 killed

Time ZonesTime Zones

• World is divided into 24 time zonesWorld is divided into 24 time zones

• Prime Meridian, which passes Prime Meridian, which passes through Greenwich, England is Othrough Greenwich, England is Ooo longitudelongitude

• International Date Line is 180International Date Line is 180oo longitude; the calendar date to the longitude; the calendar date to the east of this line is one day earlier.east of this line is one day earlier.

• Page 526Page 526

Expansion Under Expansion Under Roosevelt and TaftRoosevelt and Taft

Chapter 18Chapter 18

Section 3 & 4Section 3 & 4

Presidents of this EraPresidents of this Era• 25 1897-1901 William McKinley 25 1897-1901 William McKinley

– Garret A. Hobart and Theodore Roosevelt Garret A. Hobart and Theodore Roosevelt

• 26 1901-1909 Theodore Roosevelt 26 1901-1909 Theodore Roosevelt

• 27 1909-1913 William Howard Taft 27 1909-1913 William Howard Taft

• 28 1913-1921 Woodrow Wilson 28 1913-1921 Woodrow Wilson

• 29 1921-1923 Warren G. Harding 29 1921-1923 Warren G. Harding – Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge

Key WordsKey Words

•ConcessionConcession: grant for a : grant for a piece of land in exchange piece of land in exchange for a promise to use the for a promise to use the land for a specific purposeland for a specific purpose

•Dollar diplomacyDollar diplomacy: encourage : encourage investment abroadinvestment abroad

Key WordsKey Words• Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt Corollary to the Monroe to the Monroe

Doctrine: extension of a previously Doctrine: extension of a previously accepted ideaaccepted idea1. Not use the Monroe Doctrine for 1. Not use the Monroe Doctrine for territorial aggressionterritorial aggression

2. U.S. intervene to prevent 2. U.S. intervene to prevent intervention from other powersintervention from other powers

• RacismRacism: belief that differences in : belief that differences in character or intelligence are due to character or intelligence are due to one’s raceone’s race

William McKinleyWilliam McKinley•Reelected in Reelected in

19001900•Assassinated Assassinated

in 1901in 1901•Vice President Vice President

Theodore Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt becomes becomes presidentpresident

Theodore Roosevelt’s Theodore Roosevelt’s Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

• U.S. a world powerU.S. a world power

• Intervenes in the Intervenes in the affairs of countries affairs of countries that were of that were of economic and economic and strategic interest strategic interest

• Spanish-American Spanish-American War shows the need War shows the need for a shorter route for a shorter route between the Pacific between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceansand Atlantic Oceans

The Panama Canal

Panama CanalPanama Canal• Isthmus of Panama: belonged to ColumbiaIsthmus of Panama: belonged to Columbia

• Ferdinand de Lesseps bought a concession Ferdinand de Lesseps bought a concession in 1879 to build a canal. in 1879 to build a canal.

• After 10 years, the company abandoned the After 10 years, the company abandoned the project.project.

• Congress passed the Spooner Act in 1902, Congress passed the Spooner Act in 1902, authorizing the purchase of the French authorizing the purchase of the French assets for $40 million.assets for $40 million.

• Colombia would not negotiate with the U.S.Colombia would not negotiate with the U.S.

LeaseLease• Roosevelt indicated that the U.S. would not Roosevelt indicated that the U.S. would not

interfere if the French company organized a interfere if the French company organized a Panamanian revolt against Colombia.Panamanian revolt against Colombia.

• In November, 1903 a revolt broke out with In November, 1903 a revolt broke out with U.S. warships offshore to provide support U.S. warships offshore to provide support for the rebels. for the rebels.

• The U.S. recognized Panama as an The U.S. recognized Panama as an independent country and ratified the independent country and ratified the Hay-Hay-Bunau-Varilla TreatyBunau-Varilla Treaty in 1904. in 1904.

• The treaty gave the U.S. a grant of a 10-The treaty gave the U.S. a grant of a 10-mile-wide strip for a Canal Zone for $10 mile-wide strip for a Canal Zone for $10 million.million.

ConstructionConstruction• Construction, which began in 1904, was Construction, which began in 1904, was

finished in 1914finished in 1914

• William C. Gorgas virtually eliminated William C. Gorgas virtually eliminated malaria and yellow fever.malaria and yellow fever.

• Roosevelt’s tactics used to acquire the Roosevelt’s tactics used to acquire the Panama Canal caused ill-will among Latin Panama Canal caused ill-will among Latin Americans toward the U.S.Americans toward the U.S.

• In 1921, Congress paid Colombia $25 million In 1921, Congress paid Colombia $25 million in recognition of the illegal means used to in recognition of the illegal means used to acquire the Canal Zoneacquire the Canal Zone

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy• ““Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will

go far.” This quote by TR alluded to the go far.” This quote by TR alluded to the threat of military force to conduct an threat of military force to conduct an aggressive foreign policy.aggressive foreign policy.

• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine:Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: the U.S. government would intervene to the U.S. government would intervene to prevent intervention from other powers.prevent intervention from other powers.

• Santo Domingo: U.S. took over finances and Santo Domingo: U.S. took over finances and paid European debtpaid European debt

• U.S. continued to intervene in Latin AmericaU.S. continued to intervene in Latin America

Russo-Japanese Russo-Japanese WarWar• In 1905, Roosevelt In 1905, Roosevelt

mediated the mediated the conflict.conflict.

• He received the He received the Nobel Peace Prize for Nobel Peace Prize for his role as mediator.his role as mediator.

Japan received land Japan received land and control over and control over Korea; Russia left Korea; Russia left Manchuria; China Manchuria; China remained open to all remained open to all for trade.for trade.

William Howard William Howard TaftTaft

• Elected in 1908Elected in 1908• Foreign policy goals Foreign policy goals

were to maintain were to maintain the open door in the open door in Asia and preserve Asia and preserve stability in Latin stability in Latin AmericaAmerica

• Dollar diplomacy Dollar diplomacy substituted dollars substituted dollars for bullets, although for bullets, although the results were not the results were not always profitable.always profitable.

Chapter 18, Section 4Chapter 18, Section 4

““Debating American’s New Debating American’s New Role”Role”

Anti-ImperialistsAnti-Imperialists• Moral and political arguments: nation Moral and political arguments: nation

was founded on “liberty for all”was founded on “liberty for all”

• Racial arguments: some Americans Racial arguments: some Americans believed that people Anglo-Saxon believed that people Anglo-Saxon heritage were superiorheritage were superior

• Economic arguments: some felt that Economic arguments: some felt that expansion cost too much in maintaining expansion cost too much in maintaining necessary armed forces or that people necessary armed forces or that people from annexed territories would take from annexed territories would take jobsjobs

Imperialism’s Imperialism’s AppealAppeal• Many Americans felt that imperialism Many Americans felt that imperialism

offered a New Frontier abroad.offered a New Frontier abroad.• Many supported the effort to gain Many supported the effort to gain

foreign markets for U.S. productsforeign markets for U.S. products• The U.S. became a powerful player on The U.S. became a powerful player on

the world stagethe world stage• Roosevelt sent part of the Navy on a Roosevelt sent part of the Navy on a

cruise around the world to cruise around the world to demonstrate the Great White Fleet.demonstrate the Great White Fleet.

QuestionQuestion

• During the late 1800s, the press During the late 1800s, the press fanned the flames of the Spanish-fanned the flames of the Spanish-American War by publishing American War by publishing sensational stories about Spanish sensational stories about Spanish cruelties in Cuba. On what cruelties in Cuba. On what current issues has the press current issues has the press played a major role in influencing played a major role in influencing public opinion?public opinion?

• Answer in paragraph form in your notesAnswer in paragraph form in your notes