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BASIC TOOLS FOR SHALEEXPLORATION
Lindell C. Bridges
Senior Vice President – Geoscience
EQT Production Company
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
AAPG e-Symposium
March 17, 2011
www.eqt.com 3
THANKS TO…
…THE ENTIRE GEOSCIENCEGROUP AT EQT, ESPECIALLYASHLEY DOUDS, RANDYBLOOD, KATIE PANKOWSKI,and JOE MORRIS
www.eqt.com 4
U.S. SHALE PLAYS
Big SandyField
1914
Fredonia, NY
1821
Harrison Co., In& Meade Co., Ky
1885
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LOOKING FOR SHALE IN ALL THE RIGHT PLACES
1.Exploration
2.Evaluation
3.Delineation
4.Development
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EXPLORATION
A. Gathering data
1. Existing log data
2. Samples & cores
3. Existing seismic data
B. Data Analysis & Mapping
1. Geochemistry & organic content (TOC)
2. Thermal maturity
3. Isopach mapping
C. Stratigraphic Analysis
1. Sequence Stratigraphy
D. Acreage acquisition
1. Based on initial mapping
2. May need to use a muti-tier concept
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EXISTING LOG DATA
1944
1968
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EXISTING LOG DATA
CHOUTEAU LM
NEW ALBANY SHALE
HUNTON LM
HIGHRESISTIVITY
ZONE
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EXISTING LOG DATA
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SAMPLES & CORES
ARKANSAS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
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MINERALOGY
1. Brittleness
2. Reservoir qualitya.Porosityb.Permeability
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BRITTLE MINERALS
DO
LO
MIT
E
QU
AR
TZ
CA
LC
ITE
C L A Y M I N E R A L S
ILLITE
MIXED-LAYERED
BR
ITT
LE
DU
CT
ILE
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Shale Mineralogy
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TERNARY GRAPH, MARCELLUS
SkaneatelesOatka CreekUnion Springs
BRITTLENESSINCREASES
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Development of Porosity
Loucks, et al, 2009Inorganic Organic
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TOC vs Total porosity. Note strong positive correlation. There is a positive “y”intercept suggesting intercrystalline porosity does exist.
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PETROPHYSICAL MODEL
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Three Sources of Gas in Shale
1. Free Gas
a. Matrix Gas = f (por, sw, so, pres)
b. Fracture Gas = f (por, sw, so, pres)
2. Sorbed Gas = f (kerogen, pres, temp)
3. Dissolved Gas = f (sw, so, GOR, pres, temp)
Total Gas = Free + Sorbed + Dissolved
No “cook book” method available! Each shale playshould be evaluated on its own merits.
Gas In Place Evaluation Model
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OGIP – BCF/MILE
RITCHIEW
OOD
SH
EN
AN
DO
AH
RA
PP
AH
AN
NO
CK
FAUQUIER
PRINCEW
ILLIAM
CA
LV
ER
T
DO
RCHESTE
R
WICOMICO
PENDLETON
BOTETO
URT
HIGHLAND
JACKSON
LAWRENCE
VINTON
FLOYD
LAW
REN
CE
BOYD
JOHNSON
RALEIGH
FAYETTE
CLAY
PUTNAM
LOGAN
LINCOLN
PIKE
WAYNE
MARTINMINGO
MEIGS
CABELL
GALLIA
MASON
WYOMING
BOONE
KANAWHA
ROANE
WIRT
JACKSON CALHOUN
MONROE
GREENBRIER
WEBSTER
UPS
HU
R
SU
MM
ER
S
NICHOLAS
BRAXTON
LEWIS
GILMER
ALL
EGHAN
Y
PO
CA
HO
NTA
S
RANDOLPH
BATH
MIDDLESEX
LANCASTER
NORTHUMBERLAND
GLO
UC
ESTE
R
LOUSIA
ORANGE
CULPEPER
GOOCHLAND
NELSON
RO
CK
BR
IDG
E
AMHERST
ROCKINGHAM
FLUVANNA
BUCKINGHAM
CU
MB
ER
LA
ND
GREENE
MADISON
ALBEMARLE
PAGE
CAROLINE
KING GEORGE
HENRICO
CHARLES
POWHATAN
STA
FFO
RD
SPOTSYLVANIA
HANOVER
NEW KENT
JAM
ES
CIT
Y
KINGW
ILLIAM
KIN
G&
QUEEN
ESSEX
RICHMOND
WESTMORELAND
ST MARYS
AC
CO
MA
CK
NO
RT
HA
MP
TO
N
SOM
ERSET
WO
RC
ES
TE
R
SOMERSET
INDIANA
MC KEAN
JEFFERSON
CATTARAUGUS
GENESEE
GARRETT
LORAIN
ASH
LAN
D
HOCKING
FAIRFIELD
LICKING
CRAWFORD
MORROW
RICHLAND
HURON
ERIE
KNOX
ST CLAIR
MA
CO
MB
TYLER
WETZEL
MA
RS
HA
LL
HA
NC
OC
K
CRAWFORD
COLUMBIANA
TU
SC
AR
AW
AS
WASHINGTON
NOBLE
GUERNSEY
STARK
PORTAGE
COSHOCTON
MUSKINGUM
ATHENS
PERRY
MORGAN
MEDINA
WAYNE
HOLMES
SUM
MIT
PLEASANTS
MONROE
BELMONT
HARRISON
CA
RR
OLL
MAHONING
JE
FF
ER
SO
N
LAKE
GEAUGA
CUYAHOGATRUMBULL
ASHTABULA
TAYLO
R
MONONGALIA
ALLEGHENY
BARBOUR
OHIO
GREENE
DO
DD
RID
GE
HARRISON
MARION
WASHINGTON
BEAVER
BR
OO
KE
LAWRENCE
BUTLER
PRESTON
FAYETTE
TUCKER
WESTMORELAND
ARMSTRONG
VENANGO
CHAUTAUQUA
ERIE
MERCER
WARREN
FOREST
CLARION
ERIE
BERKS
LEHIGH
CARBON
WAYNE
OSEGO
DELAWARE
CECIL
LIVINGSTON
SE
NE
CA
CORTLAND
LOUDOUN
FRANKLIN
CUMBERLAND
PERRY
JUNIATA
LYCOMING
SCHUYLER
WASHINGTON
MIFFLIN
HAMPSHIRE
BEDFORD
BLAIR
MIN
ER
AL
ALLEGHANY
HARDY
GR
AN
T
CAMBRIA
FU
LT
ON
BERKELEY
WA
RR
EN
FREDERIC
K
MO
RGAN
JE
FF
ER
SO
N
CLARKE
HU
NT
ING
DO
N
POTTER
CAMERON
CLEARFIELD
ELK
ALLEGANY
WYOMING
TIOGA
CENTRE
CLINTON
STEUBEN
YATES
SCHUYLKILL
YORK
LEBANON
D.C.
HOWARD
FREDERICK
MONTGOMERY
FAIRFAX
CARROLL
ARLIN
GTON
ADAMS
DA
UPH
IN
BALTIMORE
AN
NE
AR
UN
DE
L
BALTIMORECITY
PR
INC
EG
EO
RG
ES
LANCASTER
HARFORD
SULLIVAN
CO
LU
MB
IA
SNYDER
NO
RT
HU
MB
ER
LA
ND
MON
TOUR
BRADFORD
TO
MP
KIN
S
CHEMUNGTIOGA
WYO
MIN
G
LA
CK
AW
AN
NA
LUZERNE
BROOME
CHENANGO
ONTARIO
CA
YU
GA
MADISON
BUCKS MERCER
CUMBERLAND
GLOUCESTER
SUSSEX
NE
WC
AS
TL
E
CA
RO
LIN
E
KENT
QUEEN
AN
NES
TALB
OT
KENT
DELAWARE
MONTGOMERY
CHESTER
SALEM
CA
PE
MA
Y
ATLANTIC
BURLINGTON
CAMDEN
SULLIVAN
HU
NTER
DO
N
SUSSEX
NO
RT
HA
MP
TO
N
PIKE
MONROE
WA
RR
EN
MID
DLE
SEX
MORRIS
PASSAIC
SO
ME
RS
ET
GREENE
ULSTER
ORANGE
SCHOHAIR
E
MONTGOMERY
SUSQUEHANNA
UNION
AGUSTA
ALLE
GH
EN
YFR
ON
T
Weste
rnE
xte
nt
of
the
Ma
rcell
us
50 0 50 100 mi
MARCELLUS OGIP ISOPACH MAP
Author:EQT
CI: 10 BCF/SqMi’ Date:30 November, 2010
EQT Plaza625 Liberty AvenuePittsburgh, PA 15222
Marcellus
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KEROGEN CONSIDERATIONS
Four types of kerogen
Different kerogen types mature at different times
Most kerogen is concentrated in the condensedsections
As thermal maturity increases, TOC is reduced due toconsumption of the organic material
Hydrogen is also a very important component. It mustbe present in sufficient quantities to producehydrocarbons!
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KEROGEN CLASSIFICATION
Type I• Most hydrogen-rich organic matter
• Often composed of amorphous alginite
• Large portion thermally converted to hydrocarbon, thus rarely recognized in highlymature or post mature rocks
Type II• Dominated by hydrogen-rich exinite
• Can be formed by partially degraded type I kerogen or from mixtures of other kerogentypes
• Sometimes found landward of type I kerogen deposition
Type III
• Sufficient hydrogen for gas generation, but not oil
• Dominated by vitrinite (formed from land plant wood)
• Dominate maceral in coal
Type IV
• Primarily composed of hydrogen-poor inertinite
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Generalized relationships of shale color, TOC,& kerogen type, New Albany Shale
Barrows & Cluff, 1984
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TOC Loss with Maturation – Barnett Example
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (TOC, wt.%)
RE
MA
ININ
GH
YD
RO
CA
RB
ON
PO
TE
NT
IAL
(mg
HC
/gR
ock)
Type I Oil Prone
usu. lacustrineTYPE II Oil Prone
(usu. marine)
Mixed Type II / III
Oil / Gas Prone
Type III
Gas ProneOrganic
Lean
Dry
Gas Prone
Barnett Shale
Maturation
Trend
Difference is amount ofhydrocarbons generated
Type I Oil Prone
Usually lacustrine
Type II Oil Prone
Usually marine
Type II - III Oil -Gas Prone
Type III
Gas Prone
Dry Gas Prone
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THERMAL MATURITY EQUIVALENTS
Courtesy Worldwide Geochemistry, LLChttp://www.wwgeochem.com/resources/WorldwideThermal+Maturity+Parameters+and+Correlationsr+24+x+32.pdf
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AGE APPROPRIATE TECHNIQUES
Courtesy Worldwide Geochemistry, LLChttp://www.wwgeochem.com/resources/WorldwideThermal+Maturity+Parameters+and+Correlationsr+24+x+32.pdf
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GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
S1 - amount of free hydrocarbons in sample (milligramsHC/gram of rock). >1mg/g, 1.) large amounts of kerogen-derived bitumen, 2.) presence of migrated hydrocarbons.S1 normally increases with depth.
S2 – amount of hydrocarbons (mg HC/g) generated throughthermal cracking of nonvolatile organic matter. < 1mg/g,low hydrogen source due to low quantities of organicmatter, hydrogen-poor organic matter, or over matureorganic matter. >5mg/g, excellent source potential, highmolecular weight soluble organic matter (biodegraded oil),or coal. S2 normally decreases with depth.
S3 – amount of CO2 (mg CO2/gram of rock) producedduring the pyrolysis kerogen. An indication of the amountof oxygen rich kerogen in the source rock. Contaminationby high concentrations of some carbonates if S3 values areabnormally high.
S4 – dead carbon
Tmax – temperature (°C) at which the top peak of S2 occurs(maximum release of hydrocarbons from cracking ofkerogen during pyrolysis). It is an indication of the level ofthermal maturity.
Merrill, 1991; Tissot & Welte, 1984
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Parameter Equation Interpretation
Hydrogen Index (S2 x 100) mg/g < 150 - gas, 150-300 - mixed,
%TOC > 300 - oil
Oxygen Index (S3 x 100) mg/g Correlates with the ratio of
%TOC oxygen to carbon. High ratio
equates to marine organisms,
low ratio equates to land plants.
Kerogen Type S2 < 3 - gas prone, 3 to 5 – mixed,
S3 > 5 – oil prone
Tmax < 430 °C – immature,
430 to 460 °C – oil generation
>460 °C – gas generation or destruction
Production Index S1 < 0.1 immature, 0.1 to 0.4 oil,
(Transformation Ratio) S1 + S2 > 0.4 gas
GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Merrill, 1991; Tissot & Welte, 1984
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Hydrogen Index map of the Marcellus
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BTU map of the Marcellus
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DEVONIAN DEPOSITIONAL MODEL
Harper, 1999
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ORGANIC MATTER PRESERVATION
Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995
• Pycnocline model proposed for Bedford-Berea deltaic complex (Ettensohn and Elam, 1985).• Black shales are deposited at the toes of clinoforms.
• Landward time equivalent sediments are more abundant in lower TOC grey shales dueto proximity to the source terrain and effective dilution of the organic matter.
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STRATIGRAPHY – BARNETT SHALE
Pollastro, 2007
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Singh et al., 2008
INDEX MAP
BARNETT SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
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BARNETT SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
Singh et al., 2008
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ISOPACH MAPPING
1. Gross black shale
a. Gamma ray cut off
2. Net black shale
a. Gamma ray & density cut offs
3. Mineralogy
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MARCELLUS CLAY MAPwith Upr DEV. DELTA LOBES
25%
30%35%
40%
CLAY ABUNDANCE (vol %)
Delta lobes modifiedfrom Denison, 1984
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FACIES DETERMINATION
Black Shale• GR above grey
shale baseline + 20API units
• Low bulk density
• PE between 3-4
Grey Shale• GR between grey
and black shalebaseline
• PE between 3-4
Carbonate• Low GR
• High Bulk Density
• PE > 4
+20 APIGREY SHALEBASELINE
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MARCELLUS BLACK SHALE GROSS ISOPACH
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RITCHIEW
OO
D
WARREN
HAWKIN
S
JACKSON
LAWRENCE
VINTON
LETCHER
KNOTT
FLOYD
LAWREN
CE
BOYD
JOHNSON
SCOTT
CLE
RM
ON
T
MC
CR
EAR
Y
PULASKI
MADISON
BOURBON
BRACKEN
HARRISON
SCOTT
GAR
RAR
D
JES
SAM
INE
FAYETTE
BUTLER
HAMILTON
KE
NT
ON
GRAN
T
PE
ND
LE
TO
N
CA
MP
RO
CK
CA
ST
LE
JACKSONOWSLEY
CLAIBORNE
BELL
CLAY
WHITLEY
LAUREL
HARLAN
LESLIE
PERRY
LEE
ADAMS
WOLFE
MENIFEE
RO
WA
N
LEWIS
ESTILL
POWELL
MO
NTGO
MERY
BATH
FLEMING
CLARK
NICHOLAS
LEE
CLINTON
HIGHLAND
BROWN
MASON
ROBSON
BREATHITT
MAGOFFIN
CARTER
ELLIOT
MORGAN
SCIOTO
GREENUP
PIKE
ROSS
RALEIGH
FAYETTE
CLAY
SMYTH
ASHE
TAZEWELL
BUCHANAN
RUSSELL
WASHINGTON
SULLIVAN
WISE
DICKENSON
SCOTT
JOH
NS
ON
PUTNAM
LOGAN
LINCOLN
PIKE
WAYNE
MARTINMINGO
MEIGS
CABELL
GALLIA
MASON
MC DOWELL
WYOMING
BOONE
KANAWHA
ROANE
WIRT
JACKSON
CA
LH
OU
N
PULASKI
CARROLL
SURRY
GRAYSON
WYTHE
ALLEGHANY
MONROE
GREENBRIER
WEBSTER
SU
MM
ER
S
MERCER
BLAND
GILES
NICHOLAS
BRAXTON
LEWIS
GILMER
HOCKING
FAIRFIELD
LICKING
LOGAN
CHAMPAIGN
GREENE
DRAKE
SHELBY
MIAMI
MO
NTGO
MERY
DELAWARE
FRANKLIN
FAYETTE
CLARK
UNION
MA
DIS
ON
PICKAWAY
KNOX
TYLER
WETZEL
MA
RS
HA
LL
TU
SC
AR
AW
AS
WASHINGTON
NOBLE
GUERNSEY
COSHOCTON
MUSKINGUM
ATHENS
PERRY
MORGAN
PLEASANTS
MONROE
BELMONT
HARRISON
JE
FF
ER
SO
N
OHIO
DO
DD
RID
GE
HARRISON
WASHINGTON
BR
OO
KE
KNOX
HANCOCK
Es t . B H Lo c 5 6 68 92
20 0 20 40 60 mi
TOC ISOPACH, LOWER HURON SHALE
CI: 1% TOC
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A’
A
Berea
Upper Huron
Cross-Section Devonian Pay Section EKY – Southern WV
LHRN Silt
Cleveland
AA’
Lower Huron
OHPA
KYWV
VA
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THERMAL MATURITY: LOWER HURON
85000 0 85000 170000 255000 ft20 0 20 40 60 mi
CI: 0.1 Ro
GUERNSEY
NOBLE
WASHINGTON
WOOD
KANAWHA
WHITLEY
MCCREARY
SCOTT HAWKINSCAMPBELL
CLAIBORNE
UNION
BELL
HANCOCK
LEE
SCOTT
SULLIVAN
JOHNSON
WASHINGTON
ASHE
CAMPBELL
PENDLETON
HARRISON
MADISON
ROCKCASTLE
WOODFORD
LINCOLN
FRANKLIN
GARRARD
PULASKI
JESSAMINE
SCOTT
FAYETTE
BOONE
GALLATIN
OWEN
UNION
KENTON
HAMILTON
GRANT
DARKE
PREBLE
BUTLER
GREENUP
LETCHER
FRANKLIN
DELAWARE
FLEMING
MENIFEE
CHAMPAIGN
HIGHLAND
ROBERTSON
NICHOLAS
MONTGOMERY
JACKSON
LAUREL
BOURBON
CLARK
CLAY
KNOX
LEE
OWSLEY
POWELL
ESTILL
BATH
CLERMONT
BRACKEN
WARREN
MIAMI
MONTGOMERY
MASON
CLINTON
BROWN
GREENE
CLARK
PERRY
BREATHITT
LESLIE
HARLAN
ROWAN
WOLFE
LEWIS
KNOTT
ELLIOTT
MAGOFFIN
MORGAN
CARTER
ADAMS
UNION
FAYETTE
MADISON
ROSS
PIKE
SCIOTO
PICKAWAY
PERRY
CABELL
MINGOMARTIN
FLOYD
WISE
LAWRENCE
JOHNSON
BOYD
PIKE
DICKENSON
WAYNE
FAIRFIELD
JACKSON
LAWRENCE
VINTON
GALLIA
LICKING
HOCKING
BUCHANAN
RUSSELL
LINCOLN
PUTNAM
LOGAN
TAZEWELL
MCDOWELL
SMYTH
WYOMING
BOONE
COSHOCTON
MORGAN
ATHENS
MASON
MEIGS
MUSKINGUM
JACKSON
CARROLL
ALLEGHANY
GRAYSONCITY
GALAX
SURRY
PULASKI
DODDRIDGE
BRAXTON
WYTHE
BLAND
FAYETTE
MERCER
RALEIGH
SUMMERS
CLAY
NICHOLAS
HARRISON
MONROE
PLEASANTS
RITCHIE
CALHOUN
WIRT
ROANE
TYLER
GILMER
BELMONT
FLOYD
MONTGOMERY
WEBSTER
GREENBRIER
MONROE
GILES
HARRISON
LEWIS
BROOKE
OHIO
MARSHALL
WETZEL
WASHINGTON
2
1 .4
1. 8
1. 6
2. 2
1 . 2
1. 1
1. 3
1 .5
1 . 7
1 .9
2 .1
0 . 9
1
0 .7
0 .5
20 0 20 40 60 mi
www.eqt.com 42
Contour Interval = 1% TOC
MARCELLUS BLACK SHALE AVERAGE TOC
www.eqt.com 43
Contour Interval = 0.5% Ro
MARCELLUS BLACK SHALE AVERAGE Ro
www.eqt.com 44
EVALUATION
A. Generate “prospect” areas for testing.
1. Based on mapping, spread test wells for further mapping.
B. Drill vertical test wells for data gathering.
1. Logging program.
2. Coring program.
C. Completion choices for vertical wells.
1. Complete as a production well.
2. Use for microseismic monitoring well.
3. Plug back and drill horizontally.
www.eqt.com 45
DELINEATION
A. Design drilling program for additional testwells to delineate the play.
1. Based on initial drilling program, where is additional dataneeded. Include logging programs & coring in the plan.
2. Data trades? How soon?
B. Reservoir characterization for stimulationdesign.
1. Update mapping and petrophysical models.
C. Plan 3-D seismic programs
www.eqt.com 46
Lower Huron Play Fairway
www.eqt.com 47
DEVELOPMENT
A. Determine areas of similar reservoircharacteristics defined by previousdrilling and mapping.
B. Three D and some 2D seismic programscompleted or nearing completion.
C. Acquire additional logs to keep finetuning the reservoir model.
www.eqt.com 48
CLOSING THOUGHTS TO PONDER…
1. Depositional environments are more important than thicknesswithin limits.
www.eqt.com 49
OGIP – BCF/MILE
RITCHIEW
OOD
SH
EN
AN
DO
AH
RA
PP
AH
AN
NO
CK
FAUQUIER
PRINCEW
ILLIAM
CA
LV
ER
T
DO
RCHESTE
R
WICOMICO
PENDLETON
BOTETO
URT
HIGHLAND
JACKSON
LAWRENCE
VINTON
FLOYD
LAW
REN
CE
BOYD
JOHNSON
RALEIGH
FAYETTE
CLAY
PUTNAM
LOGAN
LINCOLN
PIKE
WAYNE
MARTINMINGO
MEIGS
CABELL
GALLIA
MASON
WYOMING
BOONE
KANAWHA
ROANE
WIRT
JACKSON CALHOUN
MONROE
GREENBRIER
WEBSTER
UPS
HU
R
SU
MM
ER
S
NICHOLAS
BRAXTON
LEWIS
GILMER
ALL
EGHAN
Y
PO
CA
HO
NTA
S
RANDOLPH
BATH
MIDDLESEX
LANCASTER
NORTHUMBERLAND
GLO
UC
ESTE
R
LOUSIA
ORANGE
CULPEPER
GOOCHLAND
NELSON
RO
CK
BR
IDG
E
AMHERST
ROCKINGHAM
FLUVANNA
BUCKINGHAM
CU
MB
ER
LA
ND
GREENE
MADISON
ALBEMARLE
PAGE
CAROLINE
KING GEORGE
HENRICO
CHARLES
POWHATAN
STA
FFO
RD
SPOTSYLVANIA
HANOVER
NEW KENT
JAM
ES
CIT
Y
KINGW
ILLIAM
KIN
G&
QUEEN
ESSEX
RICHMOND
WESTMORELAND
ST MARYS
AC
CO
MA
CK
NO
RT
HA
MP
TO
N
SOM
ERSET
WO
RC
ES
TE
R
SOMERSET
INDIANA
MC KEAN
JEFFERSON
CATTARAUGUS
GENESEE
GARRETT
LORAIN
ASH
LAN
D
HOCKING
FAIRFIELD
LICKING
CRAWFORD
MORROW
RICHLAND
HURON
ERIE
KNOX
ST CLAIR
MA
CO
MB
TYLER
WETZEL
MA
RS
HA
LL
HA
NC
OC
K
CRAWFORD
COLUMBIANA
TU
SC
AR
AW
AS
WASHINGTON
NOBLE
GUERNSEY
STARK
PORTAGE
COSHOCTON
MUSKINGUM
ATHENS
PERRY
MORGAN
MEDINA
WAYNE
HOLMES
SUM
MIT
PLEASANTS
MONROE
BELMONT
HARRISON
CA
RR
OLL
MAHONING
JE
FF
ER
SO
N
LAKE
GEAUGA
CUYAHOGATRUMBULL
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50 0 50 100 mi
MARCELLUS OGIP ISOPACH MAP
Author:EQT
CI: 10 BCF/SqMi’ Date:30 November, 2010
EQT Plaza625 Liberty AvenuePittsburgh, PA 15222
WHEN CALCULATED AS
BCF/MILE2/FOOT THIS
“BULLSEYE” DISAPPEARS
Marcellus
www.eqt.com 50
ANOTHER WORD ABOUT THICKNESS
STANLEY SHALE
Base map from AGS websitewww.geology.ar.gov
www.eqt.com 51
CLOSING THOUGHTS TO PONDER…
1. Depositional environments are more important than thicknesswithin limits.
2. Most important parameters for maximizing production:
-PROPER TARGETING
-PROPER AZIMUTH OF LATERAL
-LATERAL LENGTH W/IN MECHANICAL & ECONOMIC LIMITS
www.eqt.com 52
FRACTURES IN THE MARCELLUS
www.eqt.com 53
FRACTURING via CATAGENESIS
Lash & Engelder, 2005
www.eqt.com 54
In-Situ Stress Indicators-Blue Drilling induced Fractures; Red Borehole breakout
www.eqt.com 55
AZIMUTH & PRODUCTION
shmax
JointSet I
JointSet II
PreferredAzimuth
Azimuth9.3mmcfd
Azimuth4.6mmcfd
www.eqt.com 56
AZIMUTH
Important for:
1.Taking advantage of present day stressregimes
2.Taking advantage of paleostress regimes
Adds up to the very complexfracs and maximumdeliverability!
www.eqt.com 57
CLOSING THOUGHTS TO PONDER…
1. Depositional environments are more important than thicknesswithin limits.
2. Most important parameters for maximizing production:
-PROPER TARGETING
-PROPER AZIMUTH OF LATERAL
-LATERAL LENGTH W/IN MECHANICAL & ECONOMIC LIMITS
3. Maybe some “sweet” trends are the result of the manufacturingapproach to development. These are not factories…don’t getcomplacent!
4. Seismic, especially 3D, is essential for maximizing value in shaleplays.
www.eqt.com 58
THE END
BASIC TOOLS FOR SHALEEXPLORATION
Lindell C. Bridges
Senior Vice President – Geoscience
EQT Production Company
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
