TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINESQUEZON CITY

“BASIC CONCEPTS

OF

INTERIOR LIGHTING”

ARCHITECTURAL INTERIOR

SUBMITTED BY:

DELA PENA, MERISSA

ESPELLA, LEXLYNN

CEDIE, JUANGA

LLARENAS, NIEL ALDEN

DELA CRUZ, GENNIE

SUBMITTED TO:

ARCH. GLENN ALMODAL

FUNCTION LIGHTING

A. PERFORMANCE OF LIGHTING

Lighting to perform work, whether it is reading, assembling parts, or seeing a blackboard, is referred to as task lighting. Visual work is a primary functional reason for providing lighting.

B. ENHANCEMENT OF SPACE AND STRUCTURE

It is only through the presence of light that spatial volume, planes, ornament, and color are revealed. For centuries, structural system evolved partly in response to aesthetics as well as functional desires for light of a certain quality.

C. FOCUSING ATTENTION

The quality of light in a space profoundly affects people’s perception of that space. The timing and the direction of an individual’s gaze are often a function of the varying quality and distribution of light through the space. Lighting draws attention to points of interest and helps guide the user of a space.

D. PROVISION OF SAFETY AND SECURITY

Lighting can enhance visibility and thereby engender a sense of security. Lighting can also be used to illuminate hazards, such as a changing floor plane or moving objects.

ILLUMINANCE

Measure of incident light: the amount of light, evaluated according to its capacity to produce visual stimulation that reaches a unit of surface area during a unit of time. It is measured in lux.

Light Level

Light intensity measured on a plane at a specific location is called Illuminance. Illuminance is measured in foot-candles, which are

work plane lumens per square foot. You can measure illuminance using a light meter located on the work surface where tasks are performed. Using simple arithmetic and manufacturers' photometric data, you can predict illuminance for a defined space. (Lux is the metric unit for illuminance, measured in lumens per square meter. To convert foot-candles to lux, multiply foot-candles by 10.76.)

LUMINANCE

 Quality of being luminous: the condition or quality of emitting or reflecting light

Measure of brightness: a measure of the brightness of a surface, equal to the amount of luminous flux arriving at, passing through, or leaving a unit area of surface. It is measured in candelas per square meter.

Brightness

Another measurement of light is luminance, sometimes called brightness. This measures light "leaving" a surface in a particular direction, and considers the illuminance on the surface and the reflectance of the surface.

The human eye does not see illuminance; it sees luminance. Therefore, the amount of light delivered into the space and the reflectance of the surfaces in the space affects your ability to see.

LIGHT SOURCE SELECTION

A. Color Each lamp family has its own inherent color characteristics. The

different light sources render color qualities differently and create varying perceived color effects.

B. Size • Point Source

- e.i bare incandescent lamps - can be controlled where light is not and can provide

sparkling a space by means of reflections off polished room surfaces• Line Source

- e.i. bare fluorescent tubes and linear fluorescent fixtures - can be controlled in their transverse axis of out, but not

longitudinally.- useful for lighting large open areas where repetitive rows of fixtures

are suitable• Area Source

- e.i. window- provide medium to high levels of light with little directional control.

C. Efficiency

A source’s inherent efficiency can be crucial to its acceptability for energy conservation. Some sources such as incandescent and tungsten halogen possesses desirable color, size and cost advantages, but is relatively inefficient.

D. Lamp Life

Lamp life varies significantly from source to source and is important operational factor for most projects. Sort-lived should be avoided whenever possible in hard to reach areas. Sorter life lamps may offer some first-cost advantages, but trade-offs in long-term maintenance must be explored.

E. Maintenance

ESTABLSHING LIGHTING DESIGN CRITERIAA. Quantity of Illumination

1. Light Output

2. Light Level

3. Brightness

B. Quality of Illumination

Improvements in lighting quality can yield high dividends for US businesses. Gains in worker productivity may result by providing corrected light levels with reduced glare. Although the cost of energy for lighting is substantial, it is small compared with the cost of labor. Therefore, these gains in productivity may be even more valuable than the energy savings associated with new lighting technologies. In retail spaces, attractive and comfortable lighting designs can attract clientele and enhance sales.

Three quality issues are addressed in this section.

glare uniformity of illuminance

color rendition

C. Color of Light

D. Suitable Luminaire Styles

CONTRASTThe relationship between the

luminance of an object and its background.

- “If all objects and surfaces in a room receive equal emphasis from

light, contrast will lose”

- “Patterns of luminance contrast evoke positive emotions”

- “Lighting contrast can affect the performance of tasks, the behavior

of people and the degree of contentment and pleasure”

To establish pattern of luminance contrast:

- Evaluate the activities or tasks that will occur in the space

- Develop patterns of light and shade

THRE-DIMENSIONAL FORMS

Three-dimensional forms are seen as a pattern of luminance

contrasts, often consisting of highlights and shadows. A Change in this

pattern, caused by a change in the direction and distribution of light,

alters visual impressions of form and surface.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LIGHTING

o Impression of SPACIOUSNESS “The higher the luminance values are often described as clear, bright, distinct, large and more spacious.”

o Impression of PLEASANTNESS “The nonuniform luminance is often perceived as more friendly, pleasant, sociable and interesting.”

o Impression of PERCEPTUAL CLARITY

“Lighting schemes that are rated high in facial clarity are considered more public; schemes that are rated low in facial clarity are considered more private.”

Basic Types Of Lighting

General Lighting provides an area with overall illumination. Also known as ambient lighting, general lighting radiates a comfortable level of brightness, enabling one to see and walk about safely. It can be accomplished with chandeliers, ceiling or wall-mounted fixtures, recessed or track lights, and with lanterns outside your home. A basic form of lighting that replaces sunlight, general lighting is fundamental to a lighting plan.

Task lighting helps you perform specific tasks such as reading, sewing, cooking, homework, hobbies, games, or balancing your checkbook. It can be provided by recessed and track lighting, pendant lighting, and portable lamps. Task lighting should be free of distracting glare and shadows and should be bright enough to prevent eyestrain.

Accent Lighting adds drama to a room by creating visual interest. As part of a decorating scheme, it is used to spotlight paintings, houseplants, sculpture, and other prized possessions, or to highlight the texture of a wall, drapery or outdoor landscaping. Accent lighting requires at least three times as much light on the focal point as the general lighting around it. This usually is provided by track, recessed, or wall-mounted fixtures.

WHAT TO LIGHT

AND

HOW TO LIGHT IT

DINING SPACES

The lighting must make people, the table setting, food and prized possessions look their best.

Focal PointFor the dining table, the main consideration is to enhance

the color and texture of the food and the complexions and apparel of the diners, creating a festive mood bi highlighting the table setting.

Accent LightingAccent lighting brings featured objects or special areas to

light: the painting, the sideboard, the flower arrangements.

Tips for Lighting

Focus your dining table surface with ceiling down lights. It will reduce the glare from diner’s eyes.

Put candles and fuel lamps in ornamental holders. It will make your dinner highly special.

Provide special lighting effects or low voltage mini lights on chinaware and crockery display units.

Hang chandeliers 30-36 inches above dining table.

Use dimmer to make your meal time great for each occasion.

LIVING ROOMS

The lighting should be flexible enough to provide for the range of tasks, situation and desired aesthetics effects.

Focal PointThe fir place wall is the focal point. The main objectives are high-

lighting the texture and colors of the stonework and of the hood over the hearth and enhancing the beauty of the art objects.

General LightingGeneral Lighting is supplied in most positions of the room by

reflections of light directed to the walls and furnishings.Task Lighting

This is needed to supply extra lighting for seeing small details, such as the game table, and the titles of the books and for the lounge chairs and sofas.

ControlsPermit the lighting to be varied according to the occasion,

conversation, a party, reading, listening to recordings, etc

Lighting Tips

Show your interesting paintings by using low voltage halogen lights. Use combination of lights like general lights with halogen lights for

uniform distribution of light.

Utilize controlled lighting system to specify separate areas in your living room.   

Try layered lighting in your living room for different look.

Make use of low voltage fixtures in china cabinets to highlight things that you want to accent in living room. 

 Illuminate photos or other decorative plants displayed on your living room wall with wall sconces, recessed lighting or track lighting.   

KITCHEN SPACESThe lighting scheme should provide a combination of general,

task, and accent lighting, controlled to suit the activity.

General LightingGeneral Lighting is needed to see into cabinets and drawers and

for ease of moving about.

Task Lighting

Task lighting is needed at the counter, the sink and the stove. These areas are often in shadows; therefore, the lighting should come from in front of the person.

Lighting ControlsLighting controls allow one set the lighting for the activity: food

preparation, a late snack, or breakfast.

BEDROOM

Dim itTry not to have too many lights in the bedroom. Sometimes all

you need to prepare for bed are soft lights from matching bedroom lamps.

Blind itWhen natural light gets too bright, like the tropics, use well-

designed blinds to diffuse and control the light.

Light ColorThe color of the bedroom walls will affect how much lighting is

needed, so bear in mind that dark tones absorb light, and pale colors reflect it.

Bed Switch

Just as you can switch lights on the door, you should also be able to switch them off from the bed. This is to prevent the need to get out bed prior to nodding off.