Basketball Manual (September 2012)

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Basketball Manual

Updated: September 2012


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Krossover Intelligence

Mission

Krossover Intelligence is a New York City based technology company with a focus on

the online video search industry. The companys first vertical of choice is the sports

world, with the aim of helping to raise the level of competition through technologyinnovation. Krossovers flagship product, the Krossover Sports Intelligence Platform is

the first of its kind, allowing coaches to search through their video footage, anddynamically generate statistics, all in an online platform.

Values

Krossover is a company built on a passion for sports, and our dedication to bringing out

the best in teams, is what truly sets us apart. To that effect, Krossover is enabling sports

teams around the world to use their video intelligently and to analyze their players andcompetition like never before. Krossover is changing the way athletes play the game, and

giving fans the ultimate experience.

What We DoAt Krossover we help improve teams through better video and statistical analysis. By

creating relevant metadata through tagging and indexing game film, we are taking all thevaluable content in video and breaking it down into smaller, searchable pieces. Your

main role within the company will be facilitating this by actually tagging game footage

uploaded from teams. This is something that has never been done to the level and scalethat we are doing, and we hope to bring as much content into our network as possible.

History

Krossover is a young and rapidly growing company. We were founded in 2008 with a

spirit of entrepreneurialism and teamwork. We expect all of our employees to share these

qualities, so if you have suggestions and ideas, please share them with the team.

Responsibilities of Indexer

The role of an indexer is extremely valuable, as you are the person primarily responsible

for our success through the quality of your work. More than anything, we at Krossover

care about making our customers happy, and we have added you to our team because you

share that goal. There are three main responsibilities you have that to achieve thatpurpose:

Quality:Indexing should always be as accurate as possible. Most negativecustomer experiences will stem from inaccurate tagging, because then a coach

will have to spend time editing, which is something the team has paid us to

manage. Granted, in some instances (poor video quality, bad camera angle),

complete accuracy will be impossible. As a general rule, however, high accuracy

is your most important responsibility.

Timeliness:This is important in two respects: first, the lag between when a videohas completed uploading and when indexing begins should be as short as

possible, given the capacity of the indexing team to index additional film.


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Second, speed of indexing is critical, so that we can turn around the fully indexed

game back to the team as quickly as possible.

Teamwork: It is important for members of our team to support each other. Generally,

being friendly and getting to know one another are encouraged. Also, assisting anyone

with questions or problems should be a group effort. Just as the members of a goodsports team work well together, so should our team at Krossover!

Krossover Basketball Indexing

Introduction to Basketball

History of BasketballBasketball is a sport with a history that is very different from many modern sports. While

many of the present day team sports evolved from variations of past sports, basketball is

unique, having been invented by Dr. James Naismith. Seeking a rigorous game that could

be played indoors during the New England winter to occupy restless young men,Naismith sat down in December of 1891 and developed the first set of rules for the game.

The first ever Basketball match in the history of Basketball was played on 20th January,1892. The name `Basket ball` was suggested by one of his students and the game became

quite popular instantly. The game of Basketball was introduced to a number of nations by

the YMCA movement during the year of 1893. The first ever inter-collegiate match tookplace in America in the year 1895 and in 1896; the first collegiate Basketball match was

played, with 5 players in each team.

The original game was played with a soccer ball, and the first designated basketballs

were brown. However, due to their lack of visibility to both players and crowds of fans,Tony Hinkle developed the modern day orange basketball in the late 1950's and it is still

used today.

Basketball Player Positions

Basketball teams are made up of anywhere between 10 and 15 players, but only 5 are

allowed to play at one time. This is not all you need to know about how a basketball teamis set up. The following list details each position and what a player in that position is

expected to do to help the team:

Point Guard (PG)This player is the teams leader and best ball handler whosejob is to make his or her teammates better by creating easy opportunities for them

to score. Shooting Guard (SG)While usually the teams best shooter and scorer, a

shooting guard must also have good ball handling and passing skills. In addition

to scoring the shooting guard often is required to play strong defense and grabrebounds.

Small Forward (SF)This player is generally the most versatile player on theteam and is often asked to match up against both larger and smaller players. A


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small forwards is asked to contribute scoring, defense, and rebounding as well as

solid ball handling.

Power Forward (PF)The role of the power forward is to play strong defense inthe post area while adding strong rebounding and occasional scoring. Thepower forward is one of the larger, stronger players on a team.

Center (C)The center plays close to the basket and should be able to post upeffectively on offense and defend other post players on defense. As one of thelargest players on the team, he should be a strong rebounder as well.

The Basketball Court

Figure 1. American Basketball Court

The game of basketball is played on a rectangular floor with baskets at both ends. The

baskets are always 10 feet above the ground. Depending on the league and level of play,the court is anywhere between 84 feet (26m) and 94 feet (28m) and is approximately 50

feet (15m) wide.

The playing area is constrained by two sets of lines:

SidelinesLong lines running parallel to one another on the sides of the court. BaselinesLines at the end of the court running perpendicular to the sidelines.

There are multiple lines and spots on the floor that play an important role in basketball

and should become second nature to indexers: Free Throw LineRuns parallel to the baseline 15 feet away from the basket. It is

also referred to as the foul line.

3-Point LineAlso known as the arc, it is the line that forms the shape of a halfcircle. Depending on the league, the 3-point line is placed anywhere between 19

and 22 feet from the basket. The 3-point line separates the 2 point area (inside)

from the 3-point area (outside)


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Center Line - The line crossing directly through the center of the court thatdivides the court into 2 equal halves. The circle from where the jump ball is held

is known as the center circle

Key or LaneThis refers to the painted area beneath the basket. ScoringLike many sports, the primary goal in any basketball game is to score more points than

your opposition. Points are scored by throwing (shooting) the ball through the top of thebasket. There are two ways to score in a basketball game:

Field GoalScored any time the ball comes down through the top of the basketduring the course of play. A made field goal counts for 2 points unless a player

shoots it with both feet completely behind the 3-point line where it counts for 3points.

Free ThrowTaken from the foul line with no defender following a player wherea player was fouled by an opponent. Each successful free throw counts for 1

point. Generally, 2 points are awarded when the player is fouled in the act of

shooting (three attempts are awarded in the case of a 3-point shot), fouledflagrantly, or when the opposing team fouls while over the foul limit. Depending

on the league, 1 or 2 free throws are awarded for a technical foul.

Gameplay

Basketball games can be divided in to either quarters or halves depending on the league.Quarters will run anywhere from 8 to 12 minutes each while halves are generally 20minutes each. If the score is tied at the conclusion of regulation, there will be an overtime

period to determine a winner.

The game begins with a jump ball at the center of the court, in which the referee tosses

the ball high in the air and two players from each team line up in the middle of the courtand try to direct the ball to one of their teammates. The team in possession of the ball is

on offense and the team trying to stop the offense is the defense.

Once a player receives possession after a jump ball, he or she will attempt to dribble (or

bounce the ball continuouslythis is required to take steps with the ball) or pass to histeammates so that one player can take a shot. If the shot is made, the team is awarded 2 or

3 points depending on the point on the floor where the shot was taken.

Following a made shot, the opposing team takes an inbound throw from behind thebaseline and begins their offense in the other direction. In addition to made shots, teams

take an inbounds throw from either the sideline or baseline whenever a ball is considereddead (out of bounds, violations, time outs, and non-free throw foul situations).

If the offense misses a shot, both teams will attempt to gain possession of the ball. This is

known as a rebound. If the team previously on offense corrals the rebound, it continues to

attempt to score. If the defending team grabs the rebound, it will attempt to advance theball in the other direction in order to score.


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Gameplay will continue in this fashion unless the ball becomes dead. This is a common

occurrence and can happen for many reasons:

TimeoutCalled by coaches/players to strategize of by referees in the event ofinjuries or other relevant issues.

End of Quarter/HalfTeams switch offensive directions at the end of the firsthalf

FoulOccurs when a player makes illegal contact with an opponent (describedmore in depth below)

Out of BoundsAny time a ball touches or crosses the baseline or sideline or if aplayer in possession of the ball crosses or touches one of the boundary lines.

Possession is awarded to whichever team did not touch the ball last.

ViolationAn illegal move or play by either the offense or defense (described indepth below)

Jump BallOccurs when players from opposing teams come into possession ofthe ball at the same time and the referee cannot determine who has outright

possession. The awardee of the jump ball is decided by a possession arrow which

alternates based on the team that won the first jump ball possession.

Substitutions can be made at any point in the game when the ball is considered dead.

There is no limit on substitutions and any player can be replaced with the consent of the

referee.

Important Terminology

ShootingThe act of attempting to score points by throwing the ball through the basket.

Missed ShotOccurs when an offensive player attempts a shot but does notsuccessfully put it through the basket.

Made ShotOccurs when an offensive player attempts a shot and is successful inputting it through the basket.

There are multiple shot types that are taken by players throughout the game. These shottypes are indexed in order to understand where a team is good and where it can improve.

LayupA shot attempt made by leaping towards the basket and setting the ballinto the basket or bounding it against the backboard. Happens when a player is in

the immediate vicinity of the basket.

DunkOccurs when a player jumps in the air and forces the ball through thebasket with one or two happens. Happens when a player is in the immediate

vicinity of the basket. Jump ShotAn attempt to score a basket by jumping or standing and throwing

the ball towards the basket. A jump shot can be taken from anywhere beyond theimmediate vicinity of the basket.

TipinOccurs when an offensive player, while attempting to rebound the ball,taps it towards the basket before returning to the ground.


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Images of Basketball Shot Types

PassingThe act of throwing the ball to a teammate while on offense. A

pass can be made with one hand or two hands. Every time a shotis made or is considered dead because of a foul or violation, a

pass is made from outside the lines.

AssistAn assist is a statistic attributed to a player who passes the ball to

a teammate in a way that leads directly to a made field goal.There is some judgment involved in deciding if an assist shouldbe awarded. An assist can be recorded for the passer even if the

player who receives the pass makes a field goal after dribbling

the ball.

Figure 2. Clockwise from top left: Layup, Dunk, Jump Shot

Figure 3. Pass


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DribblingThe act of bouncing the ball continuously with either hand but

not both hands simultaneously. Dribbling is required in order to

take steps while in possession of the ball. Once you stopdribbling, the ball can only be passed or shot towards the ring.

ReboundingA rebound is a statistic that is recorded after a missed shot. When

a shot is missed, both teams compete to gain possession of the

ball. If the offense gains possession, it is called an offensiverebound and a defensive rebound if the defense gains

possession

Shot Blocking

A block occurs when a defensive player legally deflects a shot

taken by an offensive player. The defender must not strike theoffensive players hand, arm, or body or else a foulwill be

called.

Defensive StealA steal occurs when a defensive player legally gains control of

the ball from an offensive player. This can be done by deflecting

and controlling, catching, or batting (to a teammate) a pass or

dribble of an offensive player. The defender must not strike anypart of the opponent or else a foul will be called.

DeflectionA deflection occurs when a defensive player touches a pass or a ball that is being

dribbled.

Drive

A drive occurs when a player attempts to penetrate the defense by dribbling towards thebasket in an effort to take a shot.

Drive Direction Right occurs when the ball handler makes his initial move to theright side (generally dribbling with the right hand).

Drive Direction Left occurs when the ball handler makes his initial move to theleft side (generally dribbling with the left hand).

Figure 4. Dribble

Figure 5. Players battle

for a Rebound

Figure 6. Player #50

Blocks the Shot

Figure 7. Steal


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Offensive Setups

Half CourtThe most common setup in basketball. Occurs when a team inpossession of the ball utilizes different types of passes, dribbles, and schemes inorder to take a high percentage shot.

Fast BreakOccurs when a team gains possession of the ball and immediately(via pass or dribble) rushes the ball down the court to take a quick shot. SidelineOccurs when a team runs a play following a dead ball situation from

the sideline. A play is considered to be sideline if a shot follows the inboundspass within 5 seconds.

BaselineOccurs when a team runs a play following a dead ball situation fromthe baseline. A play is considered to be baseline if a shot follows the inbounds

pass within 5 seconds.

Turnover

A turnover occurs when a player from one team gives possession to a member of the

opponent by losing the ball. This can result from a steal, violation, offensive fout, or outof bounds.

Violations

Backcourt Violation - An attacking player with the ball may not cross back overthe center line once he or she has advanced the ball beyond it.

Double DribbleA violation in which a player dribbles the ball, clearly holds itwith a combination of either one or two hands, and then proceeds to dribble againwithout attempting a field goal or passing to a teammate.

TravelingA violation that occurs when a player holding the ball illegally movesone or both of his feet. Most commonly, a player travels by illegally moving his

pivot foot or taking too many steps without dribbling the ball. Three Second Violation (Defensive or Offensive)Players on both teams are

prohibited from remaining in the key or lane for more than 3 seconds.

GoaltendingIf a defensive player touches a ball that is in the basket, partially inthe area above the basket, or on its way down in trajectory towards the basket a 2-

point field goal is awarded to the offense (3 points if shot was from beyond 3-point line.

Kicked BallKicking of the ball (intentionally or unintentionally) Five Second ViolationThere are two types of 5 second violations:

a) When a player, while continuously closely guarded, holds the ball for 5seconds.

b) When a player inbounding the ball (sideline or baseline) is unable to passthe ball inbounds within 5 seconds, it is considered a violation.

Ten Second ViolationAn offensive team is required to cross the half court linein fewer than 10 seconds upon gaining possession.

Shot Clock ViolationA team is given a certain amount of time to make anattempt towards the basketball on each possession (generally only in college and

professional games).


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FoulsStatistically, fouls are broken down into personal and team fouls. Each individual is

allowed to commit up to 4 fouls in a game. On the 5th

foul, the individual is disqualifiedfrom the game and replaced by a teammate. Each personal foul counts as a team foul as

well. Once a team commits a certain number of fouls in a period (from 510 depending

on the league), the opponent is awarded a bonus.

During the bonus, when a player is fouled (on a non-shooting foul) he is awarded what is

known as a one and one free throw situation. If he makes the first free throw, he is

awarded with a second. If he misses the first free throw, both teams compete for therebound. If the team continues to foul, its opponent will be awarded the double bonus,

meaning that a fouled player (in a non-shooting foul situation) will be awarded two free

throws regardless of whether the first is made or missed.

There are numerous types of fouls that all have different outcomes:

Offensive FoulA foul committed by a member of the offensive team.

Defensive FoulA foul committed by a member of the defensive team. Shooting Foul- A foul called on the defensive player when he fouls an offensive

player who is in the act of shooting. The player receives two or three free throwdepending on whether the shot was taken in front of or behind the 3-point line. If

the player makes the attempted shot while being fouled, the number of free throws

is reduced to one and the basket counts.

Loose Ball FoulOccurs when a foul is called when the ball is not in possessionof either team (rolling on ground, coming off backboard, etc.)

Flagrant FoulA player contact foul that, in the judgment of the official, is not alegitimate attempt to directly play the ball within the spirit and intent of the rules.

Technical FoulA technical foul is called when a member of a team (coach,player, etc.) engages in a significant infraction that goes beyond a regular foul.

Double foulFouls committed by the members of the offensive and defensiveteam simultaneously therefore awarding fouls to both teams.

Images of Different Fouls


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F igure 8. Clockwise from top left: F lagrant Foul, Technical F oul, Shooting Foul ,

Loose Ball Foul

Documents

Basketball Manual (September 2012)