TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Introduction

B.B. PandeyProfessor in Civil Engineering

· Desires of the people to moveNeed for goods: demand for Transportation.

Transportation affects everyone on earth, on a daily basis.

People, countries, governments, business, whole economy rely on effective, reliable transportation in one form or another.

Major Transportation SystemsHighways

Car, Bus, Truck, non- motorized ..etcRailways

Passenger and GoodsAirways

Aviation and freight carrierWaterways

Ships, boats…

Continuous Flow systems

Pipelines,belts..etcMerits and Demerits: Based on accessibility, mobility, cost, tonnage..

Highways/ Road Transportation

Oldest mode

Foot paths- animal ways, cart path……..

As civilization evolved the need for transportation increased

India (5,000 BC)

Egypt (3,000 BC)

Greece and Babylonia (2,000 BC)

Romans (500 BC)

Roman Roads Modern Highway

Roman Roads

ROMANS OCCUPIED BRITAIN IN 55BC

5000KM OF ROADS BUILT IN 150 YEARS

RADIATED FROM CAPITAL LONDON

AND EXTENDING TO WALES AND EXTENDING TO SCOTLAND

LEGIONS WITHDRAWN IN AD407

BREAKDOWN OF ROADS FOLLOWED

DURING MIDDLE AGES, RIVERS AND SEAS –A RELIABLE MAJOR TRADE ARTERIES

WHEELS OF CARTS DAMAGED THE EARTH ROAD FAST

LENGTH OF STONE PAVED STREETS BUILT FOR CONNECTING RURAL AREAS FOR PROVISION

STAGECOACH SERVICE WAS INTRODUCED IN UK IN 1755?

HORSES WERE CHANGED AT REGULARLY SPACED POST HOUSES

COACH WITH IRON SPRING MADE THE RIDE COMFORTABLE

TWO MAJOR TYPES OF PAVEMENT IN EARLY DAYS

Thomas Telfold (1757-1834)

John Loudon McAdam (1756-1836)-WBM Road

Even practiced today

Contribution towards road development

TELFORD CONSTRUCTION

Hand placed boulders with decreasing depth towards edge. Gaps filled with smaller aggregates

MACADAM CONSTRUCTION

Foundation(subgrade cambered)

Crushed rocks of size about 40 to 75mm placed in uniform thickness and rolled

Highway Development in India

Important land marks

Jayakar Committee (1927)

Central Road Fund (1929)

Indian Roads Congress (1934) www.irc.org.in

Nagpur Plan (1943)

Ist -20 year Road Development Plan (1943-63)

Central Road Research Institute(1950) www.crridom.org

II- 20 year Road Development Plan (1961-81)

Highway Research Board (1973)

III- 20 year Road Development Plan (1981-2001)

National Highway Authority of India(1988)

National Highway DevelopmentProject (1998)

Road Development plan: 2001-20

PMGSY (2001)

http://morth.nic.in/index2.asp?sublinkid=443&langid=2

Important land marks

About 65% of freight and 85% passenger traffic is carried by the roads.

National Highways constitute only about 2% of the road network but carry about 40% of the total road traffic .

Number of vehicles has been growing at an average pace of 10.16% per annum over the last five years.

Indian Road Network

High Volume Roads

…..Recent developments in India

Golden Quadrilateral – (5,846 Kms) connecting Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai

NH-2 Delhi- Kol (1453 km)

NH 4,7&46 Che-Mum (1290km )

NH5&6 Kol- Che (1684 m)

NH 8 Del- Mum (1419 km)

Lengths of Road under implementation

N-S and E-W corridor(7300 km)

•N-S Corridor : Srinagar (Kashmir) to Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu) including Salem to Cochin (Kerala)

•E-W Corridor: connecting Silchar (Assam) to Porbandar (Gujarat)

Port Connectively

•Major ports

National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is mandated to implement National Highways Development Project (NHDP) which is

•India 's Largest ever highways project

•World class roads with uninterrupted traffic flow

Lengths of Road under implementation

NHDP (Phase I & II) : 1999 -14,000 km Rs. 54,000 crore (at 1999 prices)

NHDP (Phase III) –year 2005 for upgradation and 4 laning of 10,000 km of selected high-density corridors of NH- Rs. 55,000 crore (at 2005 prices)

Major ports Connectively- Rs. 4,000 crore (at 1999 prices)

Cost of project

Project Length

(In Km)

Target date of Completion

NHDP Phase-I(i) GQ(ii) Port Connectivity & others

58461133

Dec., 2005Dec., 2007

NHDP Phase-II(i) N-S Corridor (ii) E-W Corridor

7300 Dec., 2007

NHDP Phase-III 10,000 Dec., 2012

Total cost of Phase I and II Rs 64,639 Crores

National Highways form less than 2% of total network

Carries over 40% of the traffic

Only 2 to 3% of NH and SH are 4-lane

15% are still single lane

50% of village roads are unpaved and not usable during the monsoon

National Highway Authority of India was formed in 1989

A massive program of building of Primary network of road was undertaken in 1995

Golden Quadrangle, East-West Corridor and Port Connectivity by four/six lane pavements

( Area of India is about 40% of US)

Another major road building program was launched by the Ministry of Rural development in 2000

Major objective :Rural connectivity

70% of people live in villages and depend upon agriculture

40% of the villages are unconnected by any kind of road

Recent developments-NH/Expressways

Recent developments- Interchange near Bangalore

Low Volume Roads

Recent Developments

Three Major programmes

PMGSY ( Pradhan Matri Gram Sadak Yojana) Year 2007

BNP ( Bharat Nirman Programme): Year 2009

Rural Road: Vision year 2025

PMGSY (Rural Roads)

To provide Connectivity, by way of an All-weather Road to the eligible unconnected Habitations in the rural areas, -

PMGSY Road

BHARAT NIRMANA FOUR YEAR BUSINESS PLAN FOR RURAL CONNECTIVITY

(2005-2009)

•To connect 66,802 habitations with all weather roads

•To construct 1,46,185 kilometers of the new rural roads network

•To upgrade 1,94,132 kilometers of the existing rural roads network

•Investment of Rs.48,000 crores over four years

•Ensuring quality and transparency in the programme implementation

Transportation Engineering

Pavement Engineering Traffic Engineering Transportation Planning

Pavement materials, pavement construction, pavement analysis, design, pavement management, pavement evaluation, Pavement maintenance

Traffic flow, Traffic simulation, traffic engg,Traffic control devices, traffic studies and analysis

Urban transp. Planning, urban mass transit systems,transportation networks, Transport.economics,Rural transp. Planning, ITS

Pavement Engineering

Preparation of DPR includes engineering surveys, financial surveys,

viability of the project.. etc, Highway planning,

Geometric design for safe travel,

material characterization,

Pavement analysis design,

Subgrade stabilization,

construction supervision,

Pavement Maintenance

Structural and functional evaluation of highways

Highway economics

BUILT OPERATE TRANSFER

BUILT FINANCE OPERATE TRANSFER

COLLECTION OF TOLLS

LONG CONCESSION PERIOD(20/30 YEARS)

GOVERNMENT MAKES THE LAND AVAILABLE

Structural evaluation of Pavements using FWD

Health monitoring of highways

Structural evaluation of Pavements using FWD

(IITKGP)

Traffic Engineering

Study of

Traffic flow characteristics,

development of models for better facilities,

design of Traffic facilities at intersections,

parking facilities, road signs,

Traffic studies and Analysis for improving the road facilities- such as Volume, Axle load, O&D, parking, Accident,

congestion,

capacity studies,

Signal design.. etc

Interchange design

MXROADS- geometric design of highwaysTRANSYS-F- Signal designHCS- Highway Capacity softwareMAAP- Accident analysis softwareSIM Traffic- Traffic Simulation softwareCORSIM- SimulationHDM-IV- Highway Decision Model software

Traffic Engineering Software

Passenger Transportation

Travel demand estimation techniquesTrends

ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems)

Regional Transportation Planning

Freight Transportation

Passenger Transportation

Land use Transportation Planning

Urban growth

Business: shopping mall development

Public Transportation

Bus and other modes, LRT ( Light Rail Transit)

Transportation Planning

Intelligent Transport Systems

• Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS)-Traffic management for better flow

• Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS)-information to travelers

• Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO)-apply, pay for and receive permits, registrations, and licenses electronically

• Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS)• Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS)- vehicle

distance warning system to avoid collision

Five Primary Functional Areas of ITS

Application of ITS- Electronic Toll Collection

Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS)

Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS)Traffic gauge

Other applications

Light Rail Transit

Light Rail TransitOverhead electricity sourceCan operate in mixed traffic Trains are generally 2 or 1 carsCapacity: 2000 to 5000 /hr

Rail Transportation

16th April, 1853...............The Beginning

first railway -stretch of 21 miles from Bombay to Thane

Track Kilometres

Broad Gauge (1676 mm) Km 86,526

Metre Gauge (1000 mm) km 18,529

Narrow Gauge (762/610 mm) Km 3651

15.4 lakh work force; around 11,000 trains everyday,

http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/

Railway Engineering

Railway Engineer:

Concerned with the design and maintenance of the routes that trains take.

Geometric design of railway track

Permanent way construction and maintenance,

Bridge construction, maintenance,

station yard

Air Transportation

Air Transportation System : Developed in 20 th century

At present – In India great emphasis on air Transportation

Developments: Modernization of airports, strengthening extending runways, construction of new airports- to meet the demand in terms of increase infrequency and introduction of new types of aircrafts

Much scope in this Transportation System in near future

First Flight: Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA, Dec 17, 1903

In USA, the share of air transportation among the common carrier transport, that is railroad, bus etc > 90%.

Total number of airports : 18000,

Out of these only on 568 airports scheduled airlines operate.

In the other ones, mostly general aviation ( business, flying …etc) aircrafts operate

Air Transportation

Total airports/airstrips in India : 450

First flight: Naini to Allahabad for a distance = 10km

Airport Authority of India (AAI)

Manages 126 airports( 11 international airports, 89 domestic airports and 26 civil enclaves at Defense airfields)

Provides Air Traffic Management Services over entire Indian Air Space and adjoining oceanic areas with ground installations at all airports and 25 other locations to ensure safety of aircraft operations

Air Transportation in India

Major organizations related to air Transportation

ICAO – International Civil Aviation Organization( 1947 )

Specialized body of the United Nations with Headquarters in Montreal

All countries operating international flights are members of this organization.

Federal Aviation Administration (F.A.A.)

Performs functions similar to ICAO, but inside USA

Provides standards

responsible for implementing, controlling, and supervising airworthiness standards, safety operations, crew training in India

-Interaction with ICAO

-Conducting investigation into accidents/incidents and taking accident prevention measures including formulation of implementation of Safety Aviation Management Programmes;

Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)

In India

Source: http://dgca.nic.in/

Details of some aircrafts

A- 380 new addition

Air Transport Engineer deals with

Forecasting air transport demand,

Airport system planning,

Assessment of airport capacity and scheduling aircrafts (Flight schedules must be optimized between the passengers and the planes),

Geometric design of airport elements,

Runways Design- thickness, length, and direction, passenger terminal facilities,

Parking demand and design layout in front of terminal building,

Runway evaluation

Traffic control patterns and procedures, design of air cargo facilities,

Airport drainage,

Airport marking and lighting,

Environmental Impact Assessment of airport

Structural evaluation and Strengthening of Runway

Air Transport Engineer deals with

Water Transportation

oldest form of mass freight

Transportation over seas or long distances

3,800 BC – Sea Travel by ruler Sargon of Babylonia from Syria to Cyprus

94% of world trade in tonnne-km are by water

Port - area where marine terminal facilities are provided

River Ports

Sea Ports

Harbour - partly enclosed protected water area to provide safe and suitable accommodation for vessels coming to the port.

Harbour- classification

Dock / Port design, schedules, storage maximization.

Port and dock design, for ship loading, offloading,and maintenance, construction and maintenance ofbreakwaters,

dry dock and wet dock,

construction and maintenance of port facilities,parking layout,

pavement design to with stand heavy loads

Water Transportation

Engineer deals with

IN LAND WATER TRANSPORATION(IWT)

IWT-based passenger movement is mainly by ferry across rivers, on short stretches along rivers, and tourism-based passenger traffic (in Kolkata, Sunderbans, Goa, Kerala and northern regions).IWAI in principle—but not in practice—commits to maintaining a year-round draft of 2 m along the National Waterways (Planning Commission 2001).

The National Inland NavigationInstitute (NINI) at Patna Assigned the task of developing theuse of appropriate technology IWT.

WT is the cheapest mode requiring least energy.

Less pollution

Road Transportation is the costliest

Movement of commodities like tea, jute, and spices in the eastern sector, connected to the river port in Kolkata, was common in preindependence India.

Cargo and Passenger transport common in Ganga river from Kolkata,Patna, Varanasi,Allahabad in early days

Even Irrigation canals used for freight transport

Possibly your generation may have to do some path breaking work in this direction

Transportation is vital for the all

Need for travel creates demand for Transportation

SUMMARY