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Basic Communication Skills - WRITING. Presented by Edwin J. J. Momoh Graduate Internship Programme. “I ain’t what I write, it’s the way I write it” Jack Kerouac. “And as imagination bodies forth, - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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BASIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS - WRITING
Presented byEdwin J. J. Momoh
Graduate Internship Programme
“I ain’t what I write, it’s the way I write it” Jack Kerouac
“And as imagination bodies forth,the form of things unknown, the poet’s pen turns them to shapes and gives to airy nothing, a local habitation and name”William Shakespeare – Midsummer Night Dream
COMMUNICATION - MEANING Communication is a dynamic
process… through this process we convey a
thought or feeling to someone else.
how it is received depends on a set of events, stimuli, that person is exposed to.
how you say what you say plays an important role in communication.
WHY COMMUNICATIONS SKILLS ARE SO IMPORTANT ? The purpose of communication is
to get your message across to others. This is a process that involves both the sender of the message and the receiver. The is always room for error, with messages often misinterpreted by one or more of the parties involved. This causes unnecessary confusion and counter productivity.
WHY COMMUNICATIONS SKILLS ARE SO IMPORTANT ? In fact, a message is successful
only when both the sender and the receiver perceive it in the same way.
WHY COMMUNICATIONS SKILLS ARE SO IMPORTANT ?
Communication barriers can pop-up at every stage of the communication process (which consists of sender, message, channel, receiver, feedback and context ) and have the potential to create misunderstanding and confusion.
CYCLE OF COMMUNICATION
SenderInput Letter, Fax, Phone
call, E-mail, etc.ReceiverOutput
Feedback
What are the most common ways we communicate?
Oral
PresentationAudience Awareness
Critical ListeningBody Language
Non-Verbal
Audience AwarenessPersonal Presentation
Body Language
Written
Academic WritingRevision and Editing
Critical ReadingPresentation of Data
MEDIA OF COMMUNICATION
Written CommunicationOral CommunicationFace-to-face CommunicationVisual CommunicationAudio-Visual CommunicationComputer based CommunicationSilence
WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
Includes letters, circulars, memos, reports, forms and manuals, etc. Everything that has to be written and transmitted in the written form falls in the area of written communication.
WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONMerits Precise Permanent record Legal document Can reach large no. of people
simultaneously. Helps to fix responsibility
WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONDemerits Time consuming Expensive Quick clarification not
possible
Includes face-to-face conversation, Conversation over phone, radio, interviews, group discussion, meetings, conferences, seminars, etc.
ORAL COMMUNICATION
ORAL COMMUNICATIONMerits Saves time Saves money More forceful Conveys shades of meaning Immediate clarification Immediate feedback Can be informal More effective with groups
ORAL COMMUNICATION Demerits Not possible for distant people in
the absence of mechanical devices Unsuitable for lengthy messages Messages cannot be retained for
long No legal validity Greater chances of
misunderstanding
TOTAL COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Reading16%
Writing9% Speaking
30%
Listening45%
Types of CommunicationDownward Communication : Highly Directive, from Senior to subordinates, to assign duties, give instructions, to inform, to offer feed back, approval, to
highlight problems etc.
Upward Communications : It is non directive in nature from down below, to give feedback, to inform about progress/problems, seeking approvals.Lateral or Horizontal Communication : Among colleagues, peers at same level for information
level for information sharing for coordination, to save time.
COMMUNICATION STYLESPassive Hesitates, apologizes, gives in or
says nothing.
Makes little eye contact, frowns. Speaks in a shy or timid voice, or
mumbles.
COMMUNICATION STYLESAggressive Interrupts, exaggerates, blames,
makes demands; uses sarcasm.
Makes glaring eye contact.
Yells, swears, calls names, clenches fist.
Ignores feelings of others.
COMMUNICATION STYLESPassive-Aggressive Initially apologizes, then makes
plan to get even. Avoids eye contact. Expresses anger through body
language or actions (e.g. facial expression or slamming a door) instead of through words.
Ignores the problem for the present but there may be an argument later.
COMMUNICATION STYLESAssertive Speaks clearly and firmly using
statements.
Shows respect for self and for others.
Makes steady eye contact.
Uses an upright confident body posture and a pleasant, firm voice.
TO BE ASSERTIVE MEANS...You express your feelings and your rights clearly.
You act in your own best interests but still consider the needs and rights of others.
You develop trust and equality in your relationships. You ask for help when you need it.
BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION(Having to do with the COMMUNICATOR) Not willing to say things differently Not willing to relate to others
differently Not willing to learn new approaches Lack of Self-Confidence Lack of Enthusiasm The Quality of Voice Prejudice
BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION(Having to do with the COMMUNICATOR) Lack of Feedback
Lack of Motivation and Training
Language and Vocabulary Level
Lack of Self Awareness
Negative Self Image
BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION(Having to do with the RECEIVER) Selective Perception Not willing to Change Lack of Interest in the Topic/Subject Prejudice & Belief System Rebuttal Instincts Personal Value System Internal & external factors
EXTERNAL BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION Environment
The venueThe effect of noiseTemperature in the room
Other People – Status, Education Time
TYPES OF BODY LANGUAGEREMEMBER THAT YOU ARE DEALING WITH “PEOPLE” (P)OSTURES & GESTURES
How do you use hand gestures? Stance? (E)YE CONTACT
How’s your “Lighthouse”? (O)RIENTATION
How do you position yourself? (P)RESENTATION
How do you deliver your message? (L)OOKS
Are your looks, appearance, dress important? (E)XPRESSIONS OF EMOTION
Are you using facial expressions to express emotion?
ESSENTIALS OF COMMUNICATION- The Dos -
Always think ahead about what you are going to say.Use simple words and phrases that are understood by every body.Increase your knowledge on all subjects you are required to speak.Speak clearly and audibly.Check twice with the listener whether you have been understood accurately or not
ESSENTIALS OF COMMUNICATION- The Dos -
In case you are interrupted, always do a little recap of what has been already said.Always pay undivided attention to the speaker while listening.While listening, always make notes of important points.
ESSENTIALS OF COMMUNICATION- The Dos -
Always ask for clarification if you have failed to grasp other’s point of view.Repeat what the speaker has said to check whether you have understood accurately.
ESSENTIALS OF COMMUNICATION- The Don’ts -
Do not instantly react and mutter something in anger.
Do not use technical terms & terminologies not understood by majority of people.
Do not speak too fast or too slow.
ESSENTIALS OF COMMUNICATION- The Don’ts -
Do not speak in inaudible surroundings, as you won’t be heard.
Do not assume that every body understands you.
While listening do not glance here and there as it might distract the speaker.
ESSENTIALS OF COMMUNICATION- The Don’ts -
Do not interrupt the speaker.
Do not jump to the conclusion that you have understood every thing.
How to Improve Existing Level ofCOMMUNICATION?
Improve language.Improve pronunciation.Work on voice modulation.Work on body language.Read moreListen more
How to Improve Existing Level ofCOMMUNICATION?
Avoid reading or watching or listening unwanted literature, gossip, media presentation etc.Interact with qualitative people.Improve on you topic of discussion,Practice meditation & good thoughts.Think and speak.
How to Improve Existing Level ofCOMMUNICATION?
Do not speak too fast.
Use simple vocabulary.
Do not speak only to impress someone.
Look presentable and confident.
WRITING – WHY SO DIFFICULT?
Processing ideas in your head at same time as trying to get down on paperReveals problems that can then disrupt writing
WRITING – WHY SO DIFFICULT?
There is no one best way to write!Individuals adopt very different approaches depending on psychological preferences e.g.‘Skeleton’ structure, than ‘hang’ key words/authors on it
Ideas map (‘spider’s web’)Free-form/stream of consciousness, then edit
WRITING SKILLS - How to improve themWhen you write, consider the following:
Who is the audience? What format is required – essay or
report or reflection on experience? Academic styles of writing – writing in
a logical and `objective’ way Vs. writing from personal experience
Academic conventions – referencing and plagiarism
STEPS IN WRITING Preparation and planning
Drafting
Re-drafting and polishing
Editing and proofreading
Reflecting on feedback
What Makes A Good Essay?
Good structure: clear introduction, well crafted middle, clear and appropriate conclusion
Clear argument: progression through ideas with clear signposting
Well supported by relevant evidence
What Makes A Good Essay?
Well written: grammatical; correct spelling and punctuation; good sentence structure, paragraphing and use of linking words and phrases
Fully referenced using Harvard or appropriate system
DOS & DONTS
DOS Prepare well in advance
Write a first draft, leave and come back to it later
Keep your focus on the question
Edit carefully for sense, spelling, grammar and punctuation
DOS & DONTS
DONTS Write all you know about a topic
Leave till the last minute
“Writing is easy. You only need to stare at a blank piece of paper until drops of blood form on your forehead”
Glen Fowler
THANK
YOU
http://finance.groups.yahoo.com/group/LeadersWorkshop
Ben Martin , Techniques for Improving Reading and Writing Skills. SPRU The Freeman Centre