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IN-BUILDING PROPAGATION MODELLING73 HAROLD ST.

John Litva

January 31, 2007

ALMONTE, ON.

K0A 1A09290(613) 256-9290

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he road ahead.1. Basic Beamformin

2. McMaster propagation trials3. Ottawa adaptive beamforming trials

4. Warehouse/Enterprise propagation trials

5. In-building propagation models1. one-s ope mo e

2. Motif model

3. ParFlow model

6. Modelling buildings

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32-element, Multi-frequency

Propagation measurements based on in-building AOA and time-of-flight measurements

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Characteristics of the arra NOS OF ELEMENTS 32

ELEMENT SPACING 5.71 cm FIRST GRATING LOBES 15

STARTING FREQUENCY 8.05 GHz

NOS OF FREQUENCY STEPS 70 z

TOTAL BANDWIDTH 280 MHz

RANGE RESOLUTION 1.0 M (3ns delay)

UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE 75 M

synthesized 128-element array.

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Pro a ation in a hallwa

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Formation of a doublet

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Moving into a stochastic

r

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Channel models Propagation is a purely random Phenomenon

Hence, people talk about fading and de-correlation

Propagation is not repeatable, look at a trace of fading;its completely random

The best propagation Models are stochastic in nature

Channel entropy is very high(Q/T)

One has to develop weight coefficients once every frame

Thats why one needs very fast DSPs

One cannot predict propagation in an Urban Environment

Within cell propagation is indistinguishable from Out-of-cell

Propagation There is no hope of distinguishing between them

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Much of the environment is

r When you walk along a street in a city, the perspective

,

identify the fact that you are still in the same city. Remember that the frequency being used is 100,000 time

The buildings are fixed, they dont move.

You cant build just anywhere, you have to conform to a

When the transmit antenna is located below the roof-tops, the signals are guided by street channels

When water flows in a river, there can be a lot of localcomplexity, but since the water is guided by the river banksthere is order.

,

In LOS propagation, there are fixed scattering points thatdont move

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Proof-of-concept for

v r

Data logger Telemetry unit

VSG (GSM with

2 timelots

active)

Type N

SMA

0.141 coax

0.141 coax MS2MS2

Com y

MS1MS1Com z

Data link to Base

(802.11b.)DuplexerFilter

IEEE

488

LNA

Type N

SMA

SMA

0.141 coax

Cat 5

12 VDC 110 VAC

Inverter (500W)

12 VDC 110 VAC

Inverter (500W)

Com x

john.litva@tenxc.com 10

Spectrum

Analyzer

GPS

&

Time

Type N

SMA

0.141 coax

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rial siteCoverage

Area Building

North F

Building

E

Terry Fox

Dr.

Trial BTS Site, 359 Terry Fox

Dr.

john.litva@tenxc.com 12

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E ui ment confi uration

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RSSI measurements Uplink CIR performance is demonstrated in real time by using a

GSM frame timing RSSI is measured on all Rx time slots from the wanted and interferer mobiles.

Signal level/RSSI of wanted

Beamforming Off Beamforming On

.

mobile (P1)

Signal level of interferer

without beamforming (P2)

beamforming (P3)

CIRUL w/o ABF = P1 P2

CIRUL w/ ABF = P1 P3 TSTSTS6CIRUL* = P2 P3

* Approximate.

4 53

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Drive route45.3498

Mobile locations (10:17:15 to 10:19:46, Sept.9)

45.35 1

141

Desired mobile

Interfere

BTS

The dashed linesDefine the region of

45.3502

45.3504

de(deg)

21 CogencyBuilding

s a ow ng

The dotted lines

45.3506

45.3508

Latitu

41

101

121

were the wantedand unwanted anglesare very close. TheyVary from 15 to

45.351

45.3512

61

81

InnovanceBuilding

. .

75.9175 75.918 75.9185 75.919 75.9195 75.92 75.9205 75.921

Longitude (deg)

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RSSI measurements-20

-10Uplink BF performance (9:50:47 to 9:55:10, Sept.9, one interferer)

slot4MSW w/BF

Bm)

-60

-50

-40

-30

RSSI(dB) slot7

MSW wo/BF

RSSI(d

Non-Line-of-Sight

-40

-30

-20

-10

SSI(

dB)

slot4

slot7

I(d

Bm)

Slot 5

Slot 2

MSI w/BF

MSI wo/BF

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200-60

-50R

40CIR gain

))

RS

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2000

10

20

CIR

gain(dB

CIRUL(d

Location

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Downlink BF erformance1

Downlink BF performance (9:50:47 to 9:55:10, Sept.9, one interferer)

0.8

0.9

issa)

0.5

0.6

0.7

CDFU

L 17 dB

0.3

0.4

(%

CI

0

0.1

0.2

Pro 90% CIRDL > 12 dB

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

CIR gain (dB)

CIRUL (dB)

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PDF for the downlink:

0.8

0.9

1

0.6

0.7

CD

F

0.3

0.4

.

0.1

0.2

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

CIR Gain (dB)

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0.8

0.9

1

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.3

0.4

0

0.1

0.2

CIR Gain (dB)

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est #2: Downlink CDFDownlink BF performance (13:38:9 to 13:41:24, Sept.24, two interferers)

0.8

0.9

1

0.6

0.7

0.3

0.4

0.5CD

0.1

0.2

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350

CIR gain (dB)

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Intersection oints-20

-10Uplink BF performance (13:43:15 to 13:47:20, Sept.24, two interferers)

slot4

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200-60

-50

-40

-30

RSS

I(dB) s o

-40

-30

-20

-10

RSSI(dB)

slot5

slot2

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200-60

-50

30

40CIR gain

B)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2000

10

20

CIR

gain

(d

Intersection Points

D &1st I D &2ndI D &2ndI D &1st I D &1st I

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Uplink CDF for the cases where there isoverlap between the wanted and unwantedsignals

CDF Uplink - Overlapping LOSs

0.8

0.6

ofUplinkData

CDFs

0.2

0.4CDF

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350

CIR Gain

ULs

Mean = 16.8 dBStandard Dev = 6.5 dB

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Boyd WarehousePanoramic view of the warehouse

oor :

TenXcs entranceThrough this door go the giants of radio location

1/31/2007

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Warehouse interior

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Comparison of measured and

Amplitude [dB] Phase []

10

5

100

200

Am

Phas

20

15

v ,

v

100

0

v ,

r arg v( )

litude[d

B]

[degre

es]

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.525

ye v

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5200

ye v

Distance along array [m] Distance along array [m]

xx 43= y = 2 264.026=The red curves give simulated values of amplitude and phase at the outputs of16-elements of the array antenna. The blue curves give the measured values ofamplitude an phase at the antenna elements. There is a close agreement between

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s mu a ons an measuremen s.

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Correlation functionsX ef12:= Y :=

Complex number which givesthe simulated volta e at element

v, v , v

15

v at distance, designated by t

Complex number which givesthe measured voltage at elementv and at nominal distance

t

0n

n t, n

=

=

A A 0.15:=

Correlation function of the measured

and simulated phases

Bt

15

Xn t

Yn

:= 15

=

This correlation function is used to do the fine estimatesof x

0n= t

0n

n t, n=

Et

200 Et

:=B 70 B:=

Correlation function whichuses the amplitude and phaseof the measured and simulated

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simulated voltagesCorrelation function of the amplitudesof the measured and simulatedvoltages

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Correlation function, U, for fine

4

41.5 m: Boyd: April 21, 2006

Estimated value of Y Estimated valuesX = 88.75m

Y = 0.944m

3

3.5

ion

Nominal values

X = 88mY = 1m

2

2.5

llationCoefficient

U t

lat

ion

func

Notice that theside lobe is downby 8 dB

1

1.5Corr

Corr

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 30

0.5

0

2.7270 yb t-

Y [m]

Nominal value of Y

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Ambi uities.lots of them88

Boyd Warehouse: Apr. 25, 2006: 88m

90

Ambiguities

94

92

latio

nNumber

Nv 1,

Course estimate

96

Corr

100

98

Range [m]

Nv 0,

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RSSI Propagation modelsn oor o e ngn oor o e ng

mpiric

al

One-Slope Model

SemiEmp.

Multi-Wall Model

Dominant Path Model

H

bri

Ray Optical Models + Multi-Wall Model

SemiDet.

Motif Model ~ Wave Oriented Ray Model

inistic

brid

Method of Moment + Ra -O tical Models

Ray Optical Models Ray-TracingRay-Launching

Deter H

Transmission Line Matrix ParFlow

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COST231

(1)

where:

LOSM...........Predicted signal loss (dB)

L0(d0).........Signal loss at distance d0 from transmitter (dB) n ................ ower ecay ac or -

d ................Distance between antennas (m)

d0 ...............Reference distance between antennas (usually 1 m) (m)

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Multi-wall model

where:

LFloors = afkf (4)

LMWM .........Predicted signal loss (dB)

...............

LWalls..........Contribution of walls to total signal loss (dB)

LFloors.........Contribution of floors to total signal loss (dB)

awi..............Transmission loss factor of one wall of i-th kind (dB)

kwi..............Number of walls of i-th kind (-) I.................Number of wall kinds (-)

af...............Transmission loss factor of one floor (dB)

................ um er o oors

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Parsons Model

Qfi SAdY 5.27log6.17log6.177.37

1010900, ++=

Qfi SAdY 9.20log3.23log0.409.2710101800,

++=

i SAdY 3.27log1.16log0.409.7

10102300 ++=

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Motif ModelMartin Klepal, Czech Technical University in Prague

Motif 2D or 3D environments are composed of square or cubic grid elements,

res ectivel .

Each grid element characterises the local mean environment behaviour by appropriateprobabilistic parameters.Model - Describing an Environment (2)

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Motif Model

Common situationDrain

- a wall surrounded by many other

undefined obstacles

Door

Cabinet

CabinetCabinet

Shelf

TablePerson Cluster of obstaclesCluster of obstacles

Plane IncidentWave

M o t i f P a r a m e t e r s

P rA

P r o b a b i li ty o f A b s o r p t io n

Cluster of obstaclesCluster of obstacles -- MotifMotif

O v e ra l l P ro b a b i l it y

R a d i a t io n P a t t e rn

R

P rD S .. P r o b . o f D i f fu s e S c a t t e r in g

P l a n e I n c id e n t W a v e 3D power reradiation by a cluster3D power reradiation by a cluster

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Motif Model

Ray propagation takes advantages of the modified simple line-drawing technique

utilizing environment division into a grid.

no complicated calculations of reflection or diffraction are used while all theeffects including diffuse scattering are taken into account

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Motif Model e ng va ua on

BuildingBuilding ofof Hotel DiplomatHotel Diplomat

DifferenceDifferenceMeasurementMeasurement PredictionPrediction

MeanMeanErrorError(dB)(dB)

StandardStandardDeviationDeviation

(dB)(dB)

General MotifGeneral MotifParametersParameters 0.70.7 4.94.9

THE PARFLOW THEORY

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THE PARFLOW THEORY

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The binary tree is built starting from the head node (top).he division recursion acts on each node along the main

Comparison between predictions

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Comparison between predictions

.

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ParFlow simulations

What is a building?

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What is a building?>200 different t es buildin s listed for NYC

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Hi h-rise buildin s

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Ima e ca ture of buildin s

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Almonte hos ital

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Almonte hos ital extension

Court

CeilingHt. 11

Hallway

Brick,insulation,

11

7

11 x12.5

Patient room

supportwall, anddrywall

153

Window (partially tinted)External story ht.

= 12

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Almonte hos ital

Windows indicate location of rooms

Outer dimensions are captured from the image

Ratio of window area to wall area

Outer envelope of the building

Window area = 8 x 6.7 x 16 = 857.6 ft2

a area = x - . = .

Ratio = 5 dB

Propagation loss

Window ~ -5 dB (tinted) Walls ~ -14 dB

~

60% of the energy enters through the windows