BASIC WATER CHEMISTRY

TEAM BRAVO PROJECT DAYSEPTEMBER 22, 2015PETRON RSFFB

BUILDING BLOCKS OF MATTER: ATOM

Neutrons : neutral in charge and are in the nucleus

Protons : positively charged and in the nucleus

Electrons : negatively charged, spin around the nucleus with negligible weight

BUILDING BLOCKS OF MATTER: ATOM

FUNDAMENTAL STATES OF MATTER

Solids, liquids and gases are made up of molecules and elements.

In solids, molecules are joined together by strong and rigid bonds.

Liquid molecules have weaker bonds than solid and are not rigid.

There are no bonds between gas molecules and so it fills up any space it could.

IONS: ANIONS AND CATIONS

Cations are positively charged:

Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+

Anions are negatively charged:

Cl-, SO42-, HCO3

-

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT IN CONCENTRATION

Milligrams per Liter (mg/L)

Parts per Million (ppm)

Parts per Billion (ppb) = µg/L

Equivalent Weight

CaCO3 Equivalent

+ =A B AB

EQUIVALENTS & CaCO3 EQUIVALENT

EQUIVALENTSEquivalents = Equivalent Weight = Thus, Equivalents = Mass of Ion X Example: Given 2.0 g/l of Ca2+ ; Eq =

CaCO3 EQUIVALENTCaCO3 equivalents = Example: 20.0 mg/l Ca2+ = CaCO3

CaCO3 EQUIVALENT

Customarily, total hardness, calcium hardness, and magnesium hardness is expressed in there CaCO3 equivalents. This equivalent extends to three forms of alkalinity – bicarbonate, carbonate, and caustic (or hydroxide).

ESSENTIAL PARAMETERS IN WATER TREATMENT

pH The pH is an indication for the acidity of a substance. It is determined

by the number of free hydrogen ions (H+) in a substance. The pH is a very important factor, because certain chemical processes

can only take place when water has a certain pH.