Basic Training Refresher

BASIC TRAINING

Refresher

Basic Training Refresher

PERSONAL SURVIVAL TECHNIQUES

PRINCIPLES OF SURVIVAL AT SEA Survival - An action, ability or effort exerted by a person or a group of person in order to continue to live in the midst of a disastrous situation. It is a struggle for existence.

S - Size up the situation U - Undue haste make waste R - Remember where you are V - Vanquish fear and panic I - Improvise V - Value living

A - Act wisely and properly L - Learn basic skills

7 Steps to Survival Recognition Inventory Shelter Signals Water Food Play

The Will to Survive

The most important factor of survival. If you are prepared mentally to overcome all obstacles and expecting the worst the chances of

surviving are very high Survival in Groups

Group dynamics can be both a help and hazard to individual survival Groups are more hands to perform the necessary task Organize ,make a leader and go with the decision of the leader

Survival Craft Is a craft capable of sustaining the lives of persons in distress from the time of abandoning the ship. Rescue Boat Is a boat designed to rescue persons in distress and to marshal survival craft. Float-Free Launching Method of launching a survival craft whereby the craft is automatically released from a sinking ship and is ready for use.


Free-Fall Launching Is that method of launching a survival craft whereby the craft with its complement of persons and equipment on board is released and allowed to fall into the sea without any restraining apparatus. Immersion Suit Is a protective suit which reduces the body heat loss of a person wearing it in cold water. Anti-Exposure Suit Is a protective suit designed for use by rescue boat crews and marine evacuation system parties. Inflatable Appliance Is an appliance which depends upon non-rigid, gas filled chambers for buoyancy and which is normally kept uninflated until ready for use. Launching Appliance or Arrangement Is a means of transferring a survival craft or rescue boat from its stowed position safely to the water. Solas Training Manual Located at:

Bridge Recreation Rooms Engine Room Should be ship specific

Safety Symbols

Fire & Safety Plan


Shows the location of firefighting equipment and life saving appliances EMERGENCY SITUATIONS Types of Emergencies

collision stranding adverse reaction of dangerous goods or hazardous bulk materials shifting of cargo engine-room explosion or fire hull failure

Precautions

Crew preparedness Know what to do during emergency

Fire Provisions

Structural Fire Protection Provisions Firefighting Equipment and Systems

Structural Fire Protection Provisions

Division of the ship into main vertical zones by thermal and structural boundaries Inert gas protection (tankers) Lockers for combustible materials Use of flame retardant materials Flame screens The use of steel

Firefighting Equipment & Systems

Portable fire extinguishers Hydrants and fire hoses Sprinklers Firefighter outfits

Arrangement for the supply of power Spaces subject to automatic fire detection Provisions of emergency controls

Basic Rule Of Fire Extinction

“limit” spreading of the fire “cool” the material afire “quench” the fire (cut off air supply)

Foundering To lie helpless and sinking Main cause are:

failure of machinery or rudder in bad weather collision due the navigation faults damage of ship’s deck/hatches or hull structure.


Means provided in case of foundering.

Lifebuoys Lifejacket

Lifeboat Liferaft

Crew Expertise Value of Training and Drills:

Prevent Panic Develop teamwork Familiarization Detection of defective equipment Develop expertise

Muster List Plan of action before an emergency would arise Muster List Tells You The Following:

WHO YOU ARE WHERE YOU GO WHAT TO DO the duties assigned to the different members of the crew closing of watertight doors, fire doors, valves, and other similar openings in the vessel equipping the survival craft and other life-saving appliances preparation and launching of survival craft general preparation of other life-saving appliances use of communication equipment manning of fire parties assigned to deal with fires

EMERGENCY SIGNALS General Alarm: Seven short blasts on the ship’s horn followed by one long blast. Fire Alarm Continuous ringing of Ship’s bell/alarm On hearing the alarm:

All personnel must proceed immediately to their designated muster station Team leaders must muster and report readiness to the bridge Perform respective duties and responsibilities

Emergency Drills

At least one abandon ship drill and one fire drill every month. 25% crew change - drill should be carried out within 24h upon leaving a port


Abandon Ship Drill Each abandon ship drill should include:

summoning of crew to muster stations checking that crew are suitably dressed checking that lifejackets are correctly donned lowering of at least one lifeboat starting and operating the lifeboat engine operation of davits used for launching life rafts.

Fire Drill Each fire drill should include:

starting of a fire pump checking of fireman’s outfit and other personal rescue equipment checking of relevant communication equipment checking the operation of watertight doors, fire doors, fire dampers and means of escape

Crew & Emergency Instructions All personnel must acquire knowledge of:

meaning of emergency signals the muster list and their duties location and use of life-saving equipment location and use of fire-fighting equipment escape routes and equipment Emergency involving the sinking of the ship Means provided for survival on ship and survival craft

Personal Muster Card Personal Muster Card - contains informations which are useful to crew members in an emergency situation. The following are information in the muster card:

Crew number, etc. General Emergency Alarm signal Fire alarm signal Abandon ship signal Muster (assembly) station Emergency duties


Extra Equipment & Survival Things to bring (if time permits):

Extra food and water Additional blankets Extra pyrotechnics Radio, EPIRB, SART Ship’s documents Charts of the abandon area

International code of signs and emergency signals table

Individual documents of embarked personnel Ship’s flag and signaling flags Binoculars and a sextant, if possible Medicines and sanitary items.

Abandoning Ship-Complications

some of the survival craft not capable of being launched

absence of lighting absence of personnel assigned to certain

duties

Heavy list Visibility Bad weather condition Panic

EVACUATION

Abandoning Ship–Last Resort The ship offers the best chance of survival and abandoning the ship should only be undertaken if all other measure fails. Survival Craft Stations

Muster at your assigned station Prepare all survival craft for immediate launching When the Master orders "Abandon Ship," launch all survival craft

Personal Preparation for Abandoning Ship

Wear warm clothing Don your life jacket Keep yourself always dry Go to your muster station in an orderly

manner

Board lifeboat/rafts Do not jump into the water unless

essential Drink extra water

Actions to Take When Required to Abandon Ship

Sound the general emergency signal Send a Mayday signal Ensure that the SART’s and EPIRB are carried to the muster stations Carry out a muster

Need to Prevent Panic

Panic is utterly driven by self-preservation. You have no interest in anyone but yourself. You won’t take orders, follow plans, or stop and think.


A – Acknowledge & Accept W – Wait A – Actions R – Repeat E – End

Crew Duties to Passengers Warning the passengers Seeing that they are suitably clad and have donned their lifejackets correctly Assembling passengers in their muster station Keeping order the passageways, stairways Ensure that supply of blankets/food is taken to survival craft

Master's Orders to Abandon Ship

NO SHIP IS ABANDONED EXCEPT BY ORDER OF THE MASTER The order “ABANDON SHIP” will be done ONLY by master or his deputy ABANDON signal MUST always be confirmed by word from the Master

Means of Survival

Keep afloat Keep warm Drinking water and food Communicate with ships or rescue services

Keeping Your Survival Craft Afloat

Stream the anchor Check the survival craft if there is any damage Bail water out Keep safe distance from the ship

Keeping Warm in Survival Craft

Dry wet clothes Use thermal protective aid Avoid unnecessary movements

Survival Craft & Rescue Boats It is a craft capable of sustaining the lives of persons in distress from the time of abandoning the ship Kinds of Survival Craft:

Liferaft Lifeboat Rescue boat

Lifeboats A small craft aboard a ship to allow for emergency escape


Types of Lifeboat

open partially enclosed self-righting partially enclosed totally enclosed totally enclosed with a self-contained air support system fire-protected

Open Lifeboat As the name suggests, the open lifeboat has no roof and is normally propelled by manual power by using hand propelled ores. Compression ignition engine may also be provided for the propulsion purpose. However, open lifeboats are becoming obsolete now because of stringent safety norms, but one may find them on older ship.

Partially Enclosed Lifeboat

Totally Enclosed Lifeboat Closed lifeboats are the most popular lifeboats that are used on ships, for they are enclosed which saves the crew from sea water, strong wind and rough weather. Moreover, the water tight integrity is higher in this type of lifeboat and it can also get upright on its own if toppled over by waves.


Totally Enclosed With a Self Contained Air Support System The self-contained air support system shall be so arranged that when proceeding with all entrances and openings closed, the air within the lifeboat remains safe and breathable and the engine runs normally for a period of not less than 10 minutes. During the period described (10 min) the atmospheric pressure inside the lifeboat shall never fall below the atmospheric pressure, nor shall it exceed it by more than 20 m/bar. The self-contained air support system shall have provided visual indicators to indicate the pressure of the air supply within the system at all times. Fire – Protected Lifeboat The lifeboat, when waterborne shall be capable of protecting the number of persons it is permitted to accommodate, when subjected to a continuous oil fire that envelops the lifeboat for a period of not less than 8 minutes. Water spray system A lifeboat that has fitted a water spray system shall comply with the following (a) water for the system shall be drawn from the sea by a self-priming motor pump, and it shall be possible to turn "on" and turn "off" the flow of water over the exterior of the lifeboat; (b) the sea water intake shall be so arranged as to prevent the intake of flammable liquids from the sea surface; and, (c) the system shall be arranged to allow flushing with fresh water, and complete draining. Free-Fall Lifeboat A free-fall lifeboat shall be totally enclosed. A lifeboat arranged for free-fall launching shall be so constructed that it is capable of rendering protection against harmful accelerations resulting from being launched when loaded with its complement and equipment, from at least the maximum height at which it is designed to be stowed above the waterline with the ship in the lightest seagoing condition, under unfavorable conditions of trim of up to 10° and with the ship listed not less than 20° either way. Free fall lifeboat is similar to an enclosed lifeboat but the process of launching is entirely different. They are


aerodynamic in nature and thus the boat can penetrate the water without damaging the body when launched from the ship. The free fall life boat is located at the aft of the ship, which provides a maximum clear area for free fall. Cargo Ships Cargo ship other than oil tankers, chemical tankers shall carry:

one or more totally enclosed lifeboats capacity on each side of the ship will accommodate the total number of persons on board

Passenger Ships Shall carry:

partially or totally enclosed lifeboats capacity will accommodate not less than 50% of the total number of persons on board. may permit the substitution of lifeboats by life rafts of equivalent total capacity provided that there

shall never be less than sufficient lifeboats on each side of the ship to accommodate 37.5% of the total number of persons on board.

Lifeboat Equipment

buoyant oars two boat-hooks a buoyant bailer and two

bucket a survival manual compass sea-anchor painters two hatchet dipper with lanyard graduated drinking vessel Water ration

food ration Pyrotechnics electric torch Heliograph copy of life-saving

signals one whistle first-aid anti-seasickness

medicine sea sickness bag jack-knife

tin-openers rescue quoits manual pump fishing tackle tools for minor

adjustments Portable fire-

extinguisher Searchlight Radar reflector Thermal protective

aids Life Rafts Are floats made of wood, metal, rubber, or plastic enclosing hermitically sealed air space. Two main types of life rafts:

Inflatable Life Raft Rigid Life Raft Life Raft Equipment

1 buoyant rescue quoits 1 Knife Buoyant bailer 2 sponges 2 sea anchors 2 buoyant paddles 3 tin-openers and a pair of scissors three tin-openers an one whistle 4 rocket parachute flares 6 hand flares 2 buoyant smoke signals

1 electric torch radar reflector 1 daylight signaling mirror 1 copy of the life-saving signals 1 set of fishing tackle food ration fresh water Graduated drinking vessel anti-seasickness medicine instructions on how to survive instructions for immediate action Thermal protective aids

Launching Method of Life Raft

Throw Overboard Launch Life rafts Float free Method Launch Life rafts Davit Launch Life rafts

Throw Overboard Launch Life Rafts How to launch: 1. Release Manual slip hook 2. Made fast painter 3. Check area if clear and throw 4. Pull the painter until life raft inflates and pull it alongside.


Float Free Method Launch Life Rafts

Davit Launch Life Rafts


Climb down the ship or installation side to the vicinity of the liferaft.

Step directly into the entrance of the raft if you are within about 2 meters range. Do not attempt to jump into the liferaft from any greater height than this or you will probably injure yourself on the buoyancy ring chambers of the liferaft.

Rescue Boats Is a boat designed to rescue persons in distress and to marshal survival craft.

Cargo ships shall carry at least one rescue boat.

Passenger ships of 500 gross tonnage and over shall carry at least one rescue boat Passenger ships of less than 500 gross tonnage shall carry at least one rescue boat

Lifeboat as Rescue Boat A lifeboat may be accepted as a rescue boat, provided that it and its launching and recovery arrangements also comply with the requirements for a rescue boat. PERSONAL LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES Lifebuoys A ring shaped life preserver constructed of inherently buoyant materials. Minimum Required Lifebuoys Cargo ships

Passenger ships

Additional Equipment Attached To Lifebuoys

Self-igniting lights Self-activating smoke signals Buoyant lifelines


Self-Igniting Lights cannot be extinguished by water white color luminous intensity of not less than 2 cd 50 flashes and not more than 70 flashes per min Works for a period of at least 2 hours

Self-Activating Smoke Signals

emit smoke for 15 min when floating in calm continue to emit smoke when fully submerged in water for a period of at least 10 s

Buoyant Lifelines

be non-kinking; have a diameter of not less than 8 mm; and have a breaking strength of not less than 5 kN.

Lifejackets Are buoyant devices used for saving persons from drowning by keeping their bodies afloat Lifejackets shall be so placed as to be readily accessible and their position shall be plainly indicated. Requirements for lifejacket

shall not sustain burning or continue melting after being totally enveloped in a fire for a period of 2 seconds.

at least 75% of persons, who are completely unfamiliar with the lifejacket, can correctly don it within a period of one min without assistance, guidance or prior demonstration;

after demonstration, all persons can correctly don it within a period of one minute without assistance;

it is clearly capable of being worn in only one way or, as far as is practicable, cannot be donned incorrectly;

it is comfortable to wear; it allows the wearer to jump from a height of at least 4.5 m into the water without injury and without

dislodging or damaging the lifejacket. shall have buoyancy which is not reduced by more than 5% after 24h submersion in fresh water.

Additional For Passenger Ships

With voyages less than 24 h, a number of infant lifejackets equal to at least 2.5% of the number of passengers on board

With voyages 24 h or greater, infant lifejackets shall be provided for each infant on board; Types of Lifejacket Inherent buoyancy – Made of buoyant material which does not depend on inflation for buoyancy.


Inflatable- A lifejacket which depends on inflation for buoyancy. Usually inflated by CO2. - inflate automatically on immersion, be provided with a device to permit inflation by a single manual motion and be capable of being inflated by mouth Lifejacket Equipment

Flashing light with o.75cd. Which will last for 8 hours Whistle firmly secured by a cord

Immersion Suits Is a protective suit which reduces the body heat-loss of a person wearing it in cold water.

Anti-Exposure Suit (Aes) Is a protective suit designed for use by rescue boat crews and marine evacuation system parties.

Thermal Protective Aids It is a bag or suit made of water proof material with low thermal conductivity.


Pyrotechnics Hand Flares Rocket Parachute Flare Smoke Signal Line Throwing Appliance

Hand Flares

luminous intensity of not less than 15,000 cd burning period of not less than 1 min continue to burn after having been immersed for a period of

10s under 100 mm of water

Parachute Flares

luminous intensity of not less than 30,000 cd burning period of not less than 40 s rate of descent of not more than 5 m/s

Smoke Signal

emit smoke not less than 3 min when floating in calm water

continue to emit smoke when submerged in water for a period of 10 s under 100 mm of water.

LINE-THROWING APPLIANCES Not less than four projectiles each capable of carrying the line at least 230 m in calm weather; not less than four lines each having a breaking strength of not less than 2 kN; have brief instructions or diagrams clearly illustrating the use of the line-throwing appliance.


Marine Evacuation System The Marine Evacuation Chute (MEC) System is the most efficient, easy-to-use, flexible, and cost-effective Marine Evacuation System available in the world today. As a gravity launch system, the Marine Evacuation System evacuates passengers and crew with the utmost safety in the shortest possible time. Normally found on Passenger Ships. SURVIVAL AT SEA Survival The state or fact of continuing to live or exist especially in spite of difficult conditions Dangers to Survivors Health Hazard

Immersion Foot- condition when the temperature of the tissues of the limbs remains sub normal but above freezing for a long period.

Hypothermia-lowering of body temperature due to exposure to cold air or water or a combination of low temperature and wind.

Frostbite- when tissue fluids freeze in localize areas of the body Heatstroke- response to heat characterized by extremely high body temperature and disturbance

of the sweating mechanism. Heat Exhaustion- response to heat characterized by fatigue, weakness and collapse duet to

inadequate intake of water to compensate for loss of fluid to sweating. Environmental Hazard

Bad Weather/climate Sea Creatures (sharks, sting rays, poisonous fish)‏ Other water hazards (toxic substances in the water)‏

Sea sickness - is a form of motion sickness characterized by a feeling of nausea and, in extreme cases, vertigo, experienced after spending time on a craft on water.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_sickness

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo_(medical)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water


Vertigo - (from the Latin vertō "a whirling or spinning movement"[1]) is a subtype of dizziness in which a patient inappropriately experiences the perception of motion (usually a spinning motion) due to dysfunction of the vestibular system Sea sickness symptoms:

- nausea - vomiting - pale skin - dizziness

- cold sweat - headache - increased salivation - fatigue

Preventions

avoid strong odor to prevent nausea. - try to choose a seat where you will experience the least motion. - open a vent or source of fresh air.

Clothing - No cotton. When wet it is worthless as an insulator and heavy. Savvy outdoors enthusiasts know that insulating critical heat loss regions (head and neck, sides of chest, armpits, and groin) forestalls hypothermia, frostbite, or simple cold discomfort. Layering appropriate fabrics helps preserve body heat. Flotation - Wear a personal flotation device (PFD). For the greatest protection against hypothermia, insulate the critical regions of your body with specifically designed PFD. A vest PFD offers more protection than a collar-type, and will improve your chances of survival. Insulated flotation jackets protect more of your body than vest or collar-type PFDs. A hood protects the head and neck area, and a removable seat panel reduces heat loss in the groin area. Behaviour - The more energy you use in cold water, the more your body cools off. If you cannot climb out of the water, conserve body heat by remaining as still as possible and reducing the amount of your body exposed to the water. Protect your critical heat loss regions: the head, sides, armpits, and groin. Do not swim unless shore, a raft, or an overturned boat is nearby. Swimming accelerates heat loss. Remaining still in the water increases your survival time. The Heat Escape Lessening Posture (H.E.L.P.) can be used only if you are wearing a personal flotation device. Work/rest cycle - Plan to adjust work/rest schedules according to broadcast humidex or temperature ratings. Plan heavy or outdoor work for early or late in the day. Dehydration

Failure to maintain body fluids correctly Drinking sea water

Hypothermia Is a medical emergency that occurs when your body loses heat faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low body temperature. Normal body temperature is around 98.6 F (37 C). Occurs as your body temperature passes below 95 F (35 C).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:verto

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizziness

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_system


WATER TEMP. WATER TEMP. EXPECTED TIME BEFORE UNCONSCIOUSNESS

EXPECTED TIME OF SURVIVAL

(°F) (°C)

32.5° 0.3° < 15 minutes 45 minutes

32.5–40° 0.3–4.4° 15 – 30 minutes 30 – 90 minutes

40–50° 3.3–10° 30 – 60 minutes 1 – 3 hours

50–60° 10–15.6° 1 – 2 hours 1 – 6 hours

60–70° 15.6–21.1° 2 – 7 hours 2 – 40 hours

70–80° 21.1–26.7° 3 – 12 hours 3 hours – indefinite

> 80° > 26.7° Indefinite Indefinite

Preventing hypothermia:

- Clothing - Flotation - Behaviour

Preventing heat stroke:

- Drink plenty of water - Work/rest cycle

Priorities During Survival

Protection- is the ability to shield oneself from injury and exposure Detection- you must be; seen and heard ;stay together Sustenance- anything that will support or uphold life- courage and faith/ sense of humor Medical treatment –keep your medical skills current General Health – physical and mental well being Training and Preparation – training is not only part of preparation but could also give a person strong

psychological support under survival conditions Best use of survival craft facilities Your survival at sea depends upon :

Your knowledge and ability to use the available survival equipment. Your special skills and ability to apply them to cope with the hazards you face. Your will to live.

Clearing the Ship’s Side How to get clear of the ships' side in a lifeboat

Using the engine Oars


The painter is very useful during maneuvering to assist in clearing the ship’s side by pulling it. How to get clear of the ships' side in a life raft

using the paddle using the sea anchor

Water and Food Discipline

Issue rations after 24 hours except for injured and the children Water should be issued at sunrise, midday and sunset 0.5L per person per day

Oil Burning On Water Surface

Discard your shoes and buoyant life preserver. Cover your nose, mouth, and eyes and quickly go underwater. Swim underwater as far as possible before surfacing to breathe.

Shark Infested Waters Precautions:

Stay with other swimmers. A group can maintain a 360-degree watch. A group can either frighten or fight off sharks better than one man.

Always watch for sharks. Keep all your clothing on, to include your shoes. Historically, sharks have attacked the unclothed men in groups first, mainly in the feet. Clothing also protects against abrasions should the shark brush against you.

Avoid urinating. If you must, only do so in small amounts. Let it dissipate between discharges. If you must defecate, do so in small amounts and throw it as far away from you as possible. Do the same if you must vomit. If a shark attack is imminent while you are in the water, splash and yell just enough to keep the shark away. Sometimes yelling underwater or slapping the water repeatedly will scare the shark away. Conserve your strength for fighting in case the shark attacks.

When you are in a raft and see sharks :

Do not fish. If you have hooked a fish, let it go. Do not clean fish in the water. Do not throw garbage overboard. Do not let your arms, legs, or equipment hang in the water. Keep quiet and do not move around.

Shark repellent Any method of driving sharks away from an area. Shark repellents are a category of animal repellents. Uses of Sea Anchor

Can be used to control the speed of boat Can be used behind a towed vessel to maintain tension on the towing line.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_repellent


Duties of a Lookout Listen for whistle Look for survivors Look for signaling light

Look out for danger Look for incoming rain or fish in area Look for passing ship or aircraft

Uses of Sea Anchor

Aid vessels in heaving to in heavy weather Reduce the speed at which a vessel will drift with the wind Provide directional control of boat in case of steering failure

Facilitating Detection by Others Equipment that may aid in detectability and location of survival craft:

EPIRB SART Radar Reflector VHF Radio Whistle Signaling mirrors Pyrotechnics

DISTRESS SIGNALS Maintain Group Morale During Sea Survival

Maintain positive attitude Do some activities to cure depression Have a strong determination and will to survive Follow the group leader and cooperate


Actions to Take When Onboard a Survival Craft

Maneuver the survival craft - Clear off the ship through the use of engine, oars and paddles. Close up the access points - to restrict incoming water and protect from exposure / erect canopy

of boats/ install canvass on open lifeboats to protect against cold and extreme heat

Stream the sea anchor - to reduce the risk of capsize and reduce the rate of drift. Issue anti-sea-sickness pills - it is imperative that all survivors take the seasickness medication

as soon as practicable after boarding. Seasickness will incapacitate a person, and to be useful a survivor needs to be both mentally and physically aware. Also helps prevent dehydration

Post look-outs - establish a lookout on the exterior of the liferaft .The lookout should listen and watch for other survivors and locate other survival craft if possible. An inside lookout should also be established to continually check the buoyancy compartments of the liferaft and watch out for damage being accidentally caused. The internal lookout can also keep a regular check on the condition of casualties.

Treat injured persons - the welfare of injured parties should be considered as soon as practicable, but not to the detriment of the well-being of the life raft. Use of the first aid kit is limited to the prevailing conditions.

Dry out the survival craft - bale out loose from inside the life raft/lifeboat with balers provided. Employ one or two sponges to mop up dregs.

Facilitate detection by others – through the use of signaling equipment and pyrotechnics

A person should never enter the water without a lifejacket Immersion Suit, TPA, or anti-exposure suit should be worn as appropriate Anything buoyant will help a survivor in the water

MEANS OF SURVIVAL IN WATER - H.E.L.P – Heat escape Lessening Posture - Huddle to maintain body heat HELP POSITION

bring your arms close to the side of your body

cross your ankles keep your legs closed and pull your knees hold your hands underneath the knee joints

HUDDLE POSITION

wrap your arms around each other form a circle facing the others

keep bodies as close as possible together fill up the inner circle do not change anymore


EMERGENCY RADIO EQUIPMENT Portable Radio Apparatus for Survival Craft VHF radio installation capable of transmitting DSC on channel 70, and radiotelephony on channels 16, 13 and 6. Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRBS) Is a safety device carried by a vessel to alert search and rescue services and allow them to quickly locate you in the event of an emergency. Automatic Activation

Hydrostatic activation: If the ship sink, at about 4 m depth the hydrostatic release unit will free E.P.I.R.B. capsule and this will float free starting transmission.


Deactivation: If the E.P.I.R.B. was activated by mistake or if the emergency ends then the E.P.I.R.B. can be reset back to its “ready” state as follows:

- remove E.P.I.R.B. from any water and dry its sea switch contacts - wait 8 seconds for sea switch to turn off - if E.P.I.R.B. is still flashing then it must have been turned on manually - slide the switch cover fully to the right - press and release “READY” button

EMERGENCY POSITION-INDICATING RADIO BEACONS (EPIRBS) What if an EPIRB is accidentally activated? The most important thing to do is switch off the beacon and notify the Rescue Coordination Centre EPIRB SYSTEM

How does an EPIRB work? 406 MHz EPIRBs work with the Cospas-Sarsat polar orbiting satellite system, giving true global coverage. There is an alert delay of about 45 minutes dependant on when the satellites come into view on the horizon. The satellite can determine the position of your EPIRB to within 5km (3 miles). The coded message identifies the exact vessel to which the EPIRB is registered. This information allows the rescue services to

eliminate false alerts and launch an appropriate rescue. GPS-enabled EPIRBs have a built-in transmitter which will typically alert the rescue services within 3 minutes and to a positional accuracy of +/- 50 metres (updated every 20 minutes) given a clear view skywards. Some EPIRBs also have a secondary distress transmitter. This transmits on 121.5 MHz and is used for "homing" purposes. When the rescue services get close, this allows them to direction find on the signal. Some EPIRBs also have a high brightness LED flashing light that aids final visual location.


Search & Rescue Transponders (SARTS)

Is used to locate a survival craft or distressed vessel by creating a series of dots on a rescuing ship's radar display.

One SART if under 500 GRT, 2 SARTs if over 500 GRT.-demonstrate how they are activated Located at the bridge

A SART will only respond to a 9 GHz X-band (3 cm wavelength) radar.

Activation:

Remove the S.A.R.T. from it's container

Pull the safety pin from the S.A.R.T. Check the RED light is on In onboard the vessel, try and get it as high as possible If in a Liferaft, mount it on top of the liferaft

What if a SART is accidentally activated?

Switch off the SART immediately. Transmit a DSC Safety Alert on VHF CH 70 Transmit a safety broadcast by RT on VHF CH 16 to all stations indicating your ID, position and

that you wish to cancel your false alert which was transmitted in error Helicopter Assistance Communicating With the Helicopter

Hand and arm hoisting signals Search and Rescue service helicopters can communicate on VHF channel 16 Through shore-based radio stations to RCC if suitable equipment is available Visual signals

Evacuation from Ship & Survival Craft Requirements for a helicopter pick-up area on ship:

Clear area/secure loose objects Lighting Obstruction Firefighting equipment ready

Precautions against being turned over in a life raft by the helicopter ground effect:

Maintain balance in the life raft Deflate the life raft canopy

http://www.egmdss.com/gmdss-courses/mod/glossary/showentry.php?courseid=6&concept=SART

http://www.egmdss.com/gmdss-courses/mod/glossary/showentry.php?courseid=6&concept=DSC

http://www.egmdss.com/gmdss-courses/mod/glossary/showentry.php?courseid=6&concept=VHF+CH

http://www.egmdss.com/gmdss-courses/mod/glossary/showentry.php?courseid=6&concept=RT

http://www.egmdss.com/gmdss-courses/mod/glossary/showentry.php?courseid=6&concept=VHF+CH


Equipment for Helicopter Pick-Up Rescue Sling Rescue Basket Rescue Litter/Stretcher

Rescue Net Rescue Seat

RESCUE SLING

The most widely used means for evacuating persons is the rescue sling. Slings are suited for quickly picking up uninjured persons, but are unsuitable for persons with

injuries. DOUBLE LIFT METHOD

Some SAR helicopters use the double lift method, which consists of a normal sling and a seating belt manned by a helicopter crewmember.

This method is suitable for pick-up of incapacitated persons from land, water, or the deck of a vessel; if they are not injured badly enough so that a litter has to be used.

The helicopter crewmember puts the person into the sling and conducts the wincing operation.

RESCUE BASKET

To use the basket, the person merely climbs in, remains seated and holds on. RESCUE LITTER/STRETCHER

Injured persons will in most cases be disembarked by means of a rescue litter.


RESCUE NET

To use the net the person merely enters the opening, sits in the net, and holds on. RESCUE SEAT

Persons to be hoisted merely sit astride on one or two of the seats and wrap their arms around the shank.

HAND AND ARM SIGNALS FOR SAFE LIFTING

Hoist Arm raised above horizontally – thumbs up

Do not hoist Arms extended horizontally – fists clenched

REMEMBER

obey instructions given by helicopter pilot or deputy It is always the decision of the pilot on how the operation should be carried out


CORRECT USE OF HELICOPTER HARNESS

The person using the sling must face the hook. Hands should be clasped in front as shown.

The person using the sling must face the hook. Hands

should be clasped in front as shown. describes the correct way to don the harness and adopt

a safe posture in it.

The sling is put on in much the same way as one puts on a coat, ensuring that the loop of the sling passes behind the back and under both armpits.

The person must not sit in the sling, nor should the sling be unhooked.

FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE FIGHTING

MINIMIZE THE RISK OF FIRE INTRODUCTION Safety and Principles Defined as the condition of being protected against all types of consequences brought about by the presence of hazards associated with an individual’s activities, conditions of work areas, the surrounding structures or all of it combined in one particular event. FIRE

A chemical process characterized by a release of energy brought about by the combination of oxygen and a combustible material.

It is termed as RAPID OXIDATION FIRE TRIANGLE ELEMENTS OF FIRE The 3 basic elements for fire to exist:

Oxygen Fuel Heat


FIRE TETRAHEDRON CONCEPT OF FIRE TRIANGLE/TETRAHEDRON The fact that the fire triangle is an isosceles triangle which is having EQUAL sides, every element is as IMPORTANT as the other sides. In the case of fire extinguishment; eliminating one side of the triangle will cause its extinguishment. And in the case of fire prevention, controlling the concentration or exposure of the fire elements from each other or eliminating all the factors that may cause the three elements to combine into a proper proportion will surely prevent the creation of fire. Properties of Flammable Materials In General, all flammable materials whether in the form of solid or liquid, the flammable gas that are emitted when it is heated are the one that actually burning. The combustion phases: SOLID The act of combustion consists of three relatively distinct but overlapping phases:

Preheating phase, when the unburned fuel is heated up to its flash point and then fire point. Flammable gases start being evolved in a process similar to dry distillation.

Distillation phase or gaseous phase, when the mix of evolved flammable gases with oxygen is ignited. Energy is produced in the form of heat and light. Flames are often visible. Heat transfer from the combustion to the solid maintains the evolution of flammable vapours.

Charcoal phase or solid phase, when the output of flammable gases from the material is too low for persistent presence of flame and the charred fuel does not burn rapidly and just glows and later only smoulders'.

LIQUID Combustion of liquid fuel in an oxidizing atmosphere actually happens in the gas phase.It is the vapor that burns, not the liquid. Therefore, a liquid will normally catch fire only above a certain temperature: its flash point. The flash point of a liquid fuel is the lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable mix with air. It is also the minimum temperature at which there is enough evaporated fuel in the air to start combustion.

Flammability - It is the ability of a material to be ignited and burn. Flammability of a material is defined based on the flash point of the same material.

Flashtpoint - is the lowest temperature in which the heated material will give off vapour which when mixed with air in a proper proportion will ignite TEMPORARILY if a flame is applied.


Ignition Point - The lowest temperature wherein a substance will give off flammable vapour which when mixed with air in a proper proportion will ignite and will continue to burn even if the source of flame is removed.

Auto-Ignition Point - The lowest temperature wherein a substance will give off flammable vapour which when mixed with air in a proper proportion will ignite by itself even without the introduction of a flame or being exposed to a source of ignition.

Burning Temperature Burning Speed Thermal Value Lower Flammable Limit (LFL) - In air and flammable gas mixture, it is the limit below which there is

no combustion because the oxygen concentration is more than the flammable gas concentration. This is termed as “Too Lean” condition.

Upper Flammable Limit (UFL) - In air and flammable gas mixture, it is the limit above which there is no combustion because the oxygen concentration is less than the flammable gas concentration. This is termed as “Too Rich” condition.

Flammable Range - The range or area in between the Upper Flammable Limit and Lower Flammable Limit wherein there is a proper proportion between the oxygen and flammable gas. In this area is where combustion takes place if such condition of proportionality is introduced with a flame or source of ignition.

STATIC ELECTRICITY Is a condition wherein there is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material. REACTIVITY The property of some materials or chemicals to react to another materials wherein its by product may be toxic or flammable or in worst cause explosion CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES Fires are classified as: (AMERICAN STANDARD)

Class A – Ordinary combustible materials Class B – Flammable liquids and gas Class C – Energized electrical equipments Class D – Combustibles metals Class K – Cooking oil or fats

Fires are classified as: (EUROPEAN STANDARD)

Class A – Ordinary combustible materials Class B – Flammable liquids Class C – Flammable Gas Class D – Combustible metals Class F – Cooking oil or fats

Fires are classified as: (AUSTRALIAN/ASIAN STANDARD

Class A – ordinary combustible materials Class B – Flammable liquids


Class C – Flammable gas Class D – Combustible metals Class E – Energized electrical equipments Class F – Cooking oil or fats

Fires are classified as:

Class A Class B Class C Class D Class K

CLASS A FIRES

Consist of ordinary combustible materials such as wood, paper, fabric, plastic and most kind of trash.

These types of fire are deep seated and leaves ashes as by product after the burning process. CLASS B FIRES

Fires caused by burning combustible liquid or gas This fire is characterized by “surface burning” Example: Gasoline, Kerosene, Methane

CLASS C FIRES

Fires caused by energized electrical equipment Fire occurs when electrically charged materials produces heat causing fire to solid or liquid

combustible materials. Fire is only classed as C as long as electrical charge is present, otherwise it may be classed as A,

B or D. CLASS D FIRES

Fires caused by flammable metals Common firefighting medium like water causes violent reactions and energized the flame and

spread the fire rather than extinguish it Example: Magnesium, Titanium, Lithium


SOURCES OF IGNITION HOT WORK Welding, cutting, soldering, brazing ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE

STOVE OR HOT PLATE OF ELECTRICAL STOVES

TYPES & SOURCES OF IGNITION Fire Prevention Principles

Heat Transfer Advection Conduction Convection Radiation


Spread of Fire

The spread of fire is the result of the equalization in temperature between fire and the surroundings through heat transfer.

Four Stages in Fire Development IGNITION (INCIPIENT PHASE) - The initial phase in fire development where an unburned fuel is heated up whereby producing flammable gas which ignites temporarily as the flame is applied. DEVELOPING PHASE (SURFACE FIRE) – Also called Growth. The phase in fire development where at such temperature, the fuel emits flammable gas which ignites continuously even if the source of heat or flame is removed.


ABSOLUTE FIRE (FIRE IN DEPTHS SOLIDS) – Also called Fully Developed Fire. As the fire continues, flammable gas continue to be produced and at the same time consumed by the flame. This cycle continues until the time where the fuel no longer has the capacity to produce gas to support burning. BURNING OUT – Also called Decay. Occurs when the output of flammable gases from the material is too low for persistent presence of flame and the charred fuel does not burn rapidly and just glows and later only smoulders. SAFE PRACTICES General Safety Procedures Onboard

No smoking in hazardous areas Good housekeeping

Ability to recognize fire hazards and to take the necessary steps to prevent fires

Welding works Tank cleaning works (tankers) Hatch ventilations (bulk carrier) Containerized chemical or liquefied gas cargoes (container ships) Galley operations (all types of ships) Ship’s general structures (all types of ships)

MEASURES FOR REDUCING FIRE HAZARDS Engine Room

Insulation and lagging procedures Elimination of oil leaks and preventing accumulation of oil. Proper fire precautions when welding or burning is being carried out. Caps and cocks for sounding pipes to oil tanks are closed. Maintaining cleanliness in engine room, removing oil soaked rags.

Galley

Keeping extraction fan and flue-gas duct clean Ensuring cooking oils do not spill on top of the stove or overheat in electrical cooking pans Keeping electrical installation well maintained

Accommodation Areas

No smoking in bed No authorized electrical fittings No emptying of ash trays into waste paper bins without ensuring all cigarette ends are extinguished

Cargo Space

Ensuring hatches are correctly cleaned Ensuring cargo are stowed and ventilated in accordance with the rules Prohibition of smoking during cargo-working Securing of Cargo


Inerting the atmosphere in cargo compartments if required Ensure that all hold/cargo compartments lights are switched off and cargo clusters are

disconnected, removed and stored away after use and before closing of hatches Key to Effective Fire-Fighting

Constant vigilance Preparedness Fire Patrol

Proper Watchkeeping Maintenance of equipment

NEED FOR CONSTANT VIGILANCE Patrol Systems Duties of a Patrol Team

Carry out systematic fire rounds all around the ship’s accommodation Maintain fire patrol log book with details of results of fire patrolling Record/report fire-fighting equipment and facilities defects Carry out investigation on reported cases of possible fire outbreak Carry out investigation on areas where there are activation of fire detection system Check and prohibit activities that may cause fire.

FIRE HAZARDS Lists of Fire Hazards Onboard Engine Room

Combustible liquids Oil leaks and oil soaked insulation Hot surfaces (exhaust pipes, overheating engine parts) Defects in lagging Hot work (welding, cutting by oxy-acetylene torch) Auto-ignition (oil dipping on hot surface)

Galley

Combustible liquids (cooking oil, hot fat) Hot Surfaces (oven, frying pans, flues) Defective electrical connections

Accommodation

Combustible materials (furnishings, personal effects) Matches and cigarette smoking Defective electrical connections

Cargoes

Self heating cargoes and spontaneous combustion Oxidizing cargoes and organic peroxides


Compressed flammable gas Pyrophoric cargoes - Cargoes that are reactive with air. It ignites spontaneously in air at or below

55ºC. Examples are iron Sulphide and other reactive metals.

Explosives Smokers and Cigarettes

Temperature of a burning cigarettes (which is about 500°C) Carelessness with cigarettes and matches, setting fire to bedclothes, waste paper bin contents and

furnishing MAINTAINING STATE OF READINESS TO RESPOND TO EMERGENCY SITUATIONS INVOLVING FIRES Shipboard Organization for Fire Fighting General Emergency Alarm An alarm system onboard which defines all types of emergencies Special Alarms Are alarms operated from the bridge which is use for summoning the crew to fire stations. Other alarms onboard that signify the presence of fire:

CO2 Alarm Pump room alarm UMS Fire Detection System Manually Operated Alarm System

Fire Control Plans & Muster List Fire Control Plan


A plan prepared and exhibited for the guidance of ship’s officer showing the following information: Control stations for each deck The various fire sections enclosed by different classes of bulk heads Particulars of fire detection system Particulars of fire alarm system The sprinkler installations Fire extinguishing appliances Means of access to different compartments, deck, etc. Ventilating system Located in an accessible location in the ship but most commonly posted along alley ways

preferably on the working deck of the ship. Description in the plans shall be in the language or languages required by the administration which

may be in English or French; if the language is neither of the mentioned languages then a translation to such languages shall be included.

MUSTER LIST A list detailing instruction to be followed in the event of an emergency. Communication

One of the most important component of an effective response to any time of emergency. The way how information and is delivered and its clarity dictates the outcome of an emergency

response. Methods of communication used during fire emergencies:

Messengers Telephones Walkie-talkie Ship-to-shore VHF


Public Address system COMMUNICATION OF A GOOD COMMUNICATION Brief - short but direct to the point Clear - should be understandable by the receiver of the message Concise - brief in form but comprehensive in scope Personnel Safety Procedures

BASIC COMPONENT/STRUCTURE The organization is divided mainly of FOUR basic components namely Bridge Party, Emergency Party, Support Party and Technical or Engine room Party. Although every component is as important as the other components, the emergency party in the main player as far as fire-fighting is concerned. Emergency Party The team id headed by the chief officer who also act as the on-scene commander Nozzle man – positioned ahead of the team and in-charge in the discharge of fire fighting medium directed to the fire. Back-up man – always positioned behind the nozzle man and responsible in carrying the weight of the hose so as to make it easier for the man in fire nozzle man in fire extinguishment. Also, responsible in clearing out entry points and obstructions along the path of the entire fire team. Hose tender man – responsible in paying out and taking in of the hose during the movement of the main firefighters. Positioned at the entrance to the fire or even midway between the main fire team and the entrance to the compartment MAIN COMPONENT OF THE FIRE TEAM Fire Team Upon the activation of the emergency organization, all orders by the bridge party are given based on information provided by the on-scene commander on the site of fire combined with his analysis of the situation. Therefore, entry into the fire zone is prohibited unless ordered by the person in charge. Effective communications is critical in the formulation of the strategies in the conduct of fire fighting. Safety Considerations In the interest of safety, firefighters must be familiar with the fire area and the surrounding areas including escape routes when going into the fire zone In this cases, members of the fire teams are either mixed between deck and engine crews or one team is assign for deck fire fighting and one team is intended for engine fire fighting To be able to effectively carry out fire-fighting, fire teams must be properly equipped when entering the fire zone which includes means of illuminating the place if the lighting has failed and the space is full of smoke


Fire Suits and Equipments Fire Proximity Suits are designed for rescue operations and places, where there are hazards and people operating in excessive temperature ranging 800-1000 degree Celsius. The outer layer of these Aluminized Suit being Aluminized helps to reflect more than 90% heat thereby helping the rescuer to prolong the stay near fire comfortably. Fire Proximity Suit is made out of 16 oz imported aluminized glass fibre fabric with dual mirror having 90% reflection of heat as a outer layer and with woollen fabric lining. Additional layer (Vapour Barrier) is also used for higher temperature. Fire Entry Suit is offered in various layers and weighs 22 kgs and can handle fire with 2000°F temperature. The Fire Entry Suits can be easily worn and is equipped with ZETEX – PLUS fabric outer layer for providing utmost performance even in open fire. It consists of coat with long sleeves, double storm fly front and pouch to carry cylinder for breathing apparatus. The safety fire suits are provided with adjustable straps with pant and hood that can be kept in the built-in shell. In order to provide thermal protection to the eyes the fibre glass helmet has tempered glasses and two gold plated lenses. The fire entry suit is offered with ZETEX-PLUS fabric made mittons and boots to save the firefighter from any danger. Required Equipments In Fire-Fighting

Axe Hand Lantern

Breathing Apparatus Fireproof Lifeline with fittings

Fire-Proof Life-Line

Fire-proof lifelines are used to be able to guide and trace the track of firefighters when going in or coming out of a fire zone or enclosed spaces.

A signaling system is applied so as to utilize the life line in communicating so as to have better control in the deployment and retrieval of the line and also of those attached to it.

Use of Life-Lines From wearer to attendant

One Pull - Slack off lifeline Two Pull - Stop Three Pull - Pull off Lifeline Rapid & Continuous Pull - Help me out immediately

From attendant to wearer

Rapid & Continuous Pull - Come out immediately


FLEXIBILITY OF CREW IN FIRE-FIGHTING In an emergency organization, all the team composition and crew assignments are considered NOT permanent. This means that it is expected that all crew must be FLEXIBLE in filling up vacancies of key personnel, especially in the fire fighting team. This due to the fact that during the outbreak of fire, in instances that injured personnel are involved, it is but natural to REORGANIZED all the crew to fill in vacancies to preserve the effectiveness of every team thus the firefighting effort. PERIODIC SHIPBOARD DRILLS Purpose

The purpose of periodic shipboard drills is for the crew to have necessary knowledge and skills to handle fire emergency cases, including passenger care. (SOLAS Ch II-2, Reg 15, Par 1)

To be familiar with the arrangements of the ship as well as the location and operation of any fire-fighting systems and appliances that they may be called upon to use. (SOLAS Ch II-2, Reg 15, Par 2.2.1)

To identify areas in need for improvement, to ensure competency in fire-fighting skills is maintained and to ensure the operational readiness of the fire-fighting organization. (SOLAS Ch II-2, Reg 15, Par 2.2.3)

TYPICAL EXERCISES DURING DRILLS

Extinguishing fire in a deep fryer Entering a closed room on fire Extinguishing a major deck fire Rescuing an unconscious person from a smoke-filled space.

LOCATION OF FIRE-FIGHTING APPLIANCES & EMERGENCY ESCAPE ROUTES Ship Construction Arrangements Basic principles of ship construction arrangement:

Prevent the occurrence of fire and explosion. Reduced the risk to life caused by fire Reduce the risk of damage caused by fire to the ship, its cargo and the environment. Contain, control and suppress fire and explosion in the compartment of origin. Provide adequate and readily accessible means of escape for passengers and crew.

Bulkhead Integrity

CLASS A DIVISIONS - Divisions formed by bulkheads and decks which comply with the following criteria:

Constructed of STEEL or other equivalent materials

Suitably stiffened

Constructed as to be capable of preventing the passage of smoke and flame to the end of the one-hour standard fire test.


CLASS B DIVISIONS - are to be so constructed as to be capable of preventing the passage of flame to the end of the first half hour of the standard fire test.

CLASS C DIVISIONS - Constructed of approved NON-COMBUSTIBLE materials. They need meet neither requirements relative to the passage of smoke and flame nor limitations relative to the temperature rise.

Gas-Freeing of Cargo Tanks Means the introduction of fresh air with 21% Oxygen into cargo tanks in order to displace and replace flammable, toxic or inert gas and to make it suitable for human entry. Gas-Freeing Of Tanks By Portable of tanks

Air driven fans Water driven fans By Inert Gas System

Inerting of Cargo Tanks Means the introduction of inert gas to a tank which is gas-free with the objective of lowering the oxygen content of the tank atmosphere to 8% by volume or lower. By Inert Gas System

Using Nitrogen

Nitrogen supplied from shore

Bottled nitrogen

Nitrogen Generating Plant Ship Construction Arrangements

Emergency Fire Pump (cargo ships) Location The space containing the fire pump shall not be next to or adjacent to the boundaries of machinery spaces containing the main fire pumps. If such requirement is not possible, an insulation shall be provided meeting the standard of structural fire protection which is the same as that required for a control station. Use of Emergency Fire Pump Emergency fire pump is used in circumstances where in the event of fire in any one compartment could put the pumps out of action. The emergency fire pump therefore shall have the source of power and sea suction located outside the space where the main fire pumps are located.


EMERGENCY ESCAPE ROUTES Escape Routes Are well marked showing arrows and symbols leading to the embarkation deck. Machinery space – The emergency escape routes from machinery spaces then to the main deck and finally to the boat deck should be constructed so as to make it unobstructed. Accommodation space – The emergency escape routes from accommodation spaces then to the main deck and finally to the boat deck should be constructed so as to make it unobstructed. Two sets of steel ladders, as widely separated as possible, leading to the doors at the upper part of the space, similarly separated and from which access is provided to the open deck. One of those ladders shall be located within a protected enclosure that satisfies the fire integrity requirements on bulkheads and decks. Spread of Fire in the Different Parts of a Ship Fire in machinery spaces shall be contained in the machinery space itself and shall not spread to accommodation since accommodation is separated from machinery spaces by structural and thermal protection boundaries. Fire in Cargo Pumproom Fire in cargo pumproom spaces shall be contained in the cargo pumproom space itself and shall not spread to accommodation since accommodation is separated from machinery spaces by structural and thermal protection boundaries. CLASS A-60 DIVISION All A-60 doors separating machinery space and cargo pumproom shall be shut in case of fire in respective spaces. VENTILATION FLAPS

All ventilation flaps shall be shut in case of fire in machinery spaces and cargo spaces. Purpose of Construction Requirements During fires in the accommodation these fires shall be contained in the accommodation itself and shall not be allowed to spread in machinery space and cargo pump room.


In cases where accommodation fires originates in the galley, laundry, linen locker, common public spaces and living spaces, these fires shall be contained in the space of origin of fire and shall not be allowed to spread to other parts of the accommodation by using thermal protection and ventilation flaps. Control of spread of fire by utilizing construction requirements If a fire broke out in any cargo hold, it shall be contained in the affected cargo hold by shutting hatch covers, ventilator flaps and cooling boundary bulk heads. Fires in isolated spaces such as wheel house, radio room, chart room, fore peak area (i.e. paint locker, etc) and steering gear compartment shall be contained in the space of origin itself by shutting doors, ventilator flaps and using the fixed installation and other fire fighting appliances where provided. FIRE AND SMOKE DETECTION MEASURES ON SHIPS & AUTOMATIC ALARM SYSTEM Types of Automatic Fire Detectors

Smoke Detectors Heat Detectors Flame Detectors

The system consist of a main indication panel which is directly connected to different types of sensors fitted strategically around the ship’s accommodation and at remote places around the ship including the engine room. A set of electric/ electronic devices working together to detect and alert personnel through visual and audio appliances when smoke or fire is present. The alarms maybe activated from smoke detectors, heat detectors, flame detectors or from manual fire alarm station or call points. Alarms or action that may be activated by a detector:

Smoking Excessively burned toasted bread Unusual rise in temperature in a compartment due to the presence of fire Explosion or sudden production of flame due to combustion

SPRINKLER SYSTEM An active fire protection measure consisting of water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected.


CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES & APPLICABLE EXTINGUISHING AGENTS Extinguishing Agents

Class A Fires: • Water

Water Spray Water jet Flooring

• Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Class B Fires:

• Foam • Carbon Dioxide (CO2) • Dry Powder

Class C Fires: • Dry Powder • Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Class D Fires • Special Dry Powder

Class K Fires: • Fire blankets • Foam Extinguisher

FIGHT & EXTINGUISH FIRES Fixed Installations General Requirements

Production of toxic gases Quantity Piping system

Release of gas medium Release procedure

Lists of Fixed Installation System

Carbon Dioxide Sprinkler (wet and dry risers) Foam (low expansion) Foam (high expansion) Fire mains, hydrants

Emergency generators, fire and bilge pumps

Pressure water spray in special category spaces

Chemical Powder applicants SMOTHERING EFFECT SYSTEMS Carbon Dioxide

“Floods” and blankets the fire area Advantages on the Use of Co2

Useful on fires involving energized electrical equipments


Being a gas, it does not further damage electrics and other equipments during its application. Very effective on enclosed space fires It can suffocate firefighters It is an odorless and colorless gas and therefore undetectable

CO2 SYSTEM

As alarm prior to its release is given: Evacuate the area Conduct mustering

Spaces protected by CO2 system

Pumproom Engine room

Foams

It blankets the fire area and serving as boundary line between the burning medium and air

Actions to take when Foam is released to the fire area: Evacuate the area Mustering

Different Types Of Foams

Synthetic foams Protein foams

Inhibitor Effect Systems

Powder It inhibits or breaks down the chemical process

Powders extinguishers for Class D fires Sodium Chloride Copper based

Graphite Based Sodium Carbonate Based

Cooling Effect Systems

Sprinklers Pressure Sprays

Two Types of Sprinkler Systems Wet pipe sprinkler systems are the most common type of sprinkler system. Considered as the most reliable with simple having an operating components being the automatic sprinklers and (commonly, but not always) the automatic alarm check valve. An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to the system piping.


Dry pipe systems are installed in spaces in which the ambient temperature may be cold enough to freeze the water in a wet pipe system, rendering the system inoperable due to freezing. Unlike the wet type system, air is present in the pipes instead of water. As the system operates, air is release and then the water follows. Deluge System operates when there is an activation of a fire alarm initiating device, or a manual pull station which signals the fire alarm panel, which in turn signals the deluge valve (a mechanically latched valve which stays open when tripped. It is non-resetting and used mainly to “flood” hence the word “deluge”) to open, allowing water to enter the piping system. Water flows from all sprinklers simultaneously. In this system, the heat sensing elements are removed making the sprinkler orifices open. It is normally installed in areas where hazards of rapid fire spread is a concern. Pre-action System are sued in areas where accidental activation is a concern. It is the combination of the three systems and depends mainly on the exact system’s goal. Such system are not used onboard but rather on areas where a total protection is a concern like museums, manuscripts, book and data centers. Space Protected By the Systems

Paint rooms Accommodation (Passenger ships)

Pressure Water Spray Systems A manually operated water spray system which is identical to deluge sprinkler system

Consist mainly of:

Pump Fixed piping system Distributed array of

nozzles Fire Hydrants

Fitted with shut-off valves Isolating valves and

cross-over valves International Shore Connection The international shore connection is a universal hose connection that is to be provided on all ships as per the SOLAS requirement.


Description Dimension

Outside Diameter (OD) 178mm

Inside Diameter (ID) 64mm

Bolt Circle Diameter (BCD) 132mm

Slots in Flange 4 holes, 19mm in diameter spaced equidistantly on a bolt circle of above diameter slotted to flange periphery

Flange Thickness 14.5mm minimum

Bolts and Nuts 4, each of 16mm diameter, 50mm in length

SELECTION OF FIRE-FIGHTING APPLIANCES & EQUIPMENT FIRE HOSES & NOZZLES Additional Requirements

Additional requirements for passenger ships carrying more than 36 passengers Fire hoses shall be connected to the hydrants at all times Length shall be at least 10m but not more than 15m. 20m in other spaces and open decks; 25m for open decks on ships with a maximum breadth in excess of 30m.

Unless one hose and nozzle is provided for each hydrant in the ship, there shall be complete interchangeability of hose couplings and nozzles.

Fire Hoses General Specifications

Made up of non-perishable materials Shall be of sufficient length Shall be provided with a nozzle and necessary couplings Shall be kept ready for use in conspicuous positions near water service hydrants or connections

Number & Diameter Of Fire Hoses General: All ships shall be provided with fire hoses, the number and diameter of which shall be to the satisfaction of the administration. In Passenger ships: At least one fire hose shall be provided for every fire hydrant. For Cargo ships: For 1000 GRT and upward, there should be one fire hose for each 30m length of the ship and a spare but in no case less than 5 in all. This number does not include any hose required in any engine-room or boiler room.


For cargo ships of less than 1000 GRT, the number of hoses to be provided shall be calculated in accordance with the provisions on cargo ships of 1000 GRT and upwards, however the number of hoses shall in no case be less than three. Size & Types Of Nozzles Standard fire nozzles

12mm 16mm 19mm

In accommodation spaces nozzles greater than 12mm need not be used Jet nozzle setting: Used in Class A fires where impact of water pressure to the seat of fire will increase the cooling effect thus extinguishing the fire.

Fog nozzle setting: It breaks the stream into droplets thus covering greater surface area which increases the cooling effect of the surroundings. The cooling effect produces steam which displaces oxygen on the burning material by smothering This procedure and nozzle setting is best used on class B and C fires.

MAINTENANCE & STORAGE After used, fire hoses are hang in order to drain water out of the hose since these remaining water may damage the internal lining of the hose if left unchecked MOBILE APPARATUS Types of Mobile Apparatus

Carbon Dioxide cylinders Powder containers with propellant gas Foam-making equipment


Portable Fire Extinguisher Water. The most common type of extinguishing medium. It absorbs heat on the burning material thus cooling the material below its flash point. Foam. Used for fire suppression. Its role is to cool the fire and to coat the fuel, preventing its contact with oxygen, resulting in suppression of the combustion. Carbon Dioxide. Stored in its container in liquid form but turned into gas when release to the fire area. Since CO2 gas is 1.5 times heavier than air, fire is extinguish by blanketing thereby smothering the fire. Powder. In the heat of a fire, it releases a cloud of carbon dioxide that smothers the fire. That is, the gas drives oxygen away from the fire, thus stopping the chemical reaction.

MonoAmmonium Phosphate Sodium Bicarbonate

AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam). A water based and hydrocarbon based surfactant. They have the ability to spread over hydrocarbon based liquids. A water film forms beneath the foam which cools the liquid fuels which stops the formation of flammable vapours. TWO TYPES OF PORTABLE EXTINGUISHERS They have the advantage of simple and prompt recharge, allowing an operator to discharge the extinguisher, recharge it, and return to the fire in a reasonable amount of time. Stored Pressure Type

The most common type. The expellant is stored in the same container as the

firefighting agent. Different extinguishing agent uses different expellant. Foam & water – Air Dry chemicals – Nitrogen

Cartridge-Operated Type

The expellant is stored in a separate container. Uses compressed carbon dioxide as extinguishing

propellant. Has the advantage of simple & prompt recharge.

PORTABLE FOAM APPLICATOR Portable foam applicator is a type of portable nozzle designed to eject a mixture of foam concentrate and water thus producing foam solution and direct the medium to the seat of fire.


FIREMAN’S OUTFIT Types of Fireman’s Outfit

Proximity Suits

Aluminized suit Entry Suits

Not aluminized Constituents of a Fireman’s Outfit

Personal Equipment Breathing Apparatus Fireproof Lifeline with snap-hook and

harness Two Main Types of Breathing Apparatus

Closed Circuit SCBA Open Circuit SCBA

Life-Line

Life-lines used for firefighting must be made of fire retardant materials. Personal Equipments

Fire suits Gloves & shoes Hard Helmet Safety Lamp Fire axe

Fire Blankets

Made up of retardant material which is placed over a fire in order to smother it.

Normally located in galleys. FIRE SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS Fire Alarms

Located at the entrances on the alleyways. Sensors are fitted on strategic locations.


Emergency Controls

Located in the bridge and in emergency lockers.

Why is it necessary to know how fire-fighting equipments work? The main problem with firefighting is that some people has a very small knowledge about the use of firefighting equipments or in worst case do not have any knowledge at all. The level of understanding how firefighting equipments work defines the success in combating fires. The working principles, the characteristics of firefighting mediums in relation to the nature of fire are crucial information that a firefighter must understand to effectively extinguish a fire.

Why is it a necessity to be aware on potential fire hazards? Firefighting also includes fire prevention. It is necessary and expected to all personnel onboard that they have the capacity and proper mind set to identify potential fire hazards so as to report, remove or re-arrange equipments and materials to prevent the outbreak of fire. Crew must be sensitive even the actions of other crew which may contribute to the creation of fire.

Fire Alarms & Actions

What are the actions when discovering a fire? Initial actions are actions taken by individuals when a fire is discovered without the dictate or order from the bridge party. Positive actions includes activation of alarm and informing the control stations or the bridge. Carry out restriction of fire in one location only by closing the doors and removal of flammable materials adjacent or attached to the bulkheads separating the fire area. And if possible, carry out an initial firefighting.

Factors to Consider Fire Fighting Methods

Accessibility Personnel Nature of burning material Firefighting agents appropriate to the fire

Fire Fighting

What is a re-flash/re-ignition? Re-flash often happen even after “fire-out” has been declared. Due to smoldering fires, if remained un-checked, fire may re-kindled and later on developed again to a full blown fire. Because of this, it is a good practice to arrange a re-flash watch in a rotational basis so as to prevent the recurrence of fire. Members of the watch must be equipped with portable extinguishers and roving around the fire area carrying out inspections and looking for hot spots and any other hazards that may cause the creation of the fire.


FIRE FIGHTING MEDIUMS Water

Used in the form of fog, jet, spray Extinguish fire by cooling and flooding.

Foam

High Expansion Foam

Has a expansion ratio of over 200 to 1000 times Medium Expansion Foam

Has an expansion ratio of between 20 to 200 times Low Expansion Foam

Has a expansion ratio of less than 20 times Carbon Dioxide

1.5 times heavier than air Extinguish fire by smothering

Steam

Expands to 1,700 times when turned into steam Extinguish fire by smothering.

Dry Chemical Powders

Extinguish fire by separating the elements of fire tetrahedron; it is termed as “inhibiting” or “breaking the chain reaction”.

FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES As fire is discovered and alarm is given:

Crew assembles at the designated stations Fire parties assembles on orders from the bridge Pumps are started to supply the extinguish water The master decides the most appropriate method for firefighting

SMALL FIRES (DEMONSTRATION OF EXTINGUISHMENT) Procedure in Extinguishing Class A Fires

P - Pull A - Aim S - Squeeze S - Sweep


Procedure in Extinguishing Class B Fire Methods of applying foam

Roll-On Bank-down Rain-down

Procedure in Extinguishing Class K Fire Use of Fire Blankets

Spread and put the fire blanket on top or around the fire to cut off oxygen supply to the fire. Procedure in Extinguishing Class C Fire Use of Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher

P - Pull A - Aim S - Squeeze S - Sweep

SMALL FIRES

Fire extinguishment using water jet Fire extinguishment using water spray Fire extinguishment using foam applicator

What is a back-draft? Re-flash or back-draft is a violent reaction by the fire or in the fire area when during a short period of time fire is deprived with oxygen. As firefighters open the entry door for firefighting, a release of energy or a column of fire escapes out of the entrance and eventually meets the outside. This phenomenon is in the form of explosive reaction causing injuries or even death to firefighters who are right within the path of the raging fire. Video of Back-draft Understanding this phenomenon it is now concluded that during preparation to fire fighting, it is best and for the safety of all firefighters not to totally close all opening to the fire area so as to prevent back-draft during entry.


Reference: For Fire Prevention and Fire Fighting

R1 The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watch keeping for Seafarers, 1995

(STCW 1995), 1998 edition (IMO Sales No. 938E)

R2 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended (SOLAS 1974) (IMO Sales No. 11

OE)

R3 Assembly resolution A.602(15) Revised Guidelines for Marine Portable Fire Extinguishers, Adopted 19

November 1987 (included in IMO Sales No. 130E)

R4 Assembly Resolution A.655(16) Use of halons as fire-fighting media on board ships(IMO Sales No. 136E)

R5 IMO/ILO Document for Guidance, 1985 (IMO Sales No. 935E)

For Personal Survival Technique

R1 The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watch keeping for Seafarers, 1995

(STCW 1995), 1998 edition (IMO Sales No. 938E)

R2 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS 1974), as amended (IMO Sales No.

110E)

R3 Merchant Ship Search and Rescue Manual (MERSAR) (IMO Sales No. 963E)

R4 A Pocket Guide to Cold Water Survival (IMO Sales No. 946E)

R5 IMO Life Saving Appliances Code (LSA code) (IMO Sales No. 982E)

R6 LSA symbols- Poster (IMO Sales No: 981 E)


Documents

Basic Training Refresher