Upload
others
View
1
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Bay Area Photovoltaic Consortium
Bay Area Photovoltaic Consor3um (BAPVC) and Solar Cell Research at
Stanford University
Yi Cui, Co-‐Director of BAPVC Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Stanford University Stanford Ins3tute for Materials and Energy Sciences
SLAC Na3onal Accelerator Laboratory .
This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy through the Bay Area Photovoltaic Consor@um under Award Number DE-‐EE0004946.
BAPVC Objec@ve: Dollar-‐per-‐WaK
To achieve $1/W installed system, it is cri@cal to get the module cost below $0.50/W.
Bay Area Photovoltaic Consortium 2
DOE Sunshot Initiative
BAPVC DOE Photovoltaic Manufacturing Ini@a@ve
-‐ Perform industry-‐relevant R&D at University/Na@onal Labs to facilitate high-‐volume PV manufacturing -‐ Establish scope of research with explicit industry support -‐ Develop highly trained workforce -‐ Speed up commercializa@on of cu[ng-‐edge PV technologies
BAPVC plans to achieve all these objectives
Bay Area Photovoltaic Consortium 3
BAPVC BAPVC Objec@ve
- Conduct industry-relevant research: $25M from DOE + industrial support - High efficiencies with low production cost - The whole photovoltaic module approach towards < $0.50 per watt
Bay Area Photovoltaic Consortium 4
BAPVC
Bay Area Photovoltaic Consortium 5
Lead Institutions Partner Institutions
BAPVC
- Co-Director: Yi Cui (SU), Ali Javey (UCB) - Executive Director: John Benner - Industrial Liaison: Steve Eglash - Chairman of Industrial Board: Richard Swanson
BAPVC Industrial Members
Bay Area Photovoltaic Consortium 6
17 Companies
GE DuPont Exxon-Mobil Schlumberger 3SUN Asahi Glass Company Robert Bosch LLC BASF Corning
Heliovolt Konica Minolta Stion Total American Services/SunPower Alta Devices Bandgap Engineering EpiSolar Rose Street Labs
BAPVC Our Whole Module Approach to
Reach $0.50/W Modules
Bay Area Photovoltaic Consortium 7
An@reflec@on
Absorber and junc@on
Substrate
Transparent electrode
Encapsula@on
BoKom contact
Encapsulation
50 µm
Metal nanowire transparent electrode
Novel electrodes
Nanocone substrate
500nm
Substrates
Advanced materials characterization
Absorber and junc3on
Thin film absorber
Nanoscale photon management
Substrate
H2O, O2, H2other active chemical
species
photochemical reactions
cracking and debonding
UV Exposure
defect evolution in nanomaterial
layers
surface weathering
Substrate
H2O, O2, H2other active chemical
species
photochemical reactions
cracking and debonding
UV Exposure
defect evolution in nanomaterial
layers
surface weathering
Reliability
BAPVC
Bay Area Photovoltaic Consortium 8
Thrust Area Silicon Absorbers and Cells
Leader Sanjay Banerjee Liaison Marc Vermeersch
Cui Stanford High Efficiency Ultrathin Sericon Solar Cells
S. Banerjee Texas Thin Crystalline RPCVD Back Contact Cells
Stuart Bowden ASU Laser Wafering
van Hest NREL Module Interconnects and Crystalline Film Silicon by Atmospheric Pressure Processing
Subramanian Berkeley High�-‐resolu@on, high�-‐speed prin@ng of PV contacts
BAPVC Advanced Contacts via Gravure prin@ng 15
00 µ
m
12.55 µm
Gravure printing: Line width < 10 µm Line-edge roughness < 1 µm . Print speed 10x faster than current PV screen printers Reduced shadowing loss 80% reduction in Ag consumption Research in for Cu substitution
High-resolution, high-speed printing of PV contacts, V. Subramanian, Berkeley
BAPVC Ultra Thin Silicon for Solar Cells
Y. Cui, S. Fan
Silicon Absorber and Cells
BAPVC
Bay Area Photovoltaic Consortium 11
Thrust Area Photon Management and Transparent Conductors
Leaders Shanhui Fan and Joel Ager Liaison TBD
Brongersma Stanford Percola@ng Transparent Metallic Electrodes for Solar Cells
Fan Stanford Theory and simula@on of photon management in nanostructured solar cells
Wladek/Ager LBNL New Transparent Conduc@ng Oxides
Harry Atwater Cal Tech Solar Cell Efficiency Enhancement via Light Trapping in Resonant Dielectric Sphere Arrays
Kaustav Banerjee
U.C. Santa Barbara
Graphene Electrode Eng. for Photovoltaic Applica@on
Ning Wu Colorado Mines
Large-‐Area, Fast, and Electric-‐Field Assisted Con@nuous Coa@ng for Nanostructured Photon Management
Nanostructured Metals and Semiconductors for Enhanced Solar Energy Harvesting
� Metal nanostructures exhibit a strong, resonant light-matter interaction
� This interaction is tunable by changing the structure shape, size, environment,..
Metal nanostructures offer intriguing opportunities for enhancing solar cells
� Metal nanostructures deposition is scalable and low cost
Ultimate, best design of nanostructure patterns requires intuition and simulations
Metal stripes enhance light absorption • Exploiting plasmon resonances of
metal stripes • Coupling to Si waveguide modes
BAPVC
Bay Area Photovoltaic Consortium 13
Thrust Area This Film Absorbers and Cells
Leader Hugh Hillhouse Liaison BJ Stanbery
Clemens/Bent Stanford Bandgap Grading in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 Solar Cells + SnS based PVs Toney SLAC Advanced Materials Characteriza@on Hanket Delaware Advanced Evapora@on Source Design H Hillhouse Washington Development of Mul@color Lock-‐in PL Method ScoK Dunham Washington Fundamental Modeling of Chalcopyrite Solar Cells M Lonergan Oregon Iden@fying Problem Areas in CIGS and CdTe Based Photovoltaic Devices
Colin Wolden Colorado Mines
Non-‐Equilibrium Processing of CdTe Absorbers
Mike Scarpulla
Utah Laser Processing CdTe: Efficiency & Manufacturing
Ferekides USF CdTe Absorbers Milliron LBNL In situ characteriza@on of grain growth in thin film semiconductors
Yang Berkeley Applying Ca@on-‐Exchange Chemistry to Nanowire Arrays for Efficient Solu@on-‐Processed Solar Cells
SnS Vapor Transport Deposi@on
2.5 to 5 m/min First Solar , LLC NREL subcontract report NREL/SR-‐520-‐39669, 2006
Art Wangperawong, Steve M. Herron, Rory Runser, Han-‐Bo-‐Ram Lee, Stacey F. Bent
14
BAPVC
Bay Area Photovoltaic Consortium 15
Thrust Area High Performance and Multijunction Cells
Leader Tonio Buonassisi Liaison Ben Lenail
Javey Berkeley High Performance, Low Cost, III-‐V Photovoltaics on Metal Foils
Harris Stanford Ultra high efficiency thin film mul@-‐junc@on solar cell
McIntyre Stanford Thin Film Compound Semiconductor Solar Cells via Templated Growth
McGehee Stanford Low-‐Cost Tandem Solar Cells With Greater than 20% Power Conversion Efficiency
Yablonovitch Berkeley High Voc Solar Absorbers for High-‐Efficiency, Spectral-‐Spli[ng, Solar Cells
Y-‐H Zhang ASU Si/II-‐VI double-‐heterostructure solar cells
Buonassisi MIT Design principles and defect tolerances of silicon / III-‐V mul@junc@on interfaces
P Bermel Purdue Exploratory Photovoltaic Modeling and Simula@on
BAPVC
Bay Area Photovoltaic Consortium 16
Thrust Area
Dauskardt Stanford Reliability and Opera@onal Life@mes for BAPVC Technologies
Roger French Case Western
PV Module Performance & Life@me Predic@on:Inser@ng New Technologies Without Life@me Penalty
Segalman/Urban Berkeley Novel polymer-‐nanocrystal composite barrier layers
Bernard Kippelen GIT Tailoring Electrosta@c Interac@ons to Produce Hybrid Barrier Films for Photovoltaics
Encapsulation and Reliability Leader Reinhold Dauskardt Liaison Jeffrey Sternberg
In-situ UV Effects on Barrier Debonding
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10-11
10-10
10-9
10-8
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
Cra
ck G
row
th R
ate,
da/
dt (m
/s)
Strain Energy Release Rate, G (J/m2)
No UV
UV intensity 1.2 mW/cm2
UV intensity 0.6 mW/cm2
Glass Substrate
ITO
ITO
Glass Substrate
Simulated UV Exposure
polysiloxane barrier
• UV activates new kinetic pathways for debonding • threshold load for crack growth dramatically reduced • crack growth rate increases with increase in UV intensity
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ −+=
η
γν 2sinh htip
o
GGv
dtda
kinetic model
Center for Advanced Molecular Photovoltaics (CAMP)
Stanford • Michael McGehee (MSE) • Reiner Dauskardt (MSE) • Zhenan Bao (Chemical Engineering) • Stacey Bent (Chemical Engineering) • Mark Brongersma (MSE) • Shanhui Fan (EE) • Alberto Salleo (MSE) • Michael Toney (SSRL)
Outside Stanford • Jean-‐Luc Brédas (Georgia Tech) • Brad Chmelka (UCSB) • Michael Grätzel (EPFL Switzerland) • Mark Thompson (USC) • Jean Fréchet (UC Berkeley and KAUST) KAUST Collaborators • Aram Amassian • Pierre Beaujuge
Funding from the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, the Bay Area Photovoltaic Consor@um and GCEP
Hybrid Tandem Photovoltaics
• Eg ≈ 1.7-2.0 eV • Voc > 1 V • < $10/m2
• Printable • Low T processing
19
Organic Top Cell
• Si or CIGS • Established
technology • Eg ≈ 1.1 eV, VOC <
0.7 V • Inefficient in the blue
Inorganic Bottom Cell
1.2 V
0.6 V CIGS%
Mo%
Organic%Absorber%Transparent%Electrode%
Planariza;on%
CdS%
Transparent%Electrode%
Transparent%Electrode%
Beiley and McGehee, Energy and Env Science, 10.1039/c2ee23073a
Hybrid Perovskites
Graetzel et al., Nature 499 (2013) p. 316.
BAPVC
Stanford/SLAC - Precourt Institute for Energy
- Global Climate & Energy Projects - Stanford Institute for Materials & Energy Sciences
- Center for Advanced Molecular Photovoltaics
Outside - UC Berkeley
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab - PV Industry
- National-wide institutions - US Department of Energy