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BBN–ANG–183 TypographyDigital fonts
Zoltán G. Kiss & Péter Szigetvári
Dept of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University
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preliminaries
wealth of digital font formats. . .http://www.linotype.com
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preliminaries
aims for today
◮ digital font formats, digital font technology (for print)
◮ how does the computer handle fonts?
◮ codepages, UNICODE
◮ smart fonts
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preliminaries
steps from metal type to digital font
milestones
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 4 / 111
preliminaries
steps from metal type to digital font
milestones
◮ until the 1960’s: metal type, handsetting, letterpress printing,one set of font for each size (no scaling)
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 4 / 111
preliminaries
steps from metal type to digital font
milestones
◮ until the 1960’s: metal type, handsetting, letterpress printing,one set of font for each size (no scaling)
◮ 1960’s–1980’s: phototypesetting: scaling, cheap, quick
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preliminaries
a photographic film font (1970’s)
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preliminaries
steps from metal type to digital font
milestones
◮ until the 1960’s: metal type, handsetting, letterpress printing,one set of font for each size (no scaling)
◮ 1960’s–1980’s: phototypesetting: scaling, cheap, quick◮ 1980’s: (desktop) computers
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 6 / 111
preliminaries
steps from metal type to digital font
milestones
◮ until the 1960’s: metal type, handsetting, letterpress printing,one set of font for each size (no scaling)
◮ 1960’s–1980’s: phototypesetting: scaling, cheap, quick◮ 1980’s: (desktop) computers
◮ laser printers, laser imagesetters
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 6 / 111
preliminaries
steps from metal type to digital font
milestones
◮ until the 1960’s: metal type, handsetting, letterpress printing,one set of font for each size (no scaling)
◮ 1960’s–1980’s: phototypesetting: scaling, cheap, quick◮ 1980’s: (desktop) computers
◮ laser printers, laser imagesetters
◮ WYSIWYG concept of typesetting vs. command-based markup
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 6 / 111
preliminaries
steps from metal type to digital font
milestones
◮ until the 1960’s: metal type, handsetting, letterpress printing,one set of font for each size (no scaling)
◮ 1960’s–1980’s: phototypesetting: scaling, cheap, quick◮ 1980’s: (desktop) computers
◮ laser printers, laser imagesetters
◮ WYSIWYG concept of typesetting vs. command-based markup
◮ page description languages (PDLs): PostScript (Adobe)
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postscript
why is PostScript important?
◮ computer-based typography is possible
◮ outline & vector-based ⇒ lossless scalability
◮ device independence
◮ sets the ground for WYSIWYG
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postscript
the PostScript model
notable features: 1. vector-based outlines
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postscript
the PostScript model
notable features: 1. vector-based outlines
◮ complete programming language of its own
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postscript
the PostScript model
notable features: 1. vector-based outlines
◮ complete programming language of its own
◮ describes the elements of a page as scalable, vector-based objectsusing outlines/paths defined in points, lines & Bézier curves
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postscrip
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postscript
the PostScript model
notable features: 1. vector-based outlines
◮ complete programming language of its own
◮ describes the elements of a page as scalable, vector-based objectsusing outlines/paths defined in points, lines & Bézier curves
◮ objects can be scaled to any size and imaged at any resolution
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postscript
the PostScript model
notable features: 1. vector-based outlines
◮ complete programming language of its own
◮ describes the elements of a page as scalable, vector-based objectsusing outlines/paths defined in points, lines & Bézier curves
◮ objects can be scaled to any size and imaged at any resolution◮ objects can be transformed (rotation, mirroring, etc.) and coloured
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postscript
the PostScript model
notable features: 2. device independence
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postscript
the PostScript model
notable features: 2. device independence
◮ before PS: exclusive proprietary font technologies
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postscript
the PostScript model
notable features: 2. device independence
◮ before PS: exclusive proprietary font technologies◮ not linked to any particular type of printer or computer
operating system
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 11 / 111
postscript
the PostScript model
notable features: 2. device independence
◮ before PS: exclusive proprietary font technologies◮ not linked to any particular type of printer or computer operating
system
◮ written in plain text (ASCII)
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 11 / 111
postscript
the PostScript model
notable features: 2. device independence
◮ before PS: exclusive proprietary font technologies◮ not linked to any particular type of printer or computer operating
system
◮ written in plain text (ASCII)
◮ the de facto standard for high quality printing in the printing industry(cf. PDF also)
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postscript
simple PostScript codes (◮demo)
%!PS
100 200 moveto 300 400 lineto stroke
showpage
moves “cursor” (leaser beam) to the point with coordinates (100, 200) and thendraws a line to the point (300, 400)
%!PS
/Courier findfont
12 scalefont
setfont
72 500 moveto
(Hello world!) show
showpage
prints “Hello world!” in 12 pt Courier (embedded in the printer) at pos. (72, 500)
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font rendering
how can the outlines be output to screen & paper?
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font rendering
relevant terms
◮ rasterizing, the raster image processor(RIP)/interpreter/translator
◮ resolution
◮ grid fitting, rendering/imaging
◮ hinting & anti-aliasing
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font rendering rasterizing
the conversion of PS code into printed page
raster image processor (RIP)
◮ the PS commands are interpreted and expressed for a specificoutput device—the PostScript interpreter
◮ software (PostScript drivers by Adobe or GhostScript)◮ hardware chip: raster image processor, RIP
◮ the output “surface”: grid of square/rectangle pixels or dots
◮ the “beam” of the monitor/printer blinks on/off to create darkvs. white dots on the grid
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font rendering resolution
the dot grid of the output device
resolution
◮ the number of apparent pixels/dots the monitor/printer can createper inch (ppi/dpi)
◮ essentially: the density of the grid surface◮ the number of areas that can be used to paint the image
◮ printers: good quality: 600 dpi; press quality: from 1200 dpi;monitors, mobile devices: from 72 ppi, 96 ppi to 400 ppi (“retina”)
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font rendering resolution
low-resolution grid
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font rendering resolution
high-resolution grid
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font rendering resolution
Bodoni at 3 resolutions
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font rendering grid fitting
imaging PostScript fonts
grid fitting
◮ the process of placing character outlines on the grid and decidingwhich dots should be inked
◮ when an image is inked by the RIP (the dots are printed), it isimaged or rendered or rasterized
◮ when 90% of a pixel/dot is covered, it is inked
◮ problem: the world of perfect curves ⇐⇒ world of square pixels/dots
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font rendering grid fitting
grid fitting
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font rendering grid fitting
BUT: there can be problems with grid fittingat lower resolutions & curvy lines. . .
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font rendering grid fitting
problems of grid fitting
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font rendering grid fitting
imaging PostScript fonts
hinting
◮ outlines are reshaped to assure that appropriate pixels are turnedon and the glyph shape is reproduced with maximum fidelity
◮ programming instructions (hints) are added to the design codeof the glyph in the font
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font rendering grid fitting
grid-fitting techniques for outline fonts
◮ hinting (specified within the font itself; a lot of work for designers!)
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font rendering grid fitting
grid-fitting techniques for outline fonts
◮ hinting (specified within the font itself; a lot of work for designers!)◮ low-resolution screens, small size fonts
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font rendering grid fitting
grid-fitting techniques for outline fonts
◮ hinting (specified within the font itself; a lot of work for designers!)◮ low-resolution screens, small size fonts
◮ Windows 7/8/10: DirectWrite engine with ClearType subpixelrendering, crisper rendering but jagged edges
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font rendering grid fitting
grid-fitting techniques for outline fonts
◮ hinting (specified within the font itself; a lot of work for designers!)◮ low-resolution screens, small size fonts
◮ Windows 7/8/10: DirectWrite engine with ClearType subpixelrendering, crisper rendering but jagged edges
◮ Mac OS X/iOS: Core Text engine withanti-aliasing/smoothing, more grey pixels at edges, smoother
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font rendering grid fitting
font rendering on Mac vs. Windows
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font rendering grid fitting
grid-fitting techniques for outline fonts
◮ hinting (specified within the font itself; a lot of work for designers!)◮ low-resolution screens, small size fonts
◮ Windows 7/8/10: DirectWrite engine with ClearType subpixelrendering, crisper rendering but jagged edges
◮ Mac OS X/iOS: Core Text engine withanti-aliasing/smoothing, more grey pixels at edges, smoother
◮ low-end printers (below 1200 dpi): variable dot size technology(beam power modulation)
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font formats
and now to the basic digital font formats
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font formats
two meanings of font “format”
format, meaning 1
the platform for which the font was designed (Windows PC vs. Mac)
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font formats
two meanings of font “format”
format, meaning 1
the platform for which the font was designed (Windows PC vs. Mac)
format, meaning 2
the way that the typographic information itself is described and how thatinformation is organized (bitmap vs. outline; Type 1 vs. TrueType, etc.)
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font formats
what’s in a digital font?
fonts are computer programs that contain:
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font formats
what’s in a digital font?
fonts are computer programs that contain:
◮ painting/drawing instructions (e.g., Bézier curve outlines, hinting)
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font formats
what’s in a digital font?
fonts are computer programs that contain:
◮ painting/drawing instructions (e.g., Bézier curve outlines, hinting)◮ metrical data (x-height, set-width, etc.) in ems
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font formats
what’s in a digital font?
fonts are computer programs that contain:
◮ painting/drawing instructions (e.g., Bézier curve outlines, hinting)◮ metrical data (x-height, set-width, etc.) in ems
◮ kerning information in ems
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font formats
kerning
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font formats
what’s in a digital font?
fonts are computer programs that contain:
◮ painting/drawing instructions (e.g., Bézier curve outlines, hinting)◮ metrical data (x-height, set-width, etc.) in ems
◮ kerning information in ems
◮ ligature information (“lig pairs”)
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font formats
ligature
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font formats
what’s in a digital font?
fonts are computer programs that contain:
◮ painting/drawing instructions (e.g., Bézier curve outlines, hinting)◮ metrical data (x-height, set-width, etc.) in ems
◮ kerning information in ems
◮ ligature information (“lig pairs”)
◮ character repertoire/set and encoding (mapping betweencharacter/glyph to a code number)
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font formats
basic font formats (w.r.t. glyph description)
◮ bitmap(ped) fonts (a.k.a. screen/printer fonts)
◮ outline fonts (a.k.a. postscript, vector, scalable fonts)
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font formats bitmap
bitmap fonts: main characteristics
◮ every glyph is drawn as an array of dots, the imaging device simplycopies (= maps) these dots into place on the screen or page
◮ one-to-one correspondence between glyph design and imaging, noneed for “translator”
◮ each one of these dots is represented by one bit of computer data(yes/no choice of imaging/printing a dot or not)
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font formats bitmap
bitmap fonts: advantages
◮ fast and easy processing/rendering (cheap/small systems)
◮ always give exactly the same output (no “hinting”)
◮ easier to design than other kinds◮ does not require a separate translator
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font formats bitmap
bitmap fonts: disadvantages
◮ very large files (especially if the point size increases)
◮ device & resolution dependence: fixed resolution, cannot be(optimally) scaled
◮ inferior pdf output (“pixellation”)
bitmap fonts: typical applications
computer consoles, older dot-matrix printers
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font formats bitmap
cash register machine: bitmap font
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font formats outline
outline fonts
characteristics
◮ collections of Bézier-based vector–curve outlines of glyphs◮ every glyph is drawn with the help of straight line and curve segments
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font formats outline
outline fonts
advantages
◮ outlines can be mathematically scaled to any size without distortingthe shapes/proportions of the glyphs
◮ excellent/clean pdf output
◮ device & resolution independence
◮ de facto standard of printing
◮ basic fonts are included in (PS) printers◮ most digital fonts available are outline
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font formats outline
outline fonts
disadvantages
◮ grid-fixing problems at lower res. (hinting)
◮ small changes in shape depending on resolution and position◮ font shapes depend on rendering engine technology
◮ need intermediate “translator”
◮ slow(er) printing
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font formats outline
outline font formats
◮ (METAFONT)
◮ PostScript fonts: Type 1 (Type 2, Type 3)
◮ TrueType fonts
◮ (MultipleMaster (MM) fonts)
◮ OpenType fonts
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font formats type 1/2/3
PostScript (Type 1) fonts
features
◮ developed by Adobe Systems, San Jose CA◮ use the PostScript language, glyphs: defined with lines & Bézier
curves◮ two files for each font:
◮ outline data (*.pfb/*.pfa)◮ metrics data (*.pfm/*.afm), they must be in the same
directory
◮ standard for graphic design, desktop publishing industry
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font formats type 1/2/3
Bézier curves in a Type 1 font
demo
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font formats truetype
TrueType (TT) fonts
features
◮ developed by Apple and Microsoft as a reaction against Adobe’shigh-cost licensing of Type 1 fonts
◮ use modified Bézier curves
◮ PS fonts cannot be converted into TT without loss of curve data
◮ past: many problems outputting TT fonts on PS printers printers
◮ better algorithm for hinting
◮ TT fonts come in a single (binary) file (*.ttf): both outlines andmetrics
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font formats opentype
OpenType (OT) fonts
features
◮ jointly developed by Adobe and Microsoft since 1996◮ has taken over as the standard font format◮ two subformats of glyph outlines:
◮ PS-flavoured OT (*.otf)◮ TT-flavoured OT (*.ttf)
◮ OT fonts are OS independent, come in a single file containingboth outline and metrics data (in a binary form)
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font formats opentype
why OpenType?
advantages
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font formats opentype
why OpenType?
advantages
◮ platform independence & cross-codepagecompatibility
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font formats opentype
why OpenType?
advantages
◮ platform independence & cross-codepage compatibility
◮ supports Unicode
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font formats opentype
why OpenType?
advantages
◮ platform independence & cross-codepage compatibility
◮ supports Unicode
◮ includes smartfont options within same file⇒ more sophisticated typography
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font formats opentype
why OpenType?
advantages
◮ platform independence & cross-codepage compatibility
◮ supports Unicode
◮ includes smartfont options within same file⇒ more sophisticated typography
◮ better protection for font data
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font formats opentype
why OpenType?
advantages
◮ platform independence & cross-codepage compatibility
◮ supports Unicode
◮ includes smartfont options within same file⇒ more sophisticated typography
◮ better protection for font data
◮ smaller file size
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font formats codepages
digital fonts: important terms
◮ character
◮ glyph
◮ character set/repertoire
◮ character encoding
◮ font encoding
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font formats codepages
character – glyph
glyph
the actual image/drawing of a symbol used in a writing system or in anotational system (e.g., music, maths, phonetics, etc.)
character
◮ a simple description of class of glyphs, an abstraction
◮ the description is usually illustrated with an illustrative glyph
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font formats codepages
character – glyph
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font formats codepages
character set, code, & font encoding
character set/repertoire
◮ a collection of distinct characters◮ e.g.: the characters that can be used to represent the letters of
the English alphabet
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font formats codepages
unorganized characters
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font formats codepages
organized character set (‘Latin’)
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font formats codepages
character set, code, & font encoding
character code/encoding
◮ a mapping, often presented with the help of tables, which definesa one-to-one correspondence between characters in a characterset and a unique number
◮ a unique numerical code is assigned to each character in the set◮ an “organized” set◮ called character codepage/table
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font formats codepages
character encoding/a codepage
97 a®
98 b®
99 c®
100 d®
101 e®
102 f®
103 g®
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font formats codepages
character repertoire, code, & font encoding
font encoding
◮ a character encoding within a digital font
◮ a mapping between character code and the glyph
◮ drawing instructions of glyphs organized into a numbered set
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font formats codepages
font encoding (= encoding inside the font file)
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font formats codepages
the 95 “printable” ASCII characters (ASCII codepage,American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
32– 47 ! " # $ % & ’ ( ) * + , - . /
48– 63 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
64– 79 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
80– 95 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
96–111 ‘ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o
112–126 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~
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font formats codepages
from code 65 to glyph A
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font formats codepages
beyond ASCII
problems
◮ solely ASCII-coded character sets cannot be used for setting texts inother languages (not to mention typographic quality)
◮ the various operating systems (e.g., Mac & Win) agreed on the basicASCII character set
◮ but disagreed on the encoding assigned to the next 128 numbers(8-bit codepages, 256 available characters)
◮ result: documents formatted on one platform appeared on the otherwith certain characters “incorrectly” displayed
◮ e.g., “ÖLEL” typed on a PC using (Western) Windows character setcomes out as “÷LEL” on an Apple Macintosh and “ÍLEL” on a DOSPC
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font formats codepages
why does Windows ‘Ö’ come out as ‘÷’ on Mac?
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font formats codepages
typing Ö on Hungarian Windows (CP1250/Latin 2 enc.)
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font formats codepages
code 214 on a Mac (CP1275/Mac Roman enc.)
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font formats codepages
CP1250/Latin 2 Windows encoding
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font formats codepages
CP1275/Mac Roman encoding
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font formats codepages
another problem: “expert” fonts
◮ ligatures
◮ Greek text
◮ special symbols
◮ ornaments◮ true small caps
◮ old style figures
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font formats codepages
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font formats codepages
setting “maffia” with a ligature in the past
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font formats codepages
problems with searching for “maffia”
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font formats codepages
problems with searching for “maYa”
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font formats codepages
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font formats codepages
problems with the expert set solution
◮ extra cost (expert sets are sold separately)◮ major problems with searching◮ major problems with hyphenation◮ change of font is necessary to include expert glyphs
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font formats codepages
solutions
◮ use only ASCII characters◮ use escape notations
◮ target: “Ä”◮ TEX: "A
◮ HTML: Auml
◮ Prószéky-code: A2
◮ include host codepage mapping data in the file to betransferred (“re-encoding”: “my 214 corresponds toyour 133”)
◮ save as PDF and embed font (see next lecture)◮ use a “universal” codepage: Unicode and
Unicode-encoded fonts (= OpenType)gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 75 / 111
font formats unicode
Unicode (ISO 10646)
basic features
◮ an industry standard designed to assign uniquecharacter codes (codepoints) to practically allcharacters used by humanity
◮ the Unicode codepoint is a hexadecimal (hex) numberassociated with a character
◮ currently, U’s coderange is between 0. . . 10FFF(decimal 0. . . 1 114 111)
◮ around 98,000 codepoints have been assigned (9% ofthe available space)
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font formats unicode
some Unicode codepoints
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font formats unicode
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font formats unicode
OpenType and Unicode
◮ the OT technology makes it possible to accommodate the Unicodecharacter repertoire
◮ instead of one font for each language group (Western Roman, CE,Baltic, etc.), OT character sets can include all of these code pages inone single font
◮ OT makes advanced typographic and language dependent featuresavailable in one font
◮ OT font files are cross-platform
◮ OT fonts can be used on older systems, too (but only the first 256characters will be recognized)
◮ OT is supported by all major operation systems,
◮ more & more applications take advantage of OT features
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font formats unicode
Unicode ranges/planes (examples) (http://unicode.org/)
1. Basic Multilingual Plane
◮ Basic Latin (English)
◮ Latin Extended-A (Central Europe, Baltic, Esperanto. . . )
◮ Latin Extended-B
◮ International Phonetic Alphabet◮ Diacritical Marks
◮ Greek, Coptic
◮ Cyrillic, Armenian
◮ Semitic, Arabic
◮ various other scripts (Chinese, Japanese. . . )◮ punctuation, digits, various symbols
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font formats unicode
Unicode planes (examples)
2. Supplementary Multilingual Plane
◮ historic & unusual scripts: e.g. cuneiform, Phoenician, etc.◮ musical notations◮ math symbols
Scripts proposed for addition
◮ Old Hungarian runic script◮ Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings script◮ Hieroglyphic Egyptian
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font formats unicode
Unicode ranges in an OT font
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font formats OT layout tags
OpenType smartfont options
special tags: smartfont options
◮ thousands of characters: how to access them relatively easily?◮ solution: smartfont tags/options
◮ 4-letter identifiers that can be switched on for a document, orpart of it, without changing to another font
◮ two main types:
1. script/language tags2. layout feature tags
◮ official list of registered tags:http://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/ttoreg.htm
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 83 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
OpenType tags
main script tags (currently: 40 defined)
◮ activate language-specific typographic options
◮ latn: Latin alphabet
◮ cyrl: Cyrillic
◮ arab: Arabic
◮ grek: Greek◮ . . .
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 84 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
OpenType
main layout features (currently: 134 defined)
◮ all caps, small caps, petite caps (case, smcp, c2sc, c2pc)
◮ capital spacing (cpsp)
◮ standard ligatures (liga)◮ discretionary/special effect ligatures (dlig)
◮ historical forms (hist)
◮ fractions (frac)
◮ ordinals, superscript, subscript (ordn, sups, subs)
◮ figure types: lining – oldstyle; tabular – proportional (lnum, onum,
tnum, pnum)◮ swash, stylistic alternates, sets (swsh, salt, ssxx)
◮ access all alternates (aalt)
◮ . . .gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 85 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
OT layout tags in Adobe InDesign
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 86 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
OpenType layout features
demo
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 87 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
smcp: small capitals
Minion Pro (Adobe):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 88 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
c2sc: small capitals from capitals
Minion Pro (Adobe):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 89 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
pcap: petite caps (from lowercase)
Mrs Eaves (Emigre):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 90 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
uni: unicase
Filosofia (Emigre):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 91 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
case: case-sensitive formsMrs Eaves (Emigre):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 92 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
cpsp: capital spacing
Adobe Garamond Pro (Adobe):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 93 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
lnum vs. onum: lining vs. oldsytle numbers
Minion Pro (Adobe):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 94 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
lnum + tnum vs. pnum: tabular vs. proportional numbersMinion Pro (Adobe):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 95 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
onum + tnum vs. pnum: tabular vs. proportional numbersMinion Pro (Adobe):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 96 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
zero: slashed zero
Minion Pro (Adobe):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 97 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
frac: fractions
Minion Pro (Adobe):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 98 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
sups: superscript
Minion Pro (Adobe):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 99 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
subs: subscript
Minion Pro (Adobe):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 100 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
liga: standard ligatures
Adobe Caslon Pro (Adobe):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 101 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
dlig: discretionary ligatures
Mrs Eaves (Emigre):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 102 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
dlig: discretionary ligatures
Mrs Eaves (Emigre):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 103 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
hist: historical forms
Minion Pro (Adobe):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 104 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
init, medi, fina: initial, medial, final forms
Poetica (Adobe):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 105 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
init, medi: initial vs. medial forms in Arabic
Nafees Nasta’leeq (the character ‘yeh barree with hamza’ above):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 106 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
salt, swsh: stylistic alternates, swashesPoetica (Adobe):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 107 / 111
font formats OT layout tags
ornm: ornaments
Adobe Caslon Pro (Adobe):
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 108 / 111
font formats OT pros & cons
OT: advantages
some advantages of using one unicode-encoded OT font
◮ no more cross-platform encoding problems (ÖLEL will be ÖLELeverywhere)
◮ no need for external expert or symbol fonts
◮ no more search and hyphenation problems (ligature fi is treated as anf and and i)
◮ very high level typography (ligatures, true small caps, optical sizes,etc., etc.)
◮ always use unicode-encoded OT fonts!
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 109 / 111
font formats OT pros & cons
OT: cons
some disadvantages
◮ not all OT fonts have the same character coverage, naming does notalways help (but now: Std, Pro, Premiere versions)
◮ difficult to manage (lot of clicking), need for clever macros/scripts◮ most are very expensive, and rarely sold separately (“all-or-nothing”)
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 110 / 111
sample exam questions
sample exam questions
which font format is drawn as an array of dots?
1. Type 1
2. TrueType
3. bitmap
4. OpenType
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 111 / 111
sample exam questions
sample exam questions
which font format is drawn as an array of dots?
1. Type 1
2. TrueType
3. bitmap
4. OpenType
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 111 / 111
sample exam questions
sample exam questions
which font format is drawn as an array of dots?
1. Type 1
2. TrueType
3. bitmap
4. OpenType
which font format can accommodate the Unicode codepage?
1. Type 1
2. OpenType
3. TrueType
4. Type 3
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 111 / 111
sample exam questions
sample exam questions
which font format is drawn as an array of dots?
1. Type 1
2. TrueType
3. bitmap
4. OpenType
which font format can accommodate the Unicode codepage?
1. Type 1
2. OpenType
3. TrueType
4. Type 3
gkz & szp (delg) digital fonts (9) 111 / 111